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American Airlines Flight 11

Coordinates: 40°42′44.5″N 74°00′46.9″W / 40.712361°N 74.013028°W / 40.712361; -74.013028
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American Airlines Flight 11
AA11 flight path from Boston to New York City
Hijacking
DateSeptember 11, 2001 (2001-09-11)
SummaryTerrorist suicide hijacking
SiteNorth Tower (WTC 1) of the World Trade Center, New York City, U.S.
40°42′44.5″N 74°00′46.9″W / 40.712361°N 74.013028°W / 40.712361; -74.013028
Total fatalitiesc. 1,700[a] (2,763 combined with UA 175)
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 767-223ER
OperatorAmerican Airlines
IATA flight No.AA11
ICAO flight No.AAL11
Call signAMERICAN 11
RegistrationN334AA
Flight originLogan International Airport, Boston
DestinationLos Angeles International Airport
Occupants92 (including 5 hijackers)
Passengers81 (including 5 hijackers)
Crew11
Fatalities92
Survivors0
Ground casualties
Ground fatalitiesc. 1,600 in or near the North Tower of the World Trade Center

American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. The hijacked airliner was deliberately crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center complex in New York City, killing everyone aboard the flight and ensuring the deaths of well over a thousand[b] people in the upper levels of the skyscraper in addition to causing the demise of numerous others below the trapped floors, making it not only the deadliest of the four suicide attacks executed that morning in terms of both plane and ground fatalities, but also the single deadliest act of terrorism in human history[c] and the deadliest plane crash of all time. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-223ER (registration N334AA[4]) with 92 passengers and crew, was flying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan International Airport in Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport in California.

The aircraft left the runway at 07:59. Fifteen minutes into the flight, the hijackers injured two people, murdered one, and breached the cockpit while forcing the passengers and crew to the rear of the aircraft against their will. The assailants quickly overpowered both the captain and the first officer, allowing lead hijacker Mohamed Atta to take over the controls, having intensively trained as a pilot in the lead-up to the attacks. Air traffic controllers suspected that the flight was in distress because the crew were no longer responding. They realized the plane had been hijacked when Atta's falsely reassuring announcements for the hostages were transmitted to air traffic control instead of the cabin's PA system as intended. Two flight attendants were able to contact American Airlines and passed along information to do with the situation, in particular casualties suffered by the passengers and crew.

Atta flew the plane into the North Tower's north face from floors 93 through 99 at 08:46 local time. The impact was witnessed by countless people in the streets of New York City as well as the nearby state of New Jersey, but few video recordings captured the moment. Documentary filmmaker Jules Naudet captured the only known footage clearly depicting Flight 11's impact. The media quickly began to report on the incident and speculated that the crash had been an accident, an assumption that was disproven 17 minutes later when United Airlines Flight 175 was flown into the World Trade Center's South Tower by another group of hijackers.

The crash and subsequent fire caused the North Tower to collapse 101[d] minutes after the impact, resulting in hundreds of additional casualties. During the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site, workers recovered and identified dozens of remains from Flight 11 victims, but many body fragments could not be identified.

Flight

Sideview of N334AA at Manchester Airport
N334AA, the aircraft involved, taxiing at Manchester Airport on April 8, 2001.

The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 767-223ER delivered to American Airlines with registration number N334AA. It had its first flight on April 7, 1987, and was delivered to American Airlines on April 13, 1987.[8][9] The capacity of the aircraft was 158 passengers (9 in first class, 30 in business class and 119 in economy class), but the September 11 flight carried 81 passengers and 11 crew members. This was a light load at 58 percent capacity, but higher than the average load factor for Flight 11 on Tuesday mornings of 39 percent in the months preceding September 11.[10] The crew members were Captain John Ogonowski (50), First Officer Thomas McGuinness Jr. (42) (a former Navy fighter pilot), purser Karen Martin and flight attendants Barbara Arestegui, Jeffrey Collman, Sara Low, Kathleen Nicosia, Betty Ong, Jean Roger, Dianne Snyder, and Amy Sweeney.[11]

Cabin Crew[12]
Position Name Age Jumpseat Class Of Service
1 Karen Martin 40 1L First Class Cabin
2 Kathleen Nicosia 54 3L Coach Class Galley
3 Betty Ong 45 3R Coach Class Cabin
4 Dianne Snyder 42 2R Business Class Galley
5 Barbara Arestegui 38 1R Center First Class Galley
6 Jeffrey Collman 41 2L Coach Class Cabin / Assist First Class Cabin If Needed
7 Sara Low 29 2R Business Class Cabin
8 Jean Roger 24 1L Center Business Class Cabin
9 Madeline Sweeney 35 3L Coach Class Cabin

All 92 people on board were killed,[13] including David Angell (the creator and executive producer of the television sitcom Frasier), his wife Lynn Angell, and actress Berry Berenson, the widow of Anthony Perkins.[14] Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane had been scheduled to be on the flight but arrived at the airport late due to having overslept.[15] Actor Mark Wahlberg was also scheduled to be on the flight but canceled his ticket the day before as a result of changed plans.[16] Actress Leighanne Littrell, wife of Backstreet Boys singer Brian Littrell, had also previously been booked on the flight but, like Wahlberg, changed her plans at the last minute.[17]

Boarding

Portland, Maine

Atta (blue shirt) and Omari at Portland International Jetport, passing through security on the morning of 9/11

Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, and a fellow hijacker, Abdulaziz al-Omari, arrived at Portland International Jetport (Portland, Maine) at 05:41 Eastern Daylight Time on September 11, 2001. At the Portland ticket counter, Atta asked ticket agent Mike Tuohey for his boarding pass for Flight 11. Tuohey told Atta he would have to check in a second time when he reached Logan. Atta clenched his jaw and appeared on the verge of anger.[18] He told Tuohey that he had been assured he would have "one-step check-in." Tuohey did not budge or rise to Atta's hostility, and simply told him that he would better hurry if he did not want to miss the flight. Although Atta still looked cross, he and Omari left the ticket counter for the Portland airport's security checkpoint.[19][20]

They boarded Colgan Air Flight 5930, which was scheduled to depart at 06:00 and fly to Boston. Both hijackers had first class tickets with a connecting flight to Los Angeles; Atta checked in two bags, while Omari checked in none.[10] When they checked in, the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) selected Atta for extra luggage scrutiny, but he boarded without incident.[21]

The flight from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at 06:45. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, arrived at Logan Airport at 06:45, having left their rental car in the airport parking facility. At 06:52, Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, made a call from a pay phone in Logan Airport to Atta's cell phone. This call was apparently to confirm that the attacks were ready to begin.[10][22]

Boston, Massachusetts

Since they were not given boarding passes for Flight 11 in Portland, Atta and Omari checked in and went through security in Boston.[23] Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri also checked in for the flight in Boston. Wail al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed al-Shehri did not check any bags.[10] CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check.[24] As the CAPPS' screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.[25]

First Officer Lynn Howland had just arrived in Boston after copiloting the flight from San Francisco that would be redesignated American Flight 11. As she walked off the aircraft and entered the passenger lounge, Atta approached her and asked if she would be flying the plane back across the country. When Howland told him she just brought the aircraft in, Atta turned his back and walked away. As he boarded Flight 11, Atta asked a gate agent whether the two bags he had checked earlier in Portland had been loaded onto the plane. In the rushed check-in after the flight from Portland, airline officials did not load Atta's bags on Flight 11.[26][27]

By 07:40, all five hijackers were aboard the flight, scheduled to depart at 07:45.[22][28] Atta sat in business class seat 8D with al-Omari in 8G and Suqami in 10B. Waleed and Wail al-Shehri sat in first class seats 2B and 2A.[24] Shortly before takeoff, American Airlines flight service manager Michael Woodward walked aboard for a final check. He briefly passed Atta, making note of this passenger's brooding expression, and then left the plane.[29] At 07:46, one minute behind schedule, the aircraft received clearance to push back from Gate B32,[30] and was cleared to taxi to the runway at 07:50. The aircraft began its takeoff run from Logan International Airport at 07:59 from runway 4R.[31][32]

Hijacking

"Okay, my name is Betty Ong. I'm [Flight Attendant] Number 3 on Flight 11. Our Number 1 got stabbed. Our purser is stabbed. Nobody knows who stabbed who and we can't even get up to business class right now because nobody can breathe. And we can't get to the cockpit, the door won't open."
- Flight attendant Betty Ong to the American Airlines emergency line.[33]

The 9/11 Commission estimated that the hijacking began at 08:14[e] when the pilots stopped responding to requests from the Boston Air Route Traffic Control Center (Boston ARTCC).[22] At 08:13:29, as the aircraft was passing over central Massachusetts at 26,000 feet (7,900 m), the pilots responded to a request from Boston ARTCC to make a 20-degree turn to the right. At 08:13:47 Boston ARTCC told the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m) but received no response.[32] At 08:16, the aircraft leveled off at 29,000 feet (8,800 m)[32] and shortly thereafter deviated from its scheduled path.

At 8:17:59, flight controllers at Boston Center were unnerved to hear a brief, unknown sound on the radio frequency used by Flight 11 and other nearby flights, a noise that they said reminded them of a scream.[34] Boston ARTCC made multiple attempts to talk to Flight 11 without reply.[22] The commission believes that the hijackers were in absolute control of the aircraft by 08:20,[35]: 51  six minutes after launching their assault. The flight's Mode-C transponder signal was then switched off by someone in the cockpit at 08:21.[32] At 8:23 and 8:25, several times, Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) tried to contact the flight. One ACARS message read, "Good morning, ATC looking for you on 135.32", the other read, "Please contact Boston Center ASAP. They have lost radio contact and your transponder signal." Flight 11 did not reply.[36]

Reports from flight attendants

According to flight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong, who contacted American Airlines during the hijacking, the hijackers had stabbed flight attendants Karen Martin and Barbara Arestegui and slashed the throat of passenger Daniel Lewin.[37][38][39] The hijackers might have used a predetermined signal: when the pilots turned off the Fasten Seatbelt signs. It is unknown how the hijackers gained access to the cockpit; FAA rules at the time required that the doors remain closed and locked during flight. Ong said she thought that the hijackers had "jammed their way" in.[40]

The commission suggested they attacked the flight attendants to get a cockpit key, to force one of them to open the cockpit door, or to lure the captain or first officer out of the cockpit.[22][41] It is believed that one or more of the hijackers, possibly the brothers Wail and Waleed al-Shehri, made the first move, attacking Martin and Arestegui. Sweeney said that Martin was badly injured and being given oxygen. Sweeney and Ong said Arestegui's injuries were not as serious. Ong said she heard loud arguing after the hijackers entered the cockpit.[40] It is believed that the hijackers either killed or incapacitated Ogonowski and McGuinness.[42][f] Sweeney said that one of the hijackers had shown her a device with red and yellow wires that appeared to be a bomb.[45] Ong and Sweeney said that the coach passengers did not seem to fully understand the peril, and were under the impression that there was a routine medical emergency in the front section of the plane, and that the other flight attendants were helping passengers and finding medical supplies.[22][41] Ong said Lewin appeared to be dead. Sweeney said that Suqami was the one who had attacked Lewin. Lewin was seated in 9B, and Suqami sat directly behind him in 10B.[46]

One assumption is that Suqami attacked Lewin, unprovoked, to frighten other passengers and crew into compliance. Alternatively, Lewin, an American-Israeli Internet entrepreneur who understood Arabic, and had served as an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal special operations unit of the Israel Defense Forces,[47][48] may have attempted to stop the hijacking, and confronted one of the hijackers in front of him, unaware Suqami was behind him.[22] Lewin is believed to be the first fatality in the 9/11 attacks.[48][49] During a four-minute call to the American Airlines operations center, Ong provided information about lack of communication with the cockpit, lack of access to the cockpit, and that she thought someone had sprayed Mace in the business class cabin.[50] She also provided the seat locations of the hijackers, which later helped investigators to determine their identities.[50]

Hijacker's transmissions

Mohamed Atta at 08:24
Mohamed Atta's first and second announcements, heard by ATC at 08:24
Problems playing this file? See media help.

At 08:24:38, a hijacker's voice, believed to be Atta, broadcast to Boston ARTCC.[51] Air traffic controllers heard Atta announce, "We have some planes. Just stay quiet and you'll be O.K. We are returning to the airport." At 08:24:56 he announced, "Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet."[32]

As Atta spoke English fluently, he likely made the transmissions. It is also possible that Atta's seatmate, al-Omari, accompanied him into the cockpit.[22][41] Apparently, Atta tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but keyed the wrong switch and instead his voice was picked up and recorded by air traffic controllers.[g] After Atta's transmissions and the inability to contact the airliner, air traffic controllers at Boston ARTCC realized that Flight 11 was being hijacked.[41] At 08:26, the plane turned south.[32] At 08:32, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Command Center in Herndon, Virginia, notified FAA headquarters.[22]

Mohamed Atta at 08:33
Mohamed Atta's third announcement at 08:33
Problems playing this file? See media help.

At 08:33:59, Atta announced a third and final transmission: "Nobody move, please. We are going back to the airport. Don't try to make any stupid moves."[32] At 08:37:08, the pilots of United Airlines Flight 175 verified Flight 11's location and heading to flight control.[52] Seconds before their plane was also hijacked, at 8:42 a.m., the pilots of Flight 175 informed New York Center that they previously heard a suspicious announcement over the radio as they were climbing out of Logan 28 minutes earlier, which would have been around the same time Flight 11 was hijacked. This particular transmission was never picked up by controllers on the ground unlike the other three, but the pilots reported hearing the words, "Everyone, stay in your seats."[53]: 38 

Fighter jets dispatched

Boston ARTCC bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, New York.[22] NEADS called on two F-15 fighter jets at Otis Air National Guard Base in Mashpee, Massachusetts, to intercept. Officials at Otis spent a few minutes getting authorization for the fighters to take off.[22] The order to dispatch the fighters at Otis was given at 08:46, and the F-15s took off at 08:53,[22][41] roughly seven minutes after American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the North Tower. Of the four hijacked aircraft on 9/11, the nine minutes of advance notification about the hijacking of Flight 11 was the most time that NORAD had to respond before the aircraft crashed into its intended target.[54]

Crash

"We are in rapid descent ... we are all over the place. Oh, my God, we are too low!"
Amy Sweeney, flight attendant aboard Flight 11, moments before the crash[55]

Three minutes before impact, Atta completed his final turn toward Manhattan,[32] flying south over the city toward the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Witnesses who saw the low-altitude aircraft believed it was in distress, and at 08:46:40[56][57] Atta intentionally crashed Flight 11 into the tower's northern façade.[32] The airplane, traveling about 404 knots (465 mph; 208 m/s; 748 km/h) and carrying about 10,000 U.S. gallons (38,000 L; 8,300 imp gal) of jet fuel, struck between floors 93 and 99.[58]

A high-rise tower covered by debris on two of its faces. In the lower left corner is a similar building.
Jules Naudet filmed the impact of Flight 11 as it crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.

Lieutenant William Walsh of the FDNY (who appears in the documentary film 9/11) witnessed the aircraft:

We were under the impression – he looked like he was going down, but we didn't hear any mechanical difficulty. We couldn't figure out why an American Airlines plane would be so low in downtown Manhattan. We sort of expected him to veer off and go into the Hudson. But he just rose a little bit, his altitude, leveled off, and he was headed straight for the Trade Center. So just before he got to the Trade Center, it seemed as though he gained power. We were just watching this airplane on target for the World Trade Center. All of a sudden, boom! He disappears into the Trade Center.[59]

World Trade Center site with WTC 1

Hundreds were killed instantly at the moment of impact, including everyone on board the plane and many more in its path,[60] while numerous others were incinerated in the flash fire created by the ignited jet fuel.[61]: 73  The damage caused to the North Tower cut off any means of escape at the impact zone, above it, or directly below it, trapping an estimated 800 people[62] who were not killed in the crash. All stairwells and elevator shafts from floors 93 up to 99 were destroyed. The elevator shafts on floors near the impact zone were also severed as the plane cut through, while debris falling from the impact zone sealed up each stairwell on Floor 92, preventing anyone on the final floor beneath the point of impact from descending.[62] The highest survivors in the North Tower came from the 91st floor, while anyone above was burned alive, asphyxiated, or killed in the tower's eventual collapse. More than 200 people fell to their deaths from the trapped floors of the North Tower,[63] most of whom were forced to jump as their only way of escaping the insufferable heat, fire and smoke.[64] Elevator shafts channeled burning jet fuel through the building,[65] allowing some of it to explode in the Skylobbies on floors 78 and 22, and in the main lobby at the base of the tower.[66] The impact sent a shockwave emanating through both towers, and the South Tower shook as Flight 11 crashed into its twin.[67] There were no reports of foundational damage to the South Tower from the first attack, but windows on its north and west faces were struck by debris as the fireball shot from the North Tower, and survivors at the same altitude as the fires in the North Tower could feel the extreme heat and smoke seeping into their floors.[68][69]

Airplane impact areas and debris location
photograph of aircraft landing gear found amid debris.
Landing gear from Flight 11 found at West and Rector streets[70]

The crash was seen by countless people in New York City and the nearby state of New Jersey, but only three happened to be recording when the North Tower was struck. French cameraman Jules Naudet was coincidentally filming a documentary on the FDNY when he caught the only clear footage that exists of the plane flying into the tower; Pavel Hlava, a Czech immigrant, unknowingly taped its impact from far away while driving through traffic on a freeway in Brooklyn; and WNYW, a New York City-based television station, had been filming in nearby Battery Park when Flight 11 crashed into the tower just off screen.[71][72][73] A webcam set up by Wolfgang Staehle at an art exhibit in Brooklyn to take images of Lower Manhattan every four seconds also captured images of Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower.[74]

News organizations at first reported an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center. CNN broke into a commercial at 08:49 with the headline "World Trade Center Disaster". Carol Lin, who was the first anchor to break the news of the attacks, said:

Yeah. This just in: you are looking at, obviously, a very disturbing live shot there. That is the World Trade Center, and we have unconfirmed reports this morning that a plane has crashed into one of the towers of the World Trade Center. CNN Center right now is just beginning to work on this story, obviously calling our sources and trying to figure out exactly what happened, but clearly something relatively devastating happening this morning there on the south end of the island of Manhattan. That is once again, a picture of one of the towers of the World Trade Center.[75]

Some reporters erroneously claimed that the plane that struck the North Tower was a "small, twin-engine jet" despite the size of the hole in the skyscraper. At 8:55 a.m., Senior Advisor to the President Karl Rove conveyed this misleading information to President George W. Bush as he arrived at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida; the President's surmise was that the crash "must have been caused by pilot error."[76] Shortly after, in an on-air phone call from his office at the CNN New York bureau, CNN vice president of finance Sean Murtagh reported that a large passenger commercial jet had hit the World Trade Center.[75] Within minutes, other television networks began interrupting regular broadcasting with news of the crash.

News reporters and many onlookers did not realize that the crash into the North Tower was deliberate. The idea that Flight 11's impact had been unintentional was a conceivable notion given the height of the skyscraper, and while many people in the South Tower chose to evacuate after seeing what had happened to the North, the consequence of this ambiguity was that it led to the Port Authority making the decision not to initiate a full evacuation of the South Tower immediately following the catastrophic damage done to its twin, operating under the assumption that the attack by Flight 11 was merely an accident.[77] Seventeen minutes after Flight 11 struck the North Tower, with millions watching live on television around the world,[78] United Airlines Flight 175 was deliberately flown into the South Tower, confirming to the entire world that it was anything but an accident.[79]

Aftermath

Main article: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks
Wreckage at museum
The names of Flight 11's crew are on Panel N-74 of the National September 11 Memorial's North Pool. The passengers' names are on that panel and four other adjacent ones.[80]

After the crash, the North Tower burned for 102 minutes before collapsing at 10:28. Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage, the long-lasting fire ignited by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure of the tower.[81][82][83] In addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed.[84] Despite being the first of the two buildings to be hit, the North Tower was the second to collapse. Furthermore, it stood for nearly twice as long after being struck as the South Tower, with the latter burning for only 56 minutes before collapsing. This is because Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower at a lower speed and much higher up than Flight 175 did into the South Tower, leading to there being far less structural weight above the impact zone; the North Tower had 11 floors above the point of impact while the South Tower had more than twice that amount.[85] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on floors 101–105 of the North Tower, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.[86]

Rescue workers at the World Trade Center site began to discover body fragments from Flight 11 victims within days of the attack. Some workers found bodies strapped to airplane seats and discovered the remains of a flight attendant with her hands bound, suggesting the hijackers might have used plastic handcuffs.[87][88] Within a year, medical examiners had identified the remains of 33 victims who had been on board Flight 11.[89] They identified two other Flight 11 victims, including purser Karen Martin, in 2006, while other unrelated body fragments were discovered near Ground Zero around the same time.[90][91] In April 2007, examiners using newer DNA technology identified another Flight 11 victim.[92] The remains of two hijackers, potentially from Flight 11, were also identified and removed from Memorial Park in Manhattan.[93] The remains of the other hijackers have not been identified and are buried with other unidentified remains at this park.[94]

Suqami's passport survived the crash and landed in the street below. Soaked in jet fuel, it was picked up by a passerby who gave it to a New York City Police Department (NYPD) detective shortly before the South Tower collapsed.[95][96] Investigators retrieved Mohamed Atta's luggage, which had not been loaded onto the flight. In it, they found Omari's passport and driver's license, a videocassette for a Boeing 757 flight simulator, a folding knife, and pepper spray.[27] In a recording, a few months later in Afghanistan, Al Qaeda's leader, Osama bin Laden, took responsibility for the attack. The attack on the World Trade Center exceeded even bin Laden's expectations: he had expected only the floors above the plane strikes to collapse.[97] The flight recorders for Flight 11 and Flight 175 were never found.[98]

After the attacks, the flight number for the scheduled flight on the same route with the same takeoff time is now currently American Airlines Flight 416. These flights now use an Airbus A321 instead of a Boeing 767. An American flag is flown on the jet bridge of gate B32 from which Flight 11 departed Logan Airport.[99]

In 2002, the first recipients of the annual Madeline Amy Sweeney Award for Civilian Bravery were Sweeney and Ong. Ogonowski also received a posthumous award. They were all residents of Massachusetts. Relatives of all three accepted the awards on their behalf.[100]

On April 26, 2013, a piece of the wing flap mechanism from a Boeing 767 was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place, near where other landing gear parts were found.[101][102] The onboard defibrillator from Flight 11 was found in 2014 during roadwork near Liberty Street.[103]

At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of the 87 victims of Flight 11 are inscribed on the North Pool, on Panels N-1 and N-2, and Panels N-74 – N-76.[104]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It is impossible to definitively know exactly how many people died from the hijacking and crash of American Airlines Flight 11, since this crash and the one of United Airlines Flight 175 happened in the same place, at about the same time, and it is hard to distinguish who died from which plane. It is known for certain, however, that the sum of plane and ground fatalities is 2,763. In addition to the rough estimate of 1,600 ground fatalities blamed on Flight 11, the number of people aboard the hijacked flight was 92. The death toll of Flight 11 thus comes out to approximately 1,700 when rounded.
  2. ^ The precise number of those killed or trapped by Flight 11's impact has never been conclusively verified, although it is estimated that between 1,344[1] and 1,426[2] people were present on floors 92―110 at 08:46 and not a single one of them survived.
  3. ^ The massacre at Camp Speicher―often described as the second deadliest act of terrorism in history after 9/11―is said to have killed between 1,095 and 1,700 people.[3] The upper estimate would tie it with the attack on the World Trade Center's North Tower, but until the true death toll of the massacre becomes known, then the hijacking and crash of Flight 11 was the deadliest act of terrorism on record.
  4. ^ While NIST and the 9/11 Commission give differing estimates on the exact second of collapse initiation, with NIST placing it at 10:28:22 a.m.[5]: 229  and the Commission at 10:28:25 a.m.,[6]: 329  it is generally accepted that Flight 11 struck the tower at 8:46:40 a.m.,[7] so the time the North Tower took to collapse was just shy of 102 minutes either way.
  5. ^ Although the 9/11 Commission estimates the time of the hijacking to be 8:14, the pilots had stopped responding to Boston ARTCC at 08:13:47, implying the hijacking may have occurred slightly earlier.
  6. ^ Because of a news miscommunication, it was first reported that Ogonowski was held captive in the cockpit and had thought to activate the cockpit radio, which allowed ground control to listen to remarks being made by the hijackers,[43][44] although this assertion does not align with the description of events as laid out in the 9/11 Commission Report.[22]
  7. ^ 9/11 Commission investigator Miles Kara does not subscribe to the belief that Atta mistakenly keyed the mic and "accidentally" broadcast his message; Kara suggests that Atta was, in part, attempting to sow confusion within the FAA, and was delivering a message to Marwan al-Shehhi on United Airlines Flight 175. Kara suggests that the hijackers would have known that passengers likely could monitor cockpit communications on Channel 9 of United's onboard entertainment system. Because both Flight 11 and Flight 175 departed on cross-country routes approximately at the same time, Kara explains the hijackers could feel confident that the two cockpits would be using the same radio frequency during the first minutes after takeoff. Under that scenario, Atta's "We have some planes" remark could be viewed as a signal to al-Shehhi that their plan was working and that the Flight 175 group should execute its piece of the attack. Although it is unknown whether al-Shehhi heard Atta's comment or was listening to Channel 9, Kara considers it likely. One piece of evidence he cites is the fact that al-Shehhi waited to initiate the hijacking until after Flight 175 had crossed into the airspace of a different air traffic control center. Kara believes that al-Shehhi knew the crossover took place because he heard the Flight 175 pilots say so. If that was the case, he also would have heard the earlier transmissions from Atta that were picked up in the cockpit of Flight 175 and reported later to air traffic control.[40] Separately, John Farmer, senior counsel to the 9/11 Commission, raised questions about whether the sequence of the hijackings, in which two United flights were hijacked after American flights, might have been influenced by the terrorists' hope to use United Channel 9 to gather real-time intelligence on the other hijackings.

References

  1. ^ "TWO YEARS LATER: THE 91ST FLOOR; The Line Between Life and Death, Still Indelible". The New York Times. September 10, 2003. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  2. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation (PDF). p. 238. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  3. ^ "1095 soldiers still missing since the Speicher massacre by ISIS". CNN Arabic (in Arabic). September 18, 2014. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  4. ^ "FAA Registry (N334AA)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  5. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). Final report on the collapse of the World Trade Center (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  6. ^ 9/11 Final Report of the National Commission (2004). Collapse of WTC1 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J. L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K. B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.; Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H. E. (August 2008). "Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7 (Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1–9)". Nist. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): 1–8. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
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