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Atlantropa

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An outline map of the various hydroelectricity and land reclamation projects combined in Atlantropa

Atlantropa, also referred to as Panropa,[1] was a gigantic engineering and colonisation idea that was devised by the German architect Herman Sörgel in the 1920s, and promoted by him until his death in 1952.[2][3] The project was devised to contain several hydroelectric dams in key points of the Mediterranean Sea, such as the Strait of Gibraltar and the Bosporus, to cause a sea level drop and create new land to settle.

Design

An artist's conception of what Atlantropa might have looked like as seen from space

The central feature of the Atlantropa proposal was to build a hydroelectric dam across the Strait of Gibraltar, which would have generated enormous amounts of hydroelectricity[4] and would have led to the lowering of the surface of the Mediterranean Sea by up to 200 metres (660 ft), opening up large new lands for settlement, such as in the Adriatic Sea. The project proposed four additional major dams as well:[5][6][7]

Sörgel saw his scheme, which was projected to take over a century, as a peaceful Pan-European alternative to the Lebensraum concepts, which later became one of the stated reasons for Nazi Germany's conquest of new territories. Atlantropa would provide land, food, employment, electric power, and, most of all, a new vision for Europe and neighbouring Africa.

The Atlantropa movement, throughout its several decades, was characterised by four constants:[8]

Active support was limited to architects and planners from Germany and a number of other primarily-Northern European countries. Critics derided it for various faults, ranging from lack of any co-operation of Mediterranean countries in the planning to the impacts that it would have had on the historic coastal communities that would be stranded inland when the sea receded. The project reached great popularity in the late 1920s to the early 1930s and again briefly in the late 1940s to the early 1950s, but it soon disappeared from general discourse after Sörgel's death.[10]

History

Sörgel's proposed new locks at the Gibraltar Dam.

The plan was inspired by the then-new understanding of the Messinian salinity crisis,[11] a pan-Mediterranean geological event that took place 5 to 6 million years ago.[12] The contemporary geologists proposed that the large salt deposits surrounding the Mediterranean coast were the result of its partial isolation by a shrinking of the seaways connecting to the Atlantic. Today, most geoscientists believe that the Mediterranean underwent a significant drawdown during that period of at least a few hundred meters.[13]

The utopian goal was to solve all the major problems of European civilisation by the creation of a new continent, "Atlantropa", consisting of Europe and Africa, to be inhabited by Europeans. Sörgel was convinced that to remain competitive with the Americas and an emerging Oriental "Pan-Asia", Europe needed to become self-sufficient, which meant possessing territories in all climate zones. Asia would forever remain a mystery to Europeans, and the British would not be able to maintain their global empire in the long run, and so a common European effort to colonise Africa was necessary.[14]

The lowering of the Mediterranean would enable the production of immense amounts of electric power, guaranteeing the growth of industry. Unlike fossil fuels, the power source would not be subject to depletion. Vast tracts of land would be freed for agriculture, including the Sahara, which was to be irrigated with the help of three sea-sized manmade lakes in Africa. The massive public works, which were envisioned to go on for more than a century, would relieve unemployment, and the acquisition of new land would ease the pressure of overpopulation, which Sörgel thought were the fundamental causes of political unrest in Europe. He also believed the project's effect on the climate could be only beneficial,[15] and that the climate could be changed for the better as far away as the British Isles, as a more effective Gulf Stream would create warmer winters.[16] The Middle East, under the control of a consolidated Atlantropa, would be an additional energy source and a bulwark against the Yellow Peril.[17]

The publicity material produced for Atlantropa by Sörgel and his supporters contain plans, maps and scale models of several dams and new ports on the Mediterranean, views of the Gibraltar dam crowned by a 400-metre (1,300 ft) tower designed by Peter Behrens, projections of the growth of agricultural production, sketches for a pan-Atlantropan power grid, and even provision for the protection of Venice as a cultural landmark.[18] Concerns about climate change or earthquakes, when mentioned, were framed as positives rather than negatives.[16] Sörgel's 1938 book Die Drei Grossen A has a quote from Hitler on the flyleaf to demonstrate that the concept was consistent with Nazi ideology.

After World War II, interest was piqued again as the Western Allies sought to create closer bonds with their colonies in Africa in an attempt to combat growing Marxist influence in that region, but the invention of nuclear power, the cost of rebuilding and the end of colonialism left Atlantropa technologically unnecessary and politically unfeasible, although the Atlantropa Institute remained in existence until 1960.[18]

Most proposals to dam the Strait of Gibraltar since that time have focused on the hydroelectric potential of such a project and do not envisage any substantial lowering of the Mediterranean sea level. A new idea, involving a tensioned fabric dam stretched between Europe and North Africa in the Gibraltar Strait, is envisioned to cope with any future global sea level rise outside the Mediterranean Sea Basin.[19]

A version of the Atlantropa project was put forward by a character in Philip K. Dick's novel novel and Amazon Studios series The Man in the High Castle, former Reichsminister Martin Heusmann, who proposed to drain the entire Mediterranean with a dam across the Strait of Gibraltar.[20]

Another variant of the project was featured in the Star Trek: The Motion Picture (novel), but did not make it to the screen.

In 2018, YouTuber Cody Franklin released the book The Alantropa Articles. The plot is similar to that of The Man in the High Castle.

See also

References

  1. ^ Hanns Günther (Walter de Haas) (1931). In hundert Jahren. Kosmos.
  2. ^ "German Genius". The Advocate. Vol. LXII, no. 3956. Victoria, Australia. 13 June 1929. p. 36. Retrieved 20 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  3. ^ "The Munich architect, Hermann Soergel, has published his gigantic project "Atlantropa"". The Week (Brisbane). Vol. CXII, no. 3, 001. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 28 June 1933. p. 20. Retrieved 9 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ...The Munich architect, Hermann Soergel, has published his gigantic project "Atlantropa," a . scheme which he has been supervising for six years, which by lowering the level of the Mediterranean, he contends, will water the Sahara desert, win new land and connect Europe and Africa. This is one of the drawings belonging to his exhibition....
  4. ^ "Atlantropa: A plan to dam the Mediterranean Sea". Xefer. 16 March 2005. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  5. ^ Ley, Willy (1959). Engineers' Dreams: Great projects that could come true. Viking Press.
  6. ^ lord_k. "The Atlantropa Project". Dieselpunks.org. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
  7. ^ Bellows, Jason (2008-09-25). "Mediterranean be Dammed". Retrieved 2013-08-13.
  8. ^ Voigt, Wolfgang (1998). Atlantropa – Weltenbauen am Mittelmeer (in German). p. 100. ISBN 978-3-86735-025-9.
  9. ^ Strüver, Anke (2005). Politische Geographien Europas: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 43.
  10. ^ Voigt, Wolfgang (1998). Atlantropa – Weltenbauen am Mittelmeer (in German). p. 122. ISBN 978-3-86735-025-9.
  11. ^ Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C.G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A.J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 142 (3–4): 367–380. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.
  12. ^ Gautier, F.; Clauzon, G.; Suc, J.P.; Cravatte, J.; Violanti, D. (1994). "Age and duration of the Messinian salinity crisis". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II. 318 (8). Paris: 1103–1109.
  13. ^ Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Villaseñor, A. (2011). "Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar Arc". Nature. 480 (7377): 359–363. Bibcode:2011Natur.480..359G. doi:10.1038/nature10651. PMID 22170684. S2CID 205227033.
  14. ^ Sörgel 1932a, p. 75 ff
  15. ^ Sörgel 1932a, p. 66–67
  16. ^ a b Brock, Paul (1963-08-06). "German engineers dream of building a new continent". Detroit Free Press – via Newspapers.com. One of the most significant advantages would be a change of climate [to that] of Northern Europe – and especially the British Isles – because the warm Gulf Stream would be rendered much more effective.
  17. ^ Sörgel 1932a, p. 80
  18. ^ a b "Atlantropa". Cabinet Magazine (10). edit suisse group. Spring 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  19. ^ Cathcart, R.B. (March 2014). "Chapter 8". Medicative Macro-Imagineering: Earth + Mars Megaprojects. pp. 391–468.
  20. ^ Lambrechts, Toon (13 September 2016). "The Bonkers Real-Life Plan to Drain the Mediterranean and Merge Africa and Europe". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 15 April 2021.

Further reading

  • Gall, Alexander (1998). Das Atlantropa-Projekt: die Geschichte einer gescheiterten Vision : Hermann Sörgel und die Absenkung des Mittelmeeres (in German). Frankfurt: Campus-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-593-35988-5.
  • Gall, Alexander (2006). "Atlantropa: A Technological Vision of a United Europe". In Erik van der Vleuten; Arne Kaijser (eds.). Networking Europe. Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850–2000. Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications. pp. 99–128. ISBN 0-88135-394-9.
  • Günzel, Anne Sophie (2007). Das "Atlantropa"-Projekt – Erschließung Europas und Afrikas (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Grin. ISBN 978-3-638-64638-3.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1929). Mittelmeer-Senkung. Sahara-Bewässerung = Lowering the Mediterranean, Irrigating the Sahara (Panropa Project), pamphlet. Leipzig: J.M. Gebhardt.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1931). Europa-Afrika: ein Weltteil. pp. 983–987. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1932a). Atlantropa (3rd, illustrated ed.). Zürich: Fretz & Wasmuth.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1932b). Atlantropa. Munich: Piloty & Löhle.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1933). Foreword to "Technokratie – die neue Heilslehre" by Wayne W. Parrish. Munich: R. Piper & Co.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1938). Die drei großen "A". Großdeutschland und italienisches Imperium, die Pfeiler Atlantropas. [Amerika, Atlantropa, Asien]. Munich: Piloty & Loehle.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1942). Atlantropa-ABC: Kraft, Raum, Brot. Erläuterungen zum Atlantropa-Projekt. Leipzig: Arnd.
  • Sörgel, Herman (1948). Foreword to "Atlantropa. Wesenszüge eines Projekts" by John Knittel. Stuttgart: Behrendt.
  • Cathcart, R.B. (1998). "Land Art as global warming or cooling antidote". Speculations in Science and Technology. 21 (2): 65–72. doi:10.1023/A:1005349611054. S2CID 115543652.
  • Cathcart, R.B. (1995). "Mitigative Anthropogeomorphology: a revived 'plan' for the Mediterranean Sea Basin and the Sahara". Terra Nova: The European Journal of Geosciences. 7 (6): 636–640. Bibcode:1995TeNov...7..636C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00713.x.
  • Cathcart, R.B. (1985). "What if We Lowered the Mediterranean Sea?". Speculations in Science and Technology. 8: 7–15.
  • Cathcart, R.B. (1983). "Macro-engineering Transformation of the Mediterranean Sea and Africa". World Futures. 19 (1–2): 111–121. doi:10.1080/02604027.1983.9971971.
  • Cathcart, R.B. (1983). "Mediterranean Basin-Sahara Reclamation". Speculations in Science and Technology. 6: 150–152.
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