Bandāra
| File:Agricultural serfs in Sri Lanka.jpg An 18th-century illustration of Agricultural serfs from An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon by Robert Knox (1641–1720)[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Sri Lanka | |
| Languages | |
| Sinhala language | |
| Religion | |
Predominantly:  Theravada Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sinhalese people, South Asian ethnic groups |
Bandâra or its short form "Banda" is a very common name and nickname used in Sri Lanka specially in the Kandyan areas. It seems to be the Sinhalised form of Tamil Pandaram caste name.[3] In the past under rule of the Nayaks of Kandy from Madurei Nayak Dynasty, Bandara name used by some court officers and common people Radala and Govigama, Gasthara (Govigama Serfdom) castes.[4][5] The word Bandara came from the Tamil Hindu origins of Pandaram. Pandaram is a Tamil-speaking Veerasaiva community from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. They are particularly law caste priests, garland sellers and temple land keepers. After the Rajaraja I[6][7][8] invasion to Polonnaruwa kingdom Sri Lanka affected much of Hindu influence[9]
Etymology
ப letter in Tamil alphabet has two letters ප (P) and බ (B) in Sinhalese alphabet. The Tamil names end with M drops in Sinhala. Because of that both reason Pandaram became Bandara in Sinhalese language. Pandaram is a Tamil caste name for priests in south Indian states in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The caste பண்டாரம் (පණ්ඩාරම්, Pandaram) comprises two divisions, அபிஷேக (අභිෂේක, Abhisheka) and தேசிகா (දේශක, Desikar).[10]
Kingdom of Kandy of Nayaks
The Nayaks of South India started as governors of Vijayanagara Empire ruling parts of Tamil Nadu during the 14th and 15th centuries. After the Vijayanagara Empire collapsed in the mid-16th century some of these governors declared independence and established their own kingdoms in Gingee, Thanjavur, Madurai and Chandragiri. They were of Telugu origin, spoke Telugu or Tamil and used Sinhala and Tamil as their court languages. According to a Telugu work called Sinhaladvipa Katha, the Nayak king Kumara Krishnappa, who reigned at Madurai (1562–1572), is said to have conquered Kandy. Kumara Krishnappa killed the then reigning Kandy king, sent the late king's wife and children to Anuradhapura and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy in Kandy. Radala refers to a small minority caste of people in Sinhalased Tamil origin in the Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka. They were the Chiefs of the Kingdom of Kandy. They sometime used the word Bandara as a short name in their long names.
Puviraja Pandaram the king of Jaffna
Puviraja Pandaram (Template:Lang-ta) [11](died 1591) ruled the Jaffna kingdom during a period of chaos during and after the death of his father Cankili I in 1565.[12][11] He became king in 1561 following a local uprising against Cankili I. Although he was the nominal king, Cankili I wielded real power behind the throne until his death in 1565. After Cankili's death, Puviraja Pandaram lost power to one Kasi Nainar and Periyapillai. After the death or abdication of Periyapillai in 1582, Puviraja Pandarm was nominated as the king for the second time.[12][11]
Pandara Vanniyan
பண்டார வன்னியன், Paṇṭāra Vaṉṉiyaṉ, වන්නි බණ්ඩාර, Vanni Baṇḍāra)[13] was a Tamil Chieftain who ruled in Vanni Nadu in 18th century AD (1775-1810). He is referred to by some as the last Tamil king in Sri Lanka, who also rose to revolt against the British Ceylon empire and Dutch Ceylon empire, who died battling the British colonial rule on the island. He was officially declared a National Hero of Sri Lanka in 1982. Present-day Tamils and Sinhalese of North Central and North Western provinces in Sri Lanka, which were once part of Vanni, revere Pandara Vanniyan highly. The Sinhalese are known to summon the protection of Vanni Bandara Deio when they pass through jungles.
==Sapumal Bandara Kumārayā==
Bhuvanekabahu VI of Kotte known also as සපුමල් බණ්ඩාර කුමාරයා செண்பகப் பெருமாள் பண்டாரம், Chempaka Perumal Pandaram was by self admission an adopted son of Parakramabahu VI whose principal achievement was the conquest of Jaffna Kingdom in the year 1447 or 1450.[14][15][16] There are number of theories as to his ethnic origin and the reason for the rebellion against his rule. According to John Holt he was an ethnic Tamil from the Eastern part of the Island, whereas other sources mention that he may have come from the Malabar region, Tulunadu or the Coromandel Coast. He has also been identified to be adopted by Parakramabahu VI after the death of his father Manikka Thalaivan, a Karaiyar chief, who was killed in a battle mentioned in the manuscript Mukkara Hatana. He is credited to have built the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna as well as other Temples and Buddhist Vihares in the South. The rebellion against his is seen as a reflection of ethnic Sinhalese identity against a perceived outsider.
Jayaweera Bandara alias Aritta Kivendu
Rajasinha I of Sitawaka[17] was a warrior and a great king of Sitawaka. Later, he designated a South Indian, called "Aritta Kivendu " (Mannamperuma Mohottala) as his chief advisor. Kivendu influenced him to be converted to Hinduism. Rajasinha was advised by Kivendu to destroy significant Buddhist sites such as Sigiriya and Sri pada. These attacks caused to a discontent among Buddhist people and prelates about the king. It was one of the main reasons of the decline of the Kingdom of Sitawaka and House of Siri Sanga Bo. Because of his actions Buddhists led a rebellion against Rajasinha. He suppressed the rebellion and the leaders who supported the rebellion were caught. Most of them were Buddhist prelates. Hundreds of Buddhist monks (with the chief prelate of Sitawaka) were killed by Rajasinha. These acts created a huge resentment among the Buddhists and the King.
Bandaranaike family origin
The origins of the Bandaranayaka family in Sri Lanka is claimed to be from person known as Nilaperumal Pandaram who was from India and served he was high priest of the Temple of Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya. The family changed their name to the Sinhalese form of Bandaranaike and they adopt Portuguese name like Dias. They served the Portuguese rule and got social privileges and later on Dutch. Their golden era began as translators and local scribes expanding their influence and power. A member of the family, Don William Dias who served as a translator for the British was present when deposed Kandyan King Sri Vikrama Rajasingha was captured while in hiding by Ekneligoda Disawa.[18]
Bandara Deities in Kandyan Kingdom
Bandara deities [19] belief is a form of ancestral deity worship which started in the Kandyan period (could be the dead Pandarams who served in Devalayas). Bandara deities known in various names and the cult of worshiping prevails in the former Kandyan territories and the only Bandara god to whom in low country people pay homage is the god Rajjuru Bandara. These warships bit same to the Malai Pandaram (kande Bandara) deity warship in Kerala.[20]
See also
References
- ^ Knox, Robert (2004-12-13). An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies: Together with an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author and Divers other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous Escape. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1846-7. OCLC 57236571. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ Jayawickrama, Sarojini. An historical relation of the Island Ceylon (Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries. doi:10.5353/th_b3123864.
- ^ Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (2001). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Asian Educational Services. p. 46. ISBN 9788120602885.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Murugan Temple Directory". murugan.org. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Vidya Dehejia 1990, p. 51.
- ^ K. A. N. Sastri 1992, p. 1.
- ^ A. K. Seshadri 1998, p. 31.
- ^ Bradley, Mark (2018). "Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus and other Tamis in the Montréal diaspora".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Murugan Temple Directory". murugan.org. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
- ^ a b c Nadarajan, V History of Ceylon Tamils, p.90
- ^ a b Kunarasa, K The Jaffna Dynasty, p.84
- ^ Somasundaram, Daya (2010). "Collective trauma in the Vanni- a qualitative inquiry into the mental health of the internally displaced due to the civil war in Sri Lanka". International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 4. University of Jaffna: 4. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-4-22. PMC 2923106. PMID 20667090. S2CID 40442344.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "The Kotte Dynasty and its Portuguese allies". Humphry Coddrington. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
- ^ Peebles, Patrick (2006). History of Sri Lanka. ISBN 9780313332050.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Holt, John Clifford (31 January 1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist. ISBN 9780195362466.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Codrington, H. W. (1994). Short History of Ceylon. Asian Educational Services. p. 76. ISBN 9788120609464.
- ^ "The doomed King". Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ O'Brien, Jodi (2009). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4129-0916-7. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- ^ hill-pandaram, Kudarathwatte. "hill-pandaram". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 September 2021.