Extensor retinaculum of the hand: Difference between revisions
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The '''extensor retinaculum''' ('''dorsal carpal ligament''', or '''posterior annular ligament''') is an anatomical term for the thickened part of the [[antebrachial fascia]] that holds the tendons of the extensor muscles in place. It is located on the back of the [[forearm]], just [[Proximal#Directions: general usage|proximal]] to the hand. It is continuous with the [[palmar carpal ligament]], which is located on the anterior side of the forearm. |
The '''extensor retinaculum''' ('''dorsal carpal ligament''', or '''posterior annular ligament''') is an anatomical term for the thickened part of the [[antebrachial fascia]] that holds the [[Tendon|tendons]] of the [[List of extensors of the human body|extensor muscles]] in place.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=PALMER|first=A. K.|last2=SKAHEN|first2=J. R.|last3=WERNER|first3=F. W.|last4=GLISSON|first4=R. R.|date=2016-11-17|title=The Extensor Retinaculum of The Wrist: An Anatomical and Biomechanical Study:|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1016/S0266-7681%2885%2980006-1|journal=Journal of Hand Surgery|language=en|doi=10.1016/S0266-7681(85)80006-1}}</ref> It is located on the back of the [[forearm]], just [[Proximal#Directions: general usage|proximal]] to the [[hand]]. It is continuous with the [[palmar carpal ligament]], which is located on the anterior side of the forearm. |
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== Structure == |
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The extensor retinaculum is a strong, fibrous band, extending obliquely downward and medialward across the back of the [[wrist]]. It consists of part of the [[deep fascia]] of the back of the [[forearm]], strengthened by the addition of some transverse fibers. |
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The extensor retinaculum is attached laterally to the lateral margin of the radius. However, it is not attached to the ulna, as the distance between these two bones varies with supination and pronation of the forearm. Instead the medial attachment is to the |
The extensor retinaculum is attached laterally to the lateral margin of the [[radius]].<ref name=":2" /> However, it is not attached to the [[ulna]], as the distance between these two bones varies with [[Anatomical terms of motion|supination]] and [[Anatomical terms of motion|pronation]] of the [[forearm]]. Instead the medial attachment is to the [[pisiform bone]], the [[fifth metacarpal bone]], and the [[pisometacarpal ligament]].<ref name=":2" /> The retinaculum is also attached in its passage across the wrist, to the ridges on the dorsal surface of the radius.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Histology == |
== Histology == |
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Revision as of 17:23, 1 December 2020
| Extensor retinaculum of the hand | |
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| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | retinaculum musculorum extensorum manus |
| TA98 | A04.6.03.010 |
| TA2 | 2546 |
| FMA | 39987 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The extensor retinaculum (dorsal carpal ligament, or posterior annular ligament) is an anatomical term for the thickened part of the antebrachial fascia that holds the tendons of the extensor muscles in place.[1] It is located on the back of the forearm, just proximal to the hand. It is continuous with the palmar carpal ligament, which is located on the anterior side of the forearm.
Structure
The extensor retinaculum is a strong, fibrous band, extending obliquely downward and medialward across the back of the wrist. It consists of part of the deep fascia of the back of the forearm, strengthened by the addition of some transverse fibers.
The extensor retinaculum is attached laterally to the lateral margin of the radius.[1] However, it is not attached to the ulna, as the distance between these two bones varies with supination and pronation of the forearm. Instead the medial attachment is to the pisiform bone, the fifth metacarpal bone, and the pisometacarpal ligament.[1] The retinaculum is also attached in its passage across the wrist, to the ridges on the dorsal surface of the radius.[1]
Histology
Structurally, the retinaculum consists of three layers. The deepest layer, the gliding layer, consists of hyaluronic acid-secreting cells.[2] The thick middle layer consists of interspersed elastin fibers, collagen bundles, and fibroblasts.[2] The most superficial layer is made up of loose connective tissue which contains vascular channels.[2] Combined these three layers create a smooth gliding surface as well as mechanically strong tissue which prevents tendon bowstringing.[2] The extensor retinaculum of the foot has similar structure.
Clinical significance
Studies conducted on the retinaculum have exhibited it to have several possible surgical treatments uses. A graft of the extensor retinaculum was shown to be useful in treating boxer's knuckle when direct repair of the damaged capsule is not possible.[3] Because of their similarities in histological structure, studies also show the extensor retinaculum to be a reasonable biological replacement for reconstruction of a deficient annular pulley.[3]
Additional images
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Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna. -
Extensor retinaculum of the hand.Deep dissection.
References
- ^ a b c d PALMER, A. K.; SKAHEN, J. R.; WERNER, F. W.; GLISSON, R. R. (2016-11-17). "The Extensor Retinaculum of The Wrist: An Anatomical and Biomechanical Study:". Journal of Hand Surgery. doi:10.1016/S0266-7681(85)80006-1.
- ^ a b c d Klein, David M.; Katzman, Barry M.; Mesa, Joseph A.; Lipton, Jeffrey F.; Caligiuri, Daniel A. (1999-01-01). "Histology of the Extensor Retinaculum of the Wrist and the Ankle". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 24 (4): 799–802. doi:10.1053/jhsu.1999.0799. ISSN 0363-5023.
- ^ a b Nagaoka, Masahiro; Satoh, Takako; Nagao, Soya; Matsuzaki, Hiromi (2006-07-01). "Extensor Retinaculum Graft for Chronic Boxer's Knuckle". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 31 (6): 947–951. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.02.027. ISSN 0363-5023.
