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The '''Valachi hearings''', also known as the '''McClellan hearings''', investigated [[organized crime]] activities across America and leading mafia figures of the era such as [[Sam Giancana]] of Chicago and the [[Five Families]] of New York City. The hearings were initiated by [[Arkansas]] Senator [[John L. McClellan]] in 1963. Named after the major government witness against the [[American Mafia]], foot soldier and [[made man]] [[Joseph Valachi]], the trial exposed American organized crime to the world through Valachi's televised testimony.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Five Families|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2005|isbn=|location=New York|pages=135-136}}</ref>
The '''Valachi hearings''', also known as the '''McClellan hearings''', investigated [[organized crime]] activities across America and leading mafia figures of the era such as [[Sam Giancana]] of Chicago and the [[Five Families]] of New York City. The hearings were initiated by [[Arkansas]] Senator [[John L. McClellan]] in 1963. Named after the major government witness against the [[American Mafia]], foot soldier and [[made man]] [[Joseph Valachi]], the trial exposed American organized crime to the world through Valachi's televised testimony.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Five Families|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2005|isbn=|location=New York|pages=135-136}}</ref>


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 13: Line 13:
Much of the knowledge accessible to the public today about the American Mafia was first disclosed in Joseph Valachi's televised testimony.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States|last=Kelly|first=Robert|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=0-313-30653-2|location=Connecticut|pages=309-310}}</ref>
Much of the knowledge accessible to the public today about the American Mafia was first disclosed in Joseph Valachi's televised testimony.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States|last=Kelly|first=Robert|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=0-313-30653-2|location=Connecticut|pages=309-310}}</ref>


Valachi disclosed that the Mafia was called ''Cosa Nostra'' ("our thing" or "this thing of ours" in [[Italian language|Italian]]) among the members of the organisation.<ref name="time041063" /><ref name="time111063" /><ref name="time160863">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894561,00.html Their Thing], Time, 16 August 1963</ref> At the time, it was understood as a proper name, fostered by the [[FBI]] and disseminated by the media. The designation gained wide popularity and almost replaced the term Mafia. The FBI even added the article ''La'' to the term, calling it ''La Cosa Nostra'' (in Italy, the article ''la'' precedes the general "mafia" term but is not used before "Cosa Nostra").
Valachi disclosed that the Mafia was called ''Cosa Nostra'' ("our thing" or "this thing of ours" in [[Italian language|Italian]]) among the members of the organisation and that the term "Mafia" was an outsider term.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="time041063" /><ref name="time111063" /><ref name="time160863">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894561,00.html Their Thing], Time, 16 August 1963</ref> At the time, Cosa Nostra was understood as a proper name, fostered by the [[FBI]] and disseminated by the media. The designation gained wide popularity and almost replaced the term Mafia. (in Italy, the article ''la'' precedes the general "mafia" term but is not used before "Cosa Nostra").The term was often prefixed with “La” (La Cosa Nostra), in the media and even in the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], but this is inconsistent with the Italian language as well as Valachi’s testimony.


He also revealed the organisational structure of the Mafia with "soldiers" organized into "regimes" and led by a "''[[caporegime]]''" ("lieutenant"). The regimes, in turn, are organized into "families" and bossed by "''capos''" (bosses), each representing a geographic area, who make up Cosa Nostra's [[The Commission (mafia)|Commission]], the final arbiter of the syndicate's affairs.<ref name=time160863/><ref name=maas32>Maas, The Valachi Papers, p. 32</ref>
He also revealed the organisational structure of the Mafia with "soldiers" organized into "regimes" and led by a "''[[caporegime]]''" ("lieutenant"). The regimes, in turn, are organized into "families" and bossed by "''capos''" (bosses), each representing a geographic area, who make up Cosa Nostra's [[The Commission (mafia)|Commission]], the final arbiter of the syndicate's affairs.<ref name=time160863/><ref name=maas32>Maas, The Valachi Papers, p. 32</ref>

Revision as of 02:39, 5 December 2019

The Valachi hearings, also known as the McClellan hearings, investigated organized crime activities across America and leading mafia figures of the era such as Sam Giancana of Chicago and the Five Families of New York City. The hearings were initiated by Arkansas Senator John L. McClellan in 1963. Named after the major government witness against the American Mafia, foot soldier and made man Joseph Valachi, the trial exposed American organized crime to the world through Valachi's televised testimony.[1]

Overview

In October 1963, Valachi testified before Senator John L. McClellan's congressional committee on organized crime, the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations. He gave the American public a firsthand account of Mafia activities in the United States.[2][3]

Valachi had agreed to testify against the mafia and expose its dark past after landing in prison for a heroin charge alongside his boss, Don Vito Genovese. Fueled by anger at his former organization and a fear for his life after receiving the kiss of death from Genovese, Valachi reached out to testify, knowing the only other likely option was death.[4]

A low-ranking member of the New York-based Genovese crime family, Valachi was the first ever government witness to come forward from the American Mafia itself. Before Valachi, federal authorities had no concrete evidence that the American Mafia even existed. His disclosures did not lead directly to the prosecution of many high-ranking Mafia leaders, but he was able to provide many details of its history, structure, operations and rituals, as well as naming many active and former members of the major crime families.

Valachi testified in vivid and minute detail on his day-to-day life in organized crime in a first-time-ever public account of life as a soldier of La Cosa Nostra, including its rites of initiation.[5] These televised hearings brought home to average Americans the violence and intimidation routinely used by the Mafia to further and protect its criminal enterprises.[6]

Disclosures

Much of the knowledge accessible to the public today about the American Mafia was first disclosed in Joseph Valachi's televised testimony.[7]

Valachi disclosed that the Mafia was called Cosa Nostra ("our thing" or "this thing of ours" in Italian) among the members of the organisation and that the term "Mafia" was an outsider term.[1][2][3][8] At the time, Cosa Nostra was understood as a proper name, fostered by the FBI and disseminated by the media. The designation gained wide popularity and almost replaced the term Mafia. (in Italy, the article la precedes the general "mafia" term but is not used before "Cosa Nostra").The term was often prefixed with “La” (La Cosa Nostra), in the media and even in the FBI, but this is inconsistent with the Italian language as well as Valachi’s testimony.

He also revealed the organisational structure of the Mafia with "soldiers" organized into "regimes" and led by a "caporegime" ("lieutenant"). The regimes, in turn, are organized into "families" and bossed by "capos" (bosses), each representing a geographic area, who make up Cosa Nostra's Commission, the final arbiter of the syndicate's affairs.[8][9]

According to Valachi, the original bosses of New York's Five Families were Charles Luciano, Tommaso Gagliano, Joseph Profaci, Salvatore Maranzano and Vincent Mangano. Vito Genovese was the underboss of the Luciano crime family and Albert Anastasia the underboss of the Mangano family.[10]

Aftermath

The assassination of President Kennedy one month after the hearings took a lot of steam out of RFK's war on the Mafia. However, later, due in part to Valachi's disclosures, the United States Congress eventually passed two new laws to strengthen federal racketeering and gambling statutes to aid the Federal Bureau of Investigation's fight against mob influence. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 provided for the use of court-ordered electronic surveillance in the investigation of certain specified violations.

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Statute of 1970 allowed organized groups to be prosecuted for all of their diverse criminal activities, without the crimes being linked by a perpetrator or all-encompassing conspiracy. Along with greater use of Agents for undercover work by the late 1970s, these provisions helped the FBI develop cases that, in the 1980s, put almost all the major traditional crime family heads in prison.[11]

The Valachi Papers

In 1964 the US Department of Justice urged Valachi to write down his personal history of his underworld career. Although Valachi was only expected to fill in the gaps in his formal questioning, the resulting account of his thirty-year criminal career was a rambling 1,180-page manuscript titled The Real Thing.[12][13][14]

Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach authorized the public release of Valachi’s manuscript. He hoped that publication of Valachi’s story would aid law enforcement and possibly encourage other criminal informers to step forward. Author Peter Maas, who broke Valachi’s story in The Saturday Evening Post, was assigned the job of editing the manuscript and permitted to interview Valachi in his Washington, D.C., jail cell.[13][14]

The American Italian Anti-Defamation League promoted a national campaign against the book on the grounds that it would reinforce negative ethnic stereotypes. If the book’s publication was not stopped they would appeal directly to the White House. Katzenbach reversed his decision to publish the book after a meeting with President Lyndon B. Johnson; an action that embarrassed the Justice Department.[13][14]

In May 1966, Katzenbach asked a district court to stop Maas from publishing the book—the first time that a U.S. attorney general had ever tried to ban a book. Maas was never permitted to publish his edition of Valachi’s original memoirs, but he was allowed to publish a third-person account based upon interviews he himself had conducted with Valachi. These formed the basis of the book The Valachi Papers, which was published in 1968.[13][14] The book was made into the 1972 film The Valachi Papers starring Charles Bronson as Valachi.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Raab, Selwyn (2005). Five Families. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 135–136.
  2. ^ a b Killers in Prison, Time, October 4, 1963
  3. ^ a b "The Smell of It", Time, October 11, 1963
  4. ^ Maas, Peter (1968). Valachi Papers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 27–35.
  5. ^ Maas, The Valachi Papers, p. 18
  6. ^ International Drug Trafficking: Law Enforcement Challenges for the Next Century by Thomas A. Constantine; Administrator, United States Drug Enforcement Administration
  7. ^ Kelly, Robert (2000). Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 309–310. ISBN 0-313-30653-2.
  8. ^ a b Their Thing, Time, 16 August 1963
  9. ^ Maas, The Valachi Papers, p. 32
  10. ^ Maas, The Valachi Papers
  11. ^ "History of the FBI". Archived from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
  12. ^ Books: His Life and Crimes, Time, January 17, 1969
  13. ^ a b c d The Valachi Papers, Censorship (accessed March 6, 2011)
  14. ^ a b c d Peter Maas, Encyclopedia of World Biography (accessed March 6, 2011)

References

  • Maas, Peter. 1968. The Valachi Papers. New York, Putnam.
  • Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30653-2
  • Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3
  • Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0
  • Dan E. Moldea, The Hoffa Wars, Charter Books, New York: 1978 (ISBN 0-441-34010-5).
  • Charles Brandt, I Heard You Paint Houses: Frank "the Irishman" Sheeran and the inside story of the Mafia, the Teamsters, and the last ride of Jimmy Hoffa, Steerforth Press, Hanover (NH, USA) 2004 (ISBN 1-58642-077-1).
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