Shandong

"Shantung" redirects here. For the fabric, see Shantung (fabric). For the street in Hong Kong, see Shantung Street.

For the subdistrict in Chongqing, see Shandong Subdistrict.

Shandong Province 山东省
Province
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	山东省 (Shāndōng Shěng)
• Abbreviation	SD / 鲁 (pinyin: Lǔ)
Map showing the location of Shandong Province
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E
Capital and largest city (by urban population)	Jinan
Divisions	16 prefectures, 140 counties, 1941 townships
Government
• Secretary	Liu Jiayi လျုဂျာယိ
• Governor	Gong Zheng ဂေါင်ဂျေင်
Area
• Total	157,100 km2 (60,700 sq mi)
• Rank	20th
Highest elevation	1,545 m (5,069 ft)
Population  (2016)
• Total	99,470,000
• Rank	2nd
• Density	630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
• Rank	5th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han - 99.3% Hui - 0.6%
• Languages and dialects	Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin
ISO 3166 code	CN-SD
GDP (2018)	CNY 7.65 trillion USD 1.156 trillion (3rd)
• per capita	CNY 76,908 USD 11,617 (9th)
HDI (2014)	0.769 (high) (8th)
Website	SD.gov.cn

Shandong
"Shandong","ရှန်ဒေါင်" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese	山东 ရှန်ဒေါင်
Traditional Chinese	山東
Literal meaning	"East of the Mountains (Taihang)"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Shāndōng ရှန်ဒေါင် Bopomofo ㄕㄢ   ㄉㄨㄥ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Shandong Wade–Giles Shan1-tung1 IPA [ʂán.tʊ́ŋ] Wu Romanization Se平 ton平 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāan-dūng Jyutping Saan1-dung1 IPA [san˥.tʊŋ˥] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Soaⁿ-tang Tâi-lô Suann-tang

Shandong (山东; alternately romanized as Shantung, Burmese: ရှန်ဒေါင်) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.

Shandong (ရှန်ဒေါင်) has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan (ဂျိနာန်) were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism.

Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north–south and east–west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (99,470,000 inhabitants at the 2016 Census) and affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China, with a GDP of CNY¥7.65 trillion in 2018, or USD$1.156 trillion, making it China's third wealthiest province.

Name

Individually, the two Chinese characters in the name "Shandong" mean "mountain" (山) (တောင်) and "east" (东)(အရှေ့) Shandong could hence be translated literally as "east of the mountains" "အရှေ့ တောင်တန်းများ" andrefers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains(တိုင်ဟင်တောင်တန်းများ). A common nickname for Shandong is Qílǔ (simplified Chinese: 齐鲁; traditional Chinese: 齊魯), after the States of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas the State of Qi was a major power of its era, the State of Lu played only a minor role in the politics of its time. Lu, however, became renowned for being the home of Confucius and hence its cultural influence came to eclipse that of the State of Qi. The cultural dominance of the State of Lu heritage is reflected in the official abbreviation for Shandong which is "鲁" (Chinese: 魯; pinyin: Lǔ). English speakers in the 19th century called the province Shan-tung.

Location

The province is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (Huang He), and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the southeast; it also shares a very short border with Anhui, between Henan and Jiangsu.

History

Ancient history

A Song-era monument to a legendary native of Shandong, the Yellow Emperor, at his supposed birthplace

Remains of Ancient Linzi city sewer passing underneath the former city wall

With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli culture (6500–5500 BCE), the Beixin culture (5300–4100 BCE), the Dawenkou culture (4100–2600 BCE), the Longshan culture (3000–2000 BCE), and the Yueshi culture (1900–1500 BCE).

The earliest dynasties (the Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty) exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by the Dongyi peoples who were considered "barbarians." Over subsequent centuries, the Dongyi were eventually sinicized.

During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, regional states became increasingly powerful. At this time, Shandong was home to two major states: the state of Qi at Linzi and the state of Lu at Qufu. Lu is noted for being the home of Confucius. The state was, however, comparatively small, and eventually succumbed to the larger state of Chu from the south. The state of Qi, on the other hand, was a major power throughout the period. Cities it ruled included Linzi, Jimo (north of modern Qingdao) and Ju.

Early Imperial history

The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BCE. The Han dynasty that followed created a number of commanderies supervised by two regions (刺史部) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou (青州) in the north and Yanzhou (兗州) in the south. During the division of the Three Kingdoms, Shandong belonged to the Cao Wei, which ruled over northern China.

After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao, then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei dynasty, the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties Period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.

In 412 CE, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India.

The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618-907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.

The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures, and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).

The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by the Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its current name.

Early modern history

Street market in the city, photographed by members of the Fragata Sarmiento's crew in the late 19th century

The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty, where it had a more expansive territory including the agricultural part of Liaoning. After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.

During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province, was especially affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire, which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the Qing dynasty encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of northeast China.

Shandong was one of the first places in which the Boxer Rebellion started and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, the Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed as governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for 3 years.

As a consequence of the First World Wa], Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. The Treaty of Versailles transferred the German concessions in Shandong to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem, led to the May Fourth Movement. Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China," the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.

The return of control over Shandong fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General," as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord." He ruled over the province until 1928, when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuju, who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian, nicknamed the "King of Shandong East," who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.

File:Qingdao skyline 2016.jpg

Qingdao, the largest city of Shandong Province, 2016

In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would eventually become part of the Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when the Japanese crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.

Japanese and communist rules

Shandong was occupied in its entirety by Japan, with resistance continuing in the countryside, and was one of the provinces where a scorched earth policy ("Three Alls Policy": "kill all," "burn all," "loot all") was implemented by general Yasuji Okamura. This lasted until the surrender of Japan in 1945 killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China.

By 1945, communist forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China) out of Shandong by June 1949. The People's Republic of China was founded in October of the same year.

Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province, but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.

About 6 million people starved to death in Shandong during the great famine.

In recent years Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the richest provinces of the People's Republic of China.

Geography

The sacred Mount Tai

The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The center of the province is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; it separates Bohai Sea in the northwest from the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The highest peak of Shandong is the highest peak in the Taishan area: Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of 1,545 metres (5,069 ft).

The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, entering the sea along Shandong's northern coast; in its traversal of Shandong it flows on a levee, higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake of the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; the large Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the three bays of Bohai Sea, is found to the north, between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller, is found to the south, next to Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extend northwards from the northern coast of the peninsula.

Shandong has a temperate climate, lying in the transition between the humid subtropical (Cwa under the Köppen climate classification) and humid continental (Köppen Dwa) zones with four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and rainy (except for a few coastal areas), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −5 to 1 °C (23 to 34 °F) in January and 24 to 28 °C (75 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is 550 to 950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences.

With Jinan serving as the province's economic and cultural centre, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao, Weihai, and Yantai.

Geology

Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton. Beginning in the Mesozoic, Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary.

Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng, which is located in southeastern Shandong, has been the site of many discoveries of dinosaur fossils. A major find of 7,600 dinosaur bones that including tyrannosaurus and ankylosaurus remains was announced in 2008, and is believed to be the largest collection ever found.

Politics

Tomb of the 59th generation senior descendant of Confucius, Kong Yanjin. Many generations of the senior-branch direct descendants of Confucius ruled the Qufu area as its feudal rulers.

Main articles: Politics of Shandong and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The Shandong Provincial People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and the provincial legislature of Shandong province. Its standing committee performs the majority of power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee is Liu Jiayi.

The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of the People's Republic of China.

The current Governor of Shandong is Gong Zheng.

Economy

As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deer skin, often heading to Guangzhou in exchange for clothing and fabrics.

Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton, wheat, and garlic as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world. Other important crops include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta, where the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) is one of the major oilfields of China. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.

Shandong is one of the richer provinces of China, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer, Haier and Hisense. In addition, Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.

In 2011, the nominal GDP for Shandong was ¥4.50 trillion (US$711 billion), ranking third in the country (behind Guangdong and Jiangsu). Its GDP per capita was ¥42,014 (US$6,365), ranking eighth.

Historical GDP of Shandong Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008) (purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017)
year	GDP				GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population			Reference index
	GDP in millions			real growth (%)	GDPpc			exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY
	CNY	USD	PPP (Int'l$.)		CNY	USD	PPP (Int'l$.)	USD 1	Int'l$. 1 (PPP)
2016	6,802,449	1,024,110	1,943,057	7.6	68,733	10,348	19,633	6.6423	3.5009
2015	6,393,074	1,026,439	1,801,120	8.0	65,114	10,454	18,345	6.2284	3.5495
2014	6,030,036	981,643	1,698,410	8.7	61,774	10,056	17,399	6.1428	3.5504
2013	5,602,372	904,601	1,566,265	9.6	57,702	9,317	16,132	6.1932	3.5769
2012	5,071,045	803,334	1,428,142	9.9	52,490	8,315	14,783	6.3125	3.5508
2011	4,543,951	703,529	1,296,235	10.9	47,416	7,341	13,526	6.4588	3.5055
2010	3,962,074	585,283	1,196,784	12.3	41,579	6,142	12,559	6.7695	3.3106
2009	3,425,154	501,413	1,084,768	12.2	36,270	5,310	11,487	6.8310	3.1575
2008	3,123,138	449,689	983,108	12.1	33,253	4,788	10,467	6.9451	3.1768
2007	2,599,074	341,804	862,076	14.3	27,833	3,660	9,232	7.6040	3.0149
2006	2,205,967	276,721	766,573	14.7	23,775	2,982	8,262	7.9718	2.8777
2005	1,849,700	225,802	646,974	15.1	20,075	2,451	7,022	8.1917	2.8590
2000	833,747	100,714	306,604	10.3	9,326	1,127	3,430	8.2784	2.7193
1990	151,119	31,594	88,758	5.3	1,815	379	1,066	4.7832	1.7026
1980	29,213	19,496	19,534	12.2	402	268	269	1.4984	1.4955
1978	22,545	14,498		10.1	316	203		1.5550
1970	12,631	5,131		15.7	199	81		2.4618
1965	8,625	3,504		22.0	152	62		2.4618
1957	6,139	2,358		-3.5	116	45		2.6040
1952	4,381	1,971			91	41		2.2227

Wine industry

See also: Wine in China

Shandong coastal vineyards

The production of wine is the second largest industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.

Geographically, the southern hills average an elevation of 200 meters (660 ft), while the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of the root systems.

Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and along the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway. The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production. Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, Merlot, Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.

Major producers

• Changyu Pioneer Wine Co.
• China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.

Economic and technological development zones

• Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km² (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km² (13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km² (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km² (15 sq mi). Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.

• Jinan Export Processing Zone

The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, to the east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 and 18 km (5.6 and 11.2 mi) respectively.

• Qingdao Economic & Technological Development Area

Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a planned of 12.5 km² (4.8 sq mi). In 2004 the local GDP is ¥27.51 billion, increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60.6 billion, increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, Haier, Hisense, Aucma, Sinopec, CSIC, CNOOC, CIMC etc. are all located in the zone.

• Qingdao Free Trade Zone

Qingdao Free Trade Zone was established by the State Council in 1992. The zone is 60 km (37 mi) away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal. At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade and taxation in China.

• Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone

Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved the State Council in 1992. The zone is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology.

• Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)

Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of 677 km² (261 sq mi), BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km² (150 sq mi). The land can be transacted conveniently which would guarantee the demand of any project construction and provide broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park.

• Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone

Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of 194 km² (75 sq mi), including the programmed area of 36 km² (14 sq mi) and an initial area of 11.88 km² (4.59 sq mi). Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.

• Weihai Export Processing Zone

Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of 2.6 km² (1.0 sq mi). Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located 30 km (19 mi) to Weihai Airport, 3 km (1.9 mi) to Weihai Railway Station and 4 km (2.5 mi) to Weihai Harbor.

• Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park

Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of 111.9 square kilometers (43.2 sq mi), the coastal line of 30.5 kilometers (19.0 mi) and 150,000 residents. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the city center, 4 km (2.5 mi) away from Weihai Port, 10 km (6.2 mi) away from Weihai Railway Station, 30 km (19 mi) away from Weihai Airport and 80 km (50 mi) away from Yantai Airport.

• Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area

Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of 10 km² (3.9 sq mi) and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the Huanghai Sea. It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely 6 km (3.7 mi) away from Yantai Port, 6 km (3.7 mi) away from Yantai Railway Station, and a 30-minute drive to Yantai International Airport.

• Yantai Export Processing Zone

Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4.17 m² (44.9 sq ft), in which the initial zone covers 3 km² (1.2 sq mi). After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of 120,000 m² (140,000 sq yd) and bonded warehouses of 40,000 m² (430,000 sq ft) have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc. and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.

• Zibo National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1912	30,989,000	—
1928	28,672,000	−7.5%
1936-37	38,100,000	+32.9%
1947	38,865,000	+2.0%
1954	48,876,548	+25.8%
1964	55,519,038	+13.6%
1982	74,419,054	+34.0%
1990	84,392,827	+13.4%
2000	89,971,789	+6.6%
2010	95,793,065	+6.5%
Qingdao was part of Shandong Province until 1929; dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Shandong Province. Weihai also known as Weihaiwei. Established in 1930; dissolved in 1945 and incorporated into Shandong Province.

Shandong is the second most populous province of China, after Guangdong, just slightly ahead of Henan, with a population of more than 95,793,000 at the 2010 Census. Over 99% of Shandong's population is Han Chinese. Minority groups include the Hui and the Manchus. Shandong citizens are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010, 16-18-year-old male students in Yantai measured 176.4 centimetres (5 ft 9.4 in) while female students measured 164 cm (5 ft 5 in).

Religion

Religion in Shandong

  Chinese ancestral religion (25.28%)

  Christianity (1.21%)

  Islam (0.55%)

  Other religions or not religious people (80.05%)

The predominant religions in Shandong are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 25,28% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 1.21% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 1.30% in 2004. The Christians were 1.89% of the province's population in 1949, the largest proportion in China at that time. According to a survey of the year 2010, Muslims constitute 0.55% of the population of Shandong up from 0.14% in 1949.

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.05% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk religious sects. Shandong is the province where Confucius was born in the year 551 B.C.

Confucianism: The most well known humanity of Shandong is Confucianism. Each year thousands of people come to Shandong to visit and learn about Confucius' culture. Confucius, according to Chinese tradition, was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. His teachings, preserved in the Lunyu or Analects, form the foundation of much of subsequent Chinese speculation on the education and comportment of the ideal man, how such an individual should live his life and interact with others, and the forms of society and government in which he should participate. Additionally, there are many famous books about Confucius; the most famous one is the Analects which was written by his students. Confucius also helped edit The Five Classics (五经). The Five Classics include The Book of Songs, History, Changes and Rites.

Famous view and arts

• Seven Star Northern Shaolin Praying Mantis Style of Kung fu is also taught in this province. It is also said that Northern Mantis had originated here and not in the Shaolin temple in Henan Province, which is always stated in books.
• Guandi is also known for Guangong, Guanyu. He is a famous general in the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In Daojiao (a traditional Chinese Religion) Guangong is also one of the four Protectors.
• Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong is a very famous World Heritage Site in China and it is also a 5A Tourist Attraction. Lying to the east of the Temple, the Kong Family Mansion developed from a small family house linked to the temple into an aristocratic mansion in which the male direct descendants of Confucius lived and worked.

Altar of the Temple of Guandi in Jinan Hall of the Great Perfection of the Temple of Confucius in Qufu Temple of Mazu in Qingdao

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Shandong and List of township-level divisions of Shandong

Shandong is divided into sixteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities). On January 1, 2019, Laiwu was wholly annexed to Jinan:

Administrative divisions of Shandong
Prefecture-level city district areas   County-level cities
No.	Division code	Division	Area in km2	Population 2010	Seat	Divisions
						Districts	Counties	CL cities
	370000	Shandong Province	157100.00	95,792,719	Jinan city	57	53	27
1	370100	Jinan city	10247.01	8,112,513	Lixia District	10	2
2	370200	Qingdao city	11175.30	8,715,087	Shinan District	7		3
8	370300	Zibo city	5965.17	4,530,597	Zhangdian District	5	3
16	370400	Zaozhuang city	4563.22	3,729,140	Xuecheng District	5		1
5	370500	Dongying city	7923.26	2,035,338	Dongying District	3	2
15	370600	Yantai city	13746.47	6,968,202	Laishan District	4	1	7
13	370700	Weifang city	16143.14	9,086,241	Kuiwen District	4	2	6
7	370800	Jining city	11186.98	8,081,905	Rencheng District	2	7	2
12	370900	Tai'an city	7761.83	5,494,207	Taishan District	2	2	2
14	371000	Weihai city	5796.98	2,804,771	Huancui District	2		2
11	371100	Rizhao city	5347.99	2,801,013	Donggang District	2	2
10	371300	Linyi city	17191.21	10,039,440	Lanshan District	3	9
4	371400	Dezhou city	10356.32	5,568,235	Decheng District	2	7	2
9	371500	Liaocheng city	8714.57	5,789,863	Dongchangfu District	2	5	1
3	371600	Binzhou city	9444.65	3,748,474	Bincheng District	2	4	1
6	371700	Heze city	12193.85	8,287,693	Mudan District	2	7
Sub-provincial cities

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin
Shandong Province	山东省	Shāndōng Shěng
Jinan city	济南市	Jǐnán Shì
Qingdao city	青岛市	Qīngdǎo Shì
Zibo city	淄博市	Zībó Shì
Zaozhuang city	枣庄市	Zǎozhuāng Shì
Dongying city	东营市	Dōngyíng Shì
Yantai city	烟台市	Yāntái Shì
Weifang city	潍坊市	Wéifāng Shì
Jining city	济宁市	Jǐníng Shì
Tai'an city	泰安市	Tài'ān Shì
Weihai city	威海市	Wēihǎi Shì
Rizhao city	日照市	Rìzhào Shì
Linyi city	临沂市	Línyí Shì
Dezhou city	德州市	Dézhōu Shì
Liaocheng city	聊城市	Liáochéng Shì
Binzhou city	滨州市	Bīnzhōu Shì
Heze city	菏泽市	Hézé Shì

The sixteen prefecture-level divisions of Shandong are subdivided into 137 county-level divisions (55 districts, 26 county-level cities, and 56 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1941 township-level divisions (1223 towns, 293 townships, two ethnic townships, and 423 subdistricts).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	City	Urban area	District area	City proper	Census date
1	Jinan	3,527,566	4,335,989	8,396,142	2010-11-01
(1)	Jinan (new districts)	1,261,040	2,880,687	see Jinan	2010-11-01
2	Qingdao	3,519,919	3,718,835	8,715,087	2010-11-01
(2)	Qingdao (new district)	1,036,158	2,045,549	see Qingdao	2010-11-01
3	Zibo	2,261,717	3,129,228	4,530,597	2010-11-01
4	Yantai	1,797,861	2,227,733	6,968,202	2010-11-01
5	Linyi	1,522,488	2,303,648	10,039,440	2010-11-01
6	Weifang	1,261,582	2,044,028	9,086,241	2010-11-01
7	Tai'an	1,123,541	1,735,425	5,494,207	2010-11-01
8	Zaozhuang	980,893	2,125,481	3,729,140	2010-11-01
9	Jining	939,034	1,241,012	8,081,905	2010-11-01
(9)	Jining (new district)	388,449	618,394	see Jining	2010-11-01
10	Rizhao	902,272	1,320,578	2,801,013	2010-11-01
11	Dongying	848,958	1,004,271	2,035,338	2010-11-01
(11)	Dongying (new district)	114,073	242,292	see Dongying	2010-11-01
12	Tengzhou	783,473	1,603,659	see Zaozhuang	2010-11-01
13	Weihai	698,863	844,310	2,804,771	2010-11-01
(13)	Weihai (new district)	310,628	673,625	see Weihai	2010-11-01
14	Xintai	672,207	1,315,942	see Tai'an	2010-11-01
15	Liaocheng	606,366	1,229,768	5,789,863	2010-11-01
16	Zhucheng	586,652	1,086,222	see Weifang	2010-11-01
17	Heze	559,636	1,346,717	8,287,693	2010-11-01
(17)	Heze (new district)	166,037	565,793	see Heze	2010-11-01
18	Dezhou	526,232	679,535	5,568,235	2010-11-01
(18)	Dezhou (new district)	170,317	569,007	see Dezhou	2010-11-01
19	Zoucheng	513,418	1,116,692	see Jining	2010-11-01
20	Shouguang	476,274	1,139,454	see Weifang	2010-11-01
21	Feicheng	472,775	946,627	see Tai'an	2010-11-01
22	Gaomi	466,786	895,582	see Weifang	2010-11-01
23	Pingdu	427,694	868,348	see Qingdao	2010-11-01
24	Binzhou	407,820	682,717	3,748,474	2010-11-01
(24)	Binzhou (new district)	146,577	351,672	see Binzhou	2010-11-01
25	Jiaozhou	404,216	1357,424	see Qingdao	2010-11-01
(26)	Zouping	389,003	778,777	see Binzhou	2010-11-01
27	Longkou	388,770	688,255	see Yantai	2010-11-01
28	Qingzhou	384,358	940,355	see Weifang	2010-11-01
29	Laizhou	379,789	883,896	see Yantai	2010-11-01
30	Linqing	376,337	719,611	see Liaocheng	2010-11-01
31	Rongcheng	363,420	714,355	see Weihai	2010-11-01
32	Laiyang	358,092	878,591	see Yantai	2010-11-01
33	Laixi	347,452	750,225	see Qingdao	2010-11-01
34	Qufu	302,805	640,498	see Jining	2010-11-01
35	Anqiu	300,160	926,894	see Weifang	2010-11-01
36	Changyi	287,720	603,482	see Weifang	2010-11-01
37	Zhaoyuan	281,780	566,244	see Yantai	2010-11-01
38	Rushan	259,876	572,481	see Weihai	2010-11-01
39	Haiyang	244,600	638,729	see Yantai	2010-11-01
40	Leling	214,238	652,415	see Dezhou	2010-11-01
41	Qixia	204,633	589,620	see Yantai	2010-11-01
42	Yucheng	203,724	490,031	see Dezhou	2010-11-01
43	Penglai	185,894	451,109	see Yantai	2010-11-01

Culture

Map of Shandong Dialects

Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories: Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest (as well as in neighbouring Hebei), such as the Jinan dialect; Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest (as well as in neighbouring Henan); and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula (as well as the Liaodong Peninsula across the sea), such as the Qingdao dialect. When people speak of the "Shandong dialect" (山東話), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the "Jiaodong dialect" (膠東話).

Shandong cuisine (鲁菜) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine (e.g. Jinan cuisine); the seafood-centered Jiaodong cuisine in the peninsula; and Confucius's Mansion cuisine, an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.

Shandong Bangzi and Lüju are popular types of Chinese opera in Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.

Transport

The Jingjiu Railway (Beijing-Kowloon) and Jinghu Railway (Beijing-Shanghai) are both major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong. The Jingjiu passes through Liaocheng and Heze; the Jinghu passes through Dezhou, Jinan, Tai'an, Yanzhou (the Jinghu high-speed railway will through Qufu) and Zaozhuang. The Jiaoji Railway is an important railway of Shandong, linking its two largest cities of Qingdao and Jinan, with the longest history of all.

Shandong has one of the densest and highest quality expressway networks among all Chinese provinces. At over 3,000 km (1,900 mi), the total length of Shandong's expressways is the highest among the provinces. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) expressways pass through or begin in Shandong. Expressways that begin in Shandong are in bold:

• G2 Jinghu Expressway (Beijing–Shanghai)
• G3 Jingtai Expressway (Beijing–Taipei, Taiwan)
• G15 Shenhai Expressway (Shenyang, Liaoning–Haikou, Hainan)
• G18 Rongwu Expressway (Rongcheng–Wuhai, Inner Mongolia)
• G20 Qingyin Expressway (Qingdao–Yinchuan, Ningxia)
• G22 Qinglan Expressway (Qingdao–Lanzhou, Gansu)
• G25 Changshen Expressway (Changchun, Jilin–Shenzhen, Guangdong)

There are also many shorter regional expressways within Shandong.

The Shandong Peninsula, with its bays and harbours, has many important ports, including Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, Dongying and Longkou. Many of these ports have historical significance as well, as the sites of former foreign naval bases or historical battles. Ferries link the cities on the north coast of the peninsula with the Liaodong Peninsula, further north across the sea.

Important airports include Jinan Yaoqiang Airport and Qingdao Liuting International Airport. Other airports are Dongying Shengli Airport, Jining Qufu Airport, Linyi Shubuling Airport, Weifang Airport, Weihai Dashuibo Airport and Yantai Laishan International Airport.

As of end of 2018, Qingdao is the only city in Shandong that has a metro system, with 4 lines in operation. Jinan will be operating its metro system in early 2019.

Tourism

Tourist attractions in Shandong include:

• Jinan, the capital city of Shandong since Ming dynasty, renowned for its 72 Famous Springs.
  • Baotu Spring, a culturally significant artesian karst spring, declared as "Number One Spring under the Heaven" (天下第一泉) by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
  • Daming Lake, the largest lake in Jinan, whose water is from the springs of the area. Marco Polo described its beauty in his works.
  • Thousand Buddha Mountain, renowned for its numerous Buddha images which have been carved out of the hill's rock faces or free-standing structures erect since the times of the Sui dynasty and its Xingguochan Temple.
  • Lingyan Temple, one of the 4 most famous temples (四大名刹) in Tang dynasty, in which there are 11th century Pizhi Pagoda and the Thousand Buddha Hall which houses a Ming dynasty bronze Buddha statue as well as 40 painted clay statues of life-size luohan from the Song dynasty.
  • remnant of Great Wall of Qi, the oldest existing Great Wall in China, which is built in 685 BCE and stretches from Jinan to Qingdao.
• Penglai, a town on the north of the Shandong peninsula famed in Taoism.
• Qingdao (a former German port city), is a beach resort city on the south of the peninsula that has German-era heritage architecture and is also famous for its Tsingtao beer.
  • Ba Da Guan, made up of eight streets named after the eight great military forts of the ancient times.
  • Zhan Qiao, a long strip pier stretches into the sea and was the first wharf at Qingdao.
  • Laoshan, a scenic area and Daoist centre to the east of Qingdao.
• Qingzhou, an ancient trading and administrative centre with some famous archaeological discoveries.
• Weihai, a former British port city important in the second Sino-Japanese War has British-era heritage architecture.
• World Heritage Sites:
  • Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu

    

    The northern quarters of the Cemetery of Confucius

  • Tai Shan, sacred mountain, in Tai'an
• Weifang (潍坊) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province. It is made up of four urban districts (Kuiwen, Weicheng, Hanting and Fangzi) and Changle County, largely being urbanized. Weifang has numerous natural and historic sites, such as Shihu Garden (from the Late Ming and early Qing dynasty), Fangong Pavilion (from the Song dynasty), fossil sites (including dinosaur fossils, in Shanwang, Linqu), Mount Yi National Forest Park and Mount Qingyun. Yangjiabu are painted New Year woodcuts which is also famous all around China.

Education

Colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Shandong

• Shandong University (Jinan)
• Ocean University of China (Qingdao)
• China University of Petroleum (Dongying and Qingdao)
• University of Jinan (Jinan)
• Shandong Normal University
• Shandong Agricultural University (Tai'an)
• Shandong University of Finance and Economics (Jinan)
• Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Jinan)
• Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai)
• China Agricultural University (Yantai)
• Harbin University of Science and Technology (Weihai)
• Yantai University (Yantai)
• Qufu Normal University (Qufu)
• Qingdao University (Qingdao)
• Shandong University of Science and Technology (Qingdao)
• Shandong University of Technology (Zibo)
• Liaocheng University (Liaocheng)
• Linyi University (Linyi)
• Qingdao Agricultural University (Qingdao)
• Binzhou Medical College (Binzhou)
• Jining Medical University (Jining)
• Weifang Medical University (Weifang)
• Weifang University (Weifang)
• Shandong Institute of Business and Technology (Yantai)
• Shandong Women's University (Jinan)
• Qingdao Technical College (Qingdao)
• Rizhao Polytechnic (Rizhao)
• Zibo Vocational Institute (Zibo)
• Qingdao Binhai University (Qingdao)
• Shandong Foreign Languages Vocational College (Rizhao)

Senior high schools

• Shandong Experimental High School (山东省实验中学)
• Jinan Foreign Language School(济南外国语学校)
• Senior High School Attached to Shandong Normal University (山东师范大学附属中学)
• Zibo Experimental High School(淄博实验中学）
• ShengLi NO.1 Senior High school of Dongying (东营市胜利第一中学（原胜利油田第一中学）)
• Shandong Tai'an No.1 Senior High School (山东省泰安第一中学)
• Weifang NO.1 Middle School(山东省潍坊市第一中学)
• Zouping NO.1 High School(山东省邹平县第一中学)
• Laiwu NO.1 Middle School(山东省莱芜第一中学)
• Linyi No.1 Middle School (山东省临沂第一中学)

Sports

Events held in Shandong

• 2009 National Games of China
• 2002 Table Tennis World Cup
• 2004 AFC Asian Cup
• 2007 A3 Champions Cup
• Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
• 2011 Sudirman Cup
• 2012 Badminton Asia Championships
• 2012 Asian Beach Games

Professional sports teams based in Shandong

• Chinese Basketball Association
  • Shandong Golden Stars
  • Qingdao DoubleStar
• Chinese Super League
  • Shandong Luneng
• China League One
  • Qingdao Zhongneng
  • Qingdao Huanghai

Former professional sports teams based in Shandong

• Qingdao Haisha
• Qingdao Sunrise
• Qingdao Hailifeng
• Yantai Yiteng F.C.
• Jining Dranix
• Shandong Tengding

See also

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Shandong
• Shandong people
• Shantungosaurus
• Shantung Problem
• East Asian snowstorms of 2009–2010
• East Asian snowstorms of late 2009

References

Sources

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-12/19/content_16031295.htm
• Economic profile for Shandong at HKTDC

External links

• Shandong travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Template:Zh icon Shandong Government website
• Template:En icon Template:Zh icon Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821-1850
• Shandong Article Encyclopædia Britannica