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Methylammonium lead halides (MALHs) are solid compounds with perovskite structure and a chemical formula of CH₃NH₃PbX₃ (MAPbX₃), where X = I, Br or Cl. They have potential applications in solar cells, lasers, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radiation detectors ^[2]^[3] magneto-optical data storage^[4] and hydrogen production.^[5]

Properties and synthesis

In the CH₃NH₃PbX₃ crystal structure the methylammonium cation (CH₃NH₃⁺) is surrounded by PbX₆ octahedra. The X ions are not fixed and can migrate through the crystal with an activation energy of 0.6 eV; the migration is vacancy assisted.^[1] The methylammonium cations can rotate within their cages. At room temperature the ions have the CN axis aligned towards the face directions of the unit cells and the molecules randomly change to another of the six face directions on a 3 ps time scale.^[6]

Growth of a CH₃NH₃PbI₃ single crystal in gamma-butyrolactone at 110 °C. The yellow color originates from the lead(II) iodide precursor.^[5]

Growth of a CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ single crystal in dimethylformamide at 80 °C.^[5]

The solubility of MALHs strongly decreases with increased temperature: from 0.8 g/mL at 20 °C to 0.3 g/mL at 80 °C for CH₃NH₃PbI₃ in dimethylformamide. This property is used in the growth of MALH single crystals and films from solution, using a mixture of CH₃NH₃X and PbX₂ powders as the precursor. The growth rates are 3–20 mm³/hour for CH₃NH₃PbI₃ and reach 38 mm³/hour for CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ crystals.^[5]

The resulting crystals are metastable and dissolve in the growth solution when cooled to room temperature. They have bandgaps of 2.18 eV for CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ and 1.51 eV for CH₃NH₃PbI₃, while their respective carrier mobilities are 24 and 67 cm²/(V·s).^[5] Their thermal conductivity is exceptionally low, ~0.5 W/(K·m) at room temperature for CH₃NH₃PbI₃.^[7]

Thermal decomposition of CH₃NH₃PbI₃

Initially, a proposed decomposition pathway mechanism for CH₃NH₃PbI₃ in presence of water ^[8] was broadly adopted by researchers in perovskite solar cell. In contrast to the common wisdom that CH₃NH₃PbI₃ is decomposed into CH₃NH₂ and HI gases. Experimentally, it was found that the major gases released during thermal degradation are methyl iodide (CH₃I) and ammonia (NH₃).^[9] ^[10]

{\ce {{CH3NH3PbI3(s)}->[\Delta] {PbI2(s)}+ {CH3I(g)}+ {NH3(g)}}}

In 2017, it has been inferred using in situ XPS measurements that in the presence of water vapour, CH₃NH₃I salt can not be a product of the degradation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite.^[11]

Applications

MALHs have potential applications in solar cells, lasers, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radiation detectors ^[3] and hydrogen production.^[5] The power conversion efficiency of MALH solar cells exceeds 19%.^[12]^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Eames, Christopher; Frost, Jarvist M.; Barnes, Piers R. F.; o'Regan, Brian C.; Walsh, Aron; Islam, M. Saiful (2015). "Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells". Nature Communications. 6: 7497. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7497E. doi:10.1038/ncomms8497. PMC 4491179. PMID 26105623.
^ Náfrádi, Bálint (October 16, 2015). "Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Efficient X-ray Energy Conversion". J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015 (119): 25204–25208. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07876.
^ ^a ^b Yakunin, S.; Dirin, D.; Shynkarenko, Y.; Morad, V.; Cherniukh, I.; Nazarenko, O.; Kreil, D.; Nauser, T.; Kovalenko, M. (2016). "Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites". Nature Photonics. 10: 585–589. Bibcode:2016NaPho..10..585Y. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.139.
^ Náfrádi, Bálint (24 November 2016). "Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3". Nature Communications. 7: 13406. arXiv:1611.08205. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713406N. doi:10.1038/ncomms13406.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Abdelhady, Ahmed L.; Murali, Banavoth; Alarousu, Erkki; Burlakov, Victor M.; Peng, Wei; Dursun, Ibrahim; Wang, Lingfei; He, Yao; MacUlan, Giacomo; Goriely, Alain; Wu, Tom; Mohammed, Omar F.; Bakr, Osman M. (2015). "High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization". Nature Communications. 6: 7586. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7586S. doi:10.1038/ncomms8586. PMC 4544059. PMID 26145157.
^ Bakulin, A.A.; Selig, O.; Bakker, H.J.; Rezus, Y.L.A.; Muller, C.; Glaser, T.; Lovrincic, R.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Z.; Walsh, A.; Frost, J.M.; Jansen, T.L.C. (2015). "Real-Time Observation of Organic Cation Reorientation in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites". J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (18): 3663–3669. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01555.
^ Pisoni, Andrea; Jaćimović, Jaćim; Barišić, Osor S.; Spina, Massimo; Gaál, Richard; Forró, László; Horváth, Endre (2014). "Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (14): 2488–2492. arXiv:1407.4931. doi:10.1021/jz5012109. PMID 26277821.
^ Frost, Jarvist M.; Butler, Keith T.; Brivio, Federico; Hendon, Christopher H.; van Schilfgaarde, Mark; Walsh, Aron (2014). "Atomistic Origins of High-Performance in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Solar Cells". Nano Letters. 14 (5): 2584–2590. arXiv:1402.4980. Bibcode:2014NanoL..14.2584F. doi:10.1021/nl500390f. ISSN 1530-6984.
^ Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Hawash, Zafer; Raga, Sonia R.; Ono, Luis K.; Qi, Yabing (2016). "Thermal degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite into NH3 and CH3I gases observed by coupled thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis". Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (11): 3406–3410. doi:10.1039/C6EE02016J. ISSN 1754-5692.
^ Williams, Alice E.; Holliman, Peter J.; Carnie, Matthew J.; Davies, Matthew L.; Worsley, David A.; Watson, Trystan M. (2014). "Perovskite processing for photovoltaics: a spectro-thermal evaluation". J. Mater. Chem. A. 2 (45): 19338–19346. doi:10.1039/C4TA04725G. ISSN 2050-7488.
^ Chun-Ren Ke, Jack; Walton, Alex S.; Lewis, David J.; Tedstone, Aleksander; O'Brien, Paul; Thomas, Andrew G.; Flavell, Wendy R. (2017-05-04). "In situ investigation of degradation at organometal halide perovskite surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at realistic water vapour pressure". Chem. Commun. 53 (37): 5231–5234. doi:10.1039/c7cc01538k. ISSN 1364-548X.
^ Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, G.; Luo, S.; Song, T.-b.; Duan, H.-S.; Hong, Z.; You, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. (2014). "Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells". Science. 345 (6196): 542. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..542Z. doi:10.1126/science.1254050. PMID 25082698.
^ Heo, Jin Hyuck; Song, Dae Ho; Han, Hye Ji; Kim, Seong Yeon; Kim, Jun Ho; Kim, Dasom; Shin, Hee Won; Ahn, Tae Kyu; Wolf, Christoph; Lee, Tae-Woo; Im, Sang Hyuk (2015). "Planar CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells with Constant 17.2% Average Power Conversion Efficiency Irrespective of the Scan Rate". Advanced Materials. 27 (22): 3424. doi:10.1002/adma.201500048. PMID 25914242.

[r5-1] Eames, Christopher; Frost, Jarvist M.; Barnes, Piers R. F.; o'Regan, Brian C.; Walsh, Aron; Islam, M. Saiful (2015). "Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells". Nature Communications. 6: 7497. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7497E. doi:10.1038/ncomms8497. PMC 4491179. PMID 26105623.

[Nafradi2015-2] Náfrádi, Bálint (October 16, 2015). "Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Efficient X-ray Energy Conversion". J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015 (119): 25204–25208. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07876.

[r7-3] Yakunin, S.; Dirin, D.; Shynkarenko, Y.; Morad, V.; Cherniukh, I.; Nazarenko, O.; Kreil, D.; Nauser, T.; Kovalenko, M. (2016). "Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites". Nature Photonics. 10: 585–589. Bibcode:2016NaPho..10..585Y. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.139.

[Nafradi2016-4] Náfrádi, Bálint (24 November 2016). "Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3". Nature Communications. 7: 13406. arXiv:1611.08205. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713406N. doi:10.1038/ncomms13406.

[r1-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Abdelhady, Ahmed L.; Murali, Banavoth; Alarousu, Erkki; Burlakov, Victor M.; Peng, Wei; Dursun, Ibrahim; Wang, Lingfei; He, Yao; MacUlan, Giacomo; Goriely, Alain; Wu, Tom; Mohammed, Omar F.; Bakr, Osman M. (2015). "High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization". Nature Communications. 6: 7586. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7586S. doi:10.1038/ncomms8586. PMC 4544059. PMID 26145157.

[r6-6] Bakulin, A.A.; Selig, O.; Bakker, H.J.; Rezus, Y.L.A.; Muller, C.; Glaser, T.; Lovrincic, R.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Z.; Walsh, A.; Frost, J.M.; Jansen, T.L.C. (2015). "Real-Time Observation of Organic Cation Reorientation in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites". J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (18): 3663–3669. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01555.

[r2-7] Pisoni, Andrea; Jaćimović, Jaćim; Barišić, Osor S.; Spina, Massimo; Gaál, Richard; Forró, László; Horváth, Endre (2014). "Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (14): 2488–2492. arXiv:1407.4931. doi:10.1021/jz5012109. PMID 26277821.

[FrostButler2014-8] Frost, Jarvist M.; Butler, Keith T.; Brivio, Federico; Hendon, Christopher H.; van Schilfgaarde, Mark; Walsh, Aron (2014). "Atomistic Origins of High-Performance in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Solar Cells". Nano Letters. 14 (5): 2584–2590. arXiv:1402.4980. Bibcode:2014NanoL..14.2584F. doi:10.1021/nl500390f. ISSN 1530-6984.

[Juarez-PerezHawash2016-9] Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Hawash, Zafer; Raga, Sonia R.; Ono, Luis K.; Qi, Yabing (2016). "Thermal degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite into NH3 and CH3I gases observed by coupled thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis". Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (11): 3406–3410. doi:10.1039/C6EE02016J. ISSN 1754-5692.

[WilliamsHolliman2014-10] Williams, Alice E.; Holliman, Peter J.; Carnie, Matthew J.; Davies, Matthew L.; Worsley, David A.; Watson, Trystan M. (2014). "Perovskite processing for photovoltaics: a spectro-thermal evaluation". J. Mater. Chem. A. 2 (45): 19338–19346. doi:10.1039/C4TA04725G. ISSN 2050-7488.

[11] Chun-Ren Ke, Jack; Walton, Alex S.; Lewis, David J.; Tedstone, Aleksander; O'Brien, Paul; Thomas, Andrew G.; Flavell, Wendy R. (2017-05-04). "In situ investigation of degradation at organometal halide perovskite surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at realistic water vapour pressure". Chem. Commun. 53 (37): 5231–5234. doi:10.1039/c7cc01538k. ISSN 1364-548X.

[r3-12] Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, G.; Luo, S.; Song, T.-b.; Duan, H.-S.; Hong, Z.; You, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. (2014). "Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells". Science. 345 (6196): 542. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..542Z. doi:10.1126/science.1254050. PMID 25082698.

[r4-13] Heo, Jin Hyuck; Song, Dae Ho; Han, Hye Ji; Kim, Seong Yeon; Kim, Jun Ho; Kim, Dasom; Shin, Hee Won; Ahn, Tae Kyu; Wolf, Christoph; Lee, Tae-Woo; Im, Sang Hyuk (2015). "Planar CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells with Constant 17.2% Average Power Conversion Efficiency Irrespective of the Scan Rate". Advanced Materials. 27 (22): 3424. doi:10.1002/adma.201500048. PMID 25914242.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:CH3NH3PbI3 structure.png|thumb|CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbX<sub>3</sub> crystal structure.<ref name=r5/>]]
-'''Methylammonium lead halides''' (MALHs) are solid compounds with [[Perovskite (structure)|perovskite structure]] and a chemical formula of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbX<sub>3</sub> (MAPbX<sub>3</sub>), where X = I, Br or Cl. They have potential applications in [[Perovskite solar cell|solar cells]], [[laser]]s, [[light-emitting diodes]], [[photodetectors]], radiation detectors <ref name="Nafradi2015">{{cite journal|last1=Náfrádi|first1=Bálint|title=Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Efficient X-ray Energy Conversion|journal=J. Phys. Chem. C|date=October 16, 2015|volume=2015|issue=119|pages=25204–25208|doi=10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07876|url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.5b07876}}</ref><ref name=r7/> magneto-optical data storage<ref name="Nafradi2016">{{cite journal|last1=Náfrádi|first1=Bálint|title=Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3|journal=Nature Communications|date=24 November 2016|volume=7|page=13406|doi=10.1038/ncomms13406|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13406}}</ref> and hydrogen production.<ref name=r1/>
+'''Methylammonium lead halides''' (MALHs) are solid compounds with [[Perovskite (structure)|perovskite structure]] and a chemical formula of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbX<sub>3</sub> (MAPbX<sub>3</sub>), where X = I, Br or Cl. They have potential applications in [[Perovskite solar cell|solar cells]], [[laser]]s, [[light-emitting diodes]], [[photodetectors]], radiation detectors <ref name="Nafradi2015">{{cite journal|last1=Náfrádi|first1=Bálint|title=Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Efficient X-ray Energy Conversion|journal=J. Phys. Chem. C|date=October 16, 2015|volume=2015|issue=119|pages=25204–25208|doi=10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07876|url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021%2Facs.jpcc.5b07876}}</ref><ref name=r7/> magneto-optical data storage<ref name="Nafradi2016">{{cite journal|last1=Náfrádi|first1=Bálint|title=Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3|journal=Nature Communications|date=24 November 2016|volume=7|page=13406|doi=10.1038/ncomms13406|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13406|arxiv=1611.08205|bibcode=2016NatCo...713406N}}</ref> and hydrogen production.<ref name=r1/>
 ==Properties and synthesis==
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 == Thermal decomposition of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>==
 Initially, a proposed decomposition pathway mechanism for CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> in presence of water
-<ref name="FrostButler2014">{{cite journal|last1=Frost|first1=Jarvist M.|last2=Butler|first2=Keith T.|last3=Brivio|first3=Federico|last4=Hendon|first4=Christopher H.|last5=van Schilfgaarde|first5=Mark|last6=Walsh|first6=Aron|title=Atomistic Origins of High-Performance in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Solar Cells|journal=Nano Letters|volume=14|issue=5|year=2014|pages=2584–2590|issn=1530-6984|doi=10.1021/nl500390f}}</ref>
+<ref name="FrostButler2014">{{cite journal|last1=Frost|first1=Jarvist M.|last2=Butler|first2=Keith T.|last3=Brivio|first3=Federico|last4=Hendon|first4=Christopher H.|last5=van Schilfgaarde|first5=Mark|last6=Walsh|first6=Aron|title=Atomistic Origins of High-Performance in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Solar Cells|journal=Nano Letters|volume=14|issue=5|year=2014|pages=2584–2590|issn=1530-6984|doi=10.1021/nl500390f|arxiv=1402.4980|bibcode=2014NanoL..14.2584F}}</ref>
 was broadly adopted by researchers in [[perovskite solar cell]]. In contrast to the common wisdom that CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> is decomposed into CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>  and HI gases. Experimentally, it was found that the major gases released during thermal degradation are [[methyl iodide]] (CH<sub>3</sub>I) and [[ammonia]] (NH<sub>3</sub>).<ref name="Juarez-PerezHawash2016">{{cite journal|last1=Juarez-Perez|first1=Emilio J.|last2=Hawash|first2=Zafer|last3=Raga|first3=Sonia R.|last4=Ono|first4=Luis K.|last5=Qi|first5=Yabing|title=Thermal degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite into NH3 and CH3I gases observed by coupled thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis|journal=Energy Environ. Sci.|volume=9|issue=11|year=2016|pages=3406–3410|issn=1754-5692|doi=10.1039/C6EE02016J}}</ref>
 <ref name="WilliamsHolliman2014">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Alice E.|last2=Holliman|first2=Peter J.|last3=Carnie|first3=Matthew J.|last4=Davies|first4=Matthew L.|last5=Worsley|first5=David A.|last6=Watson|first6=Trystan M.|title=Perovskite processing for photovoltaics: a spectro-thermal evaluation|journal=J. Mater. Chem. A|volume=2|issue=45|year=2014|pages=19338–19346|issn=2050-7488|doi=10.1039/C4TA04725G}}</ref>
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 {{Commons category|Methylammonium lead halides}}
 {{reflist|refs=
-<ref name=r1>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms8586|pmid=26145157|pmc=4544059|title=High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=7586|year=2015|last1=Saidaminov|first1=Makhsud I.|last2=Abdelhady|first2=Ahmed L.|last3=Murali|first3=Banavoth|last4=Alarousu|first4=Erkki|last5=Burlakov|first5=Victor M.|last6=Peng|first6=Wei|last7=Dursun|first7=Ibrahim|last8=Wang|first8=Lingfei|last9=He|first9=Yao|last10=MacUlan|first10=Giacomo|last11=Goriely|first11=Alain|last12=Wu|first12=Tom|last13=Mohammed|first13=Omar F.|last14=Bakr|first14=Osman M.}}</ref>
+<ref name=r1>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms8586|pmid=26145157|pmc=4544059|title=High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=7586|year=2015|last1=Saidaminov|first1=Makhsud I.|last2=Abdelhady|first2=Ahmed L.|last3=Murali|first3=Banavoth|last4=Alarousu|first4=Erkki|last5=Burlakov|first5=Victor M.|last6=Peng|first6=Wei|last7=Dursun|first7=Ibrahim|last8=Wang|first8=Lingfei|last9=He|first9=Yao|last10=MacUlan|first10=Giacomo|last11=Goriely|first11=Alain|last12=Wu|first12=Tom|last13=Mohammed|first13=Omar F.|last14=Bakr|first14=Osman M.|bibcode=2015NatCo...6E7586S}}</ref>
 <ref name=r2>{{cite journal|last1=Pisoni|first1=Andrea|last2=Jaćimović|first2=Jaćim|last3=Barišić|first3=Osor S.|last4=Spina|first4=Massimo|last5=Gaál|first5=Richard|last6=Forró|first6=László|last7=Horváth|first7=Endre|title=Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters|date= 2014|volume=5|issue=14|pages=2488–2492|doi=10.1021/jz5012109|pmid=26277821|arxiv=1407.4931}}</ref>
-<ref name=r3>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1126/science.1254050 |pmid= 25082698 |title= Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells |journal= Science |volume= 345 |issue= 6196 |pages= 542 |year= 2014 |last1= Zhou |first1= H. |last2= Chen |first2= Q. |last3= Li |first3= G. |last4= Luo |first4= S. |last5= Song |first5= T.-b. |last6= Duan |first6= H.-S. |last7= Hong |first7= Z. |last8= You |first8= J. |last9= Liu |first9= Y. |last10= Yang |first10= Y. }}</ref>
+<ref name=r3>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1126/science.1254050 |pmid= 25082698 |title= Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells |journal= Science |volume= 345 |issue= 6196 |pages= 542 |year= 2014 |last1= Zhou |first1= H. |last2= Chen |first2= Q. |last3= Li |first3= G. |last4= Luo |first4= S. |last5= Song |first5= T.-b. |last6= Duan |first6= H.-S. |last7= Hong |first7= Z. |last8= You |first8= J. |last9= Liu |first9= Y. |last10= Yang |first10= Y. |bibcode= 2014Sci...345..542Z }}</ref>
 <ref name=r4>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/adma.201500048|pmid=25914242|title=Planar CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Solar Cells with Constant 17.2% Average Power Conversion Efficiency Irrespective of the Scan Rate|journal=Advanced Materials|volume=27|issue=22|pages=3424|year=2015|last1=Heo|first1=Jin Hyuck|last2=Song|first2=Dae Ho|last3=Han|first3=Hye Ji|last4=Kim|first4=Seong Yeon|last5=Kim|first5=Jun Ho|last6=Kim|first6=Dasom|last7=Shin|first7=Hee Won|last8=Ahn|first8=Tae Kyu|last9=Wolf|first9=Christoph|last10=Lee|first10=Tae-Woo|last11=Im|first11=Sang Hyuk}}</ref>
-<ref name=r5>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms8497|pmid=26105623|pmc=4491179|title=Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=7497|year=2015|last1=Eames|first1=Christopher|last2=Frost|first2=Jarvist M.|last3=Barnes|first3=Piers R. F.|last4=o'Regan|first4=Brian C.|last5=Walsh|first5=Aron|last6=Islam|first6=M. Saiful}}</ref>
+<ref name=r5>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms8497|pmid=26105623|pmc=4491179|title=Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=7497|year=2015|last1=Eames|first1=Christopher|last2=Frost|first2=Jarvist M.|last3=Barnes|first3=Piers R. F.|last4=o'Regan|first4=Brian C.|last5=Walsh|first5=Aron|last6=Islam|first6=M. Saiful|bibcode=2015NatCo...6E7497E}}</ref>
 <ref name=r6>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01555|title=Real-Time Observation of Organic Cation Reorientation in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites|journal=J. Phys. Chem. Lett.|volume=6|issue=18|pages=3663–3669|year=2015|last1=Bakulin|first1=A.A.|last2=Selig|first2=O.|last3=Bakker|first3=H.J.|last4=Rezus|first4=Y.L.A.|last5=Muller|first5=C.|last6=Glaser|first6=T.|last7=Lovrincic|first7=R.|last8=Sun|first8=Z.|last9=Chen|first9=Z.|last10=Walsh|first10=A.|last11=Frost|first11=J.M.|last12=Jansen|first12=T.L.C.}}</ref>
-<ref name=r7>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2016.139|title=Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites|journal=Nature Photonics|volume=10|pages=585–589|year=2016|last1=Yakunin|first1=S.|last2=Dirin|first2=D.|last3=Shynkarenko|first3=Y.|last4=Morad|first4=V.|last5=Cherniukh|first5=I.|last6=Nazarenko|first6=O.|last7=Kreil|first7=D.|last8=Nauser|first8=T.|last9=Kovalenko|first9=M.}}</ref>}}
+<ref name=r7>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2016.139|title=Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites|journal=Nature Photonics|volume=10|pages=585–589|year=2016|last1=Yakunin|first1=S.|last2=Dirin|first2=D.|last3=Shynkarenko|first3=Y.|last4=Morad|first4=V.|last5=Cherniukh|first5=I.|last6=Nazarenko|first6=O.|last7=Kreil|first7=D.|last8=Nauser|first8=T.|last9=Kovalenko|first9=M.|bibcode=2016NaPho..10..585Y}}</ref>}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Methylammonium lead halide}}

Revision as of 07:40, 20 June 2018

Properties and synthesis

Thermal decomposition of CH3NH3PbI3

Applications

See also

References

Thermal decomposition of CH₃NH₃PbI₃