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'''SB-334867''' is an [[orexin antagonist]]. It was the first non-peptide antagonist developed that is selective for the [[orexin receptor]] subtype [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1|OX<sub>1</sub>]], with around 50x selectivity for OX<sub>1</sub> over [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2|OX<sub>2</sub>]] receptors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smart | first1 = D | last2 = Sabido-David | first2 = C | last3 = Brough | first3 = SJ | last4 = Jewitt | first4 = F | last5 = Johns | first5 = A | last6 = Porter | first6 = RA | last7 = Jerman | first7 = JC | title = SB-334867-A: the first selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist | journal = [[British Journal of Pharmacology]] | volume = 132 | issue = 6 | pages = 1179–82 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11250867 | pmc = 1572677 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703953 }}</ref> It has been shown to produce [[sedative]] and [[anorectic]] effects in animals,<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01518.x | last1 = Rodgers | first1 = RJ | last2 = Halford | first2 = JC | last3 = Nunes De Souza | first3 = RL | last4 = Canto De Souza | first4 = AL | last5 = Piper | first5 = DC | last6 = Arch | first6 = JR | last7 = Upton | first7 = N | last8 = Porter | first8 = RA | last9 = Johns | first9 = A | title = SB-334867, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, enhances behavioural satiety and blocks the hyperphagic effect of orexin-A in rats | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 1444–52 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11298806 }}</ref> and has been useful in characterising the orexinergic regulation of brain systems involved with appetite and sleep,<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00358-5 | last1 = Haynes | first1 = AC | last2 = Chapman | first2 = H | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C | last4 = Moore | first4 = GB | last5 = Cawthorne | first5 = MA | last6 = Tadayyon | first6 = M | last7 = Clapham | first7 = JC | last8 = Arch | first8 = JR | title = Anorectic, thermogenic and anti-obesity activity of a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist in ob/ob mice | journal = Regulatory peptides | volume = 104 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 153–9 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11830290 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rodgers | first1 = RJ | last2 = Ishii | first2 = Y | last3 = Halford | first3 = JC | last4 = Blundell | first4 = JE | title = Orexins and appetite regulation | journal = Neuropeptides | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 303–25 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12450737 | doi=10.1016/S0143-4179(02)00085-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02905.x | last1 = Bernard | first1 = R | last2 = Lydic | first2 = R | last3 = Baghdoyan | first3 = HA | title = Hypocretin-1 causes G protein activation and increases ACh release in rat pons | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1775–85 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14622212 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Soffin | first1 = EM | last2 = Gill | first2 = CH | last3 = Brough | first3 = SJ | last4 = Jerman | first4 = JC | last5 = Davies | first5 = CH | title = Pharmacological characterisation of the orexin receptor subtype mediating postsynaptic excitation in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 46 | issue = 8 | pages = 1168–76 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15111023 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.02.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Thorpe | first1 = AJ | last2 = Kotz | first2 = CM | title = Orexin a in the nucleus accumbens stimulates feeding and locomotor activity | journal = Brain Research | volume = 1050 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 156–62 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15979595 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.045 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Frederick-Duus | first1 = D | last2 = Guyton | first2 = MF | last3 = Fadel | first3 = J | title = Food-elicited increases in cortical acetylcholine release require orexin transmission | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 149 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–507 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17928158 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.061 }}</ref> as well as other physiological processes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1210/en.2002-0041 | last1 = Small | first1 = CJ | last2 = Goubillon | first2 = ML | last3 = Murray | first3 = JF | last4 = Siddiqui | first4 = A | last5 = Grimshaw | first5 = SE | last6 = Young | first6 = H | last7 = Sivanesan | first7 = V | last8 = Kalamatianos | first8 = T | last9 = Kennedy | first9 = AR | title = Central orexin a has site-specific effects on luteinizing hormone release in female rats | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 144 | issue = 7 | pages = 3225–36 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12810579 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = D'anna | first1 = KL | last2 = Gammie | first2 = SC | title = Hypocretin-1 dose-dependently modulates maternal behaviour in mice | journal = Journal of neuroendocrinology | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 553–66 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16867176 | pmc = 2275401 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01448.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Muschamp | first1 = JW | last2 = Dominguez | first2 = JM | last3 = Sato | first3 = SM | last4 = Shen | first4 = RY | last5 = Hull | first5 = EM | title = A role for hypocretin (orexin) in male sexual behavior | journal = Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 27 | issue = 11 | pages = 2837–45 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17360905 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4121-06.2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eliassi | first1 = A | last2 = Nazari | first2 = M | last3 = Naghdi | first3 = N | title = Role of the ventromedial hypothalamic orexin-1 receptors in regulation of gastric Acid secretion in conscious rats | journal = Journal of neuroendocrinology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–82 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19207823 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01824.x }}</ref> Orexin antagonists have multiple potential clinical applications including the treatment of drug addiction, insomnia, obesity and diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01429-2 | last1 = Smart | first1 = D | last2 = Haynes | first2 = AC | last3 = Williams | first3 = G | last4 = Arch | first4 = JR | title = Orexins and the treatment of obesity | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 440 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 199–212 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12007536 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bingham | first1 = MJ | last2 = Cai | first2 = J | last3 = Deehan | first3 = MR | title = Eating, sleeping and rewarding: orexin receptors and their antagonists | journal = Current |
'''SB-334867''' is an [[orexin antagonist]]. It was the first non-peptide antagonist developed that is selective for the [[orexin receptor]] subtype [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1|OX<sub>1</sub>]], with around 50x selectivity for OX<sub>1</sub> over [[Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2|OX<sub>2</sub>]] receptors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smart | first1 = D | last2 = Sabido-David | first2 = C | last3 = Brough | first3 = SJ | last4 = Jewitt | first4 = F | last5 = Johns | first5 = A | last6 = Porter | first6 = RA | last7 = Jerman | first7 = JC | title = SB-334867-A: the first selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist | journal = [[British Journal of Pharmacology]] | volume = 132 | issue = 6 | pages = 1179–82 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11250867 | pmc = 1572677 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703953 }}</ref> It has been shown to produce [[sedative]] and [[anorectic]] effects in animals,<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01518.x | last1 = Rodgers | first1 = RJ | last2 = Halford | first2 = JC | last3 = Nunes De Souza | first3 = RL | last4 = Canto De Souza | first4 = AL | last5 = Piper | first5 = DC | last6 = Arch | first6 = JR | last7 = Upton | first7 = N | last8 = Porter | first8 = RA | last9 = Johns | first9 = A | title = SB-334867, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, enhances behavioural satiety and blocks the hyperphagic effect of orexin-A in rats | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 1444–52 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11298806 }}</ref> and has been useful in characterising the orexinergic regulation of brain systems involved with appetite and sleep,<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00358-5 | last1 = Haynes | first1 = AC | last2 = Chapman | first2 = H | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C | last4 = Moore | first4 = GB | last5 = Cawthorne | first5 = MA | last6 = Tadayyon | first6 = M | last7 = Clapham | first7 = JC | last8 = Arch | first8 = JR | title = Anorectic, thermogenic and anti-obesity activity of a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist in ob/ob mice | journal = Regulatory peptides | volume = 104 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 153–9 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11830290 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rodgers | first1 = RJ | last2 = Ishii | first2 = Y | last3 = Halford | first3 = JC | last4 = Blundell | first4 = JE | title = Orexins and appetite regulation | journal = Neuropeptides | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 303–25 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12450737 | doi=10.1016/S0143-4179(02)00085-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02905.x | last1 = Bernard | first1 = R | last2 = Lydic | first2 = R | last3 = Baghdoyan | first3 = HA | title = Hypocretin-1 causes G protein activation and increases ACh release in rat pons | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 1775–85 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14622212 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Soffin | first1 = EM | last2 = Gill | first2 = CH | last3 = Brough | first3 = SJ | last4 = Jerman | first4 = JC | last5 = Davies | first5 = CH | title = Pharmacological characterisation of the orexin receptor subtype mediating postsynaptic excitation in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 46 | issue = 8 | pages = 1168–76 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15111023 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.02.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Thorpe | first1 = AJ | last2 = Kotz | first2 = CM | title = Orexin a in the nucleus accumbens stimulates feeding and locomotor activity | journal = Brain Research | volume = 1050 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 156–62 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15979595 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.045 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Frederick-Duus | first1 = D | last2 = Guyton | first2 = MF | last3 = Fadel | first3 = J | title = Food-elicited increases in cortical acetylcholine release require orexin transmission | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 149 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–507 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17928158 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.061 }}</ref> as well as other physiological processes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1210/en.2002-0041 | last1 = Small | first1 = CJ | last2 = Goubillon | first2 = ML | last3 = Murray | first3 = JF | last4 = Siddiqui | first4 = A | last5 = Grimshaw | first5 = SE | last6 = Young | first6 = H | last7 = Sivanesan | first7 = V | last8 = Kalamatianos | first8 = T | last9 = Kennedy | first9 = AR | title = Central orexin a has site-specific effects on luteinizing hormone release in female rats | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 144 | issue = 7 | pages = 3225–36 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12810579 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = D'anna | first1 = KL | last2 = Gammie | first2 = SC | title = Hypocretin-1 dose-dependently modulates maternal behaviour in mice | journal = Journal of neuroendocrinology | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 553–66 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16867176 | pmc = 2275401 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01448.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Muschamp | first1 = JW | last2 = Dominguez | first2 = JM | last3 = Sato | first3 = SM | last4 = Shen | first4 = RY | last5 = Hull | first5 = EM | title = A role for hypocretin (orexin) in male sexual behavior | journal = Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 27 | issue = 11 | pages = 2837–45 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17360905 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4121-06.2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eliassi | first1 = A | last2 = Nazari | first2 = M | last3 = Naghdi | first3 = N | title = Role of the ventromedial hypothalamic orexin-1 receptors in regulation of gastric Acid secretion in conscious rats | journal = Journal of neuroendocrinology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 177–82 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19207823 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01824.x }}</ref> Orexin antagonists have multiple potential clinical applications including the treatment of drug addiction, insomnia, obesity and diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01429-2 | last1 = Smart | first1 = D | last2 = Haynes | first2 = AC | last3 = Williams | first3 = G | last4 = Arch | first4 = JR | title = Orexins and the treatment of obesity | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 440 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 199–212 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12007536 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bingham | first1 = MJ | last2 = Cai | first2 = J | last3 = Deehan | first3 = MR | title = Eating, sleeping and rewarding: orexin receptors and their antagonists | journal = Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 551–9 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17002215 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borgland | first1 = SL | last2 = Taha | first2 = SA | last3 = Sarti | first3 = F | last4 = Fields | first4 = HL | last5 = Bonci | first5 = A | title = Orexin a in the VTA is critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine | journal = Neuron | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 589–601 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16476667 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Narita | first1 = M | last2 = Nagumo | first2 = Y | last3 = Hashimoto | first3 = S | last4 = Narita | first4 = M | last5 = Khotib | first5 = J | last6 = Miyatake | first6 = M | last7 = Sakurai | first7 = T | last8 = Yanagisawa | first8 = M | last9 = Nakamachi | first9 = T | title = Direct involvement of orexinergic systems in the activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and related behaviors induced by morphine | journal = Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 398–405 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16407535 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2761-05.2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = AJ | last2 = Cowen | first2 = MS | last3 = Yang | first3 = HJ | last4 = Chen | first4 = F | last5 = Oldfield | first5 = B | title = The orexin system regulates alcohol-seeking in rats | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 148 | issue = 6 | pages = 752–9 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16751790 | pmc = 1617074 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706789 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sharf | first1 = R | last2 = Sarhan | first2 = M | last3 = Dileone | first3 = RJ | title = Orexin Mediates the Expression of Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal and Concurrent Activation of the Nucleus Accumbens Shell | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 175–83 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18423425 | pmc = 2529153 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Aston-Jones | first1 = G | last2 = Smith | first2 = RJ | last3 = Moorman | first3 = DE | last4 = Richardson | first4 = KA | title = Role of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward processing and addiction | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 56 Suppl 1 | pages = 112–21 | year = 2009 | pmid = 18655797 | pmc = 2635332 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.060 | issue = Suppl 1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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|last=Martin-Fardon|first=R|title=Blockade of hypocretin receptor-1 preferentially prevents cocaine seeking: comparison with natural reward seeking |
|last=Martin-Fardon|first=R|title=Blockade of hypocretin receptor-1 preferentially prevents cocaine seeking: comparison with natural reward seeking |
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| journal=NeuroReport |
| journal=NeuroReport |
Revision as of 03:52, 26 November 2017
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CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
ChemSpider | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.164.490 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C17H13N5O2 |
Molar mass | 319.317 g/mol g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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SB-334867 is an orexin antagonist. It was the first non-peptide antagonist developed that is selective for the orexin receptor subtype OX1, with around 50x selectivity for OX1 over OX2 receptors.[1] It has been shown to produce sedative and anorectic effects in animals,[2] and has been useful in characterising the orexinergic regulation of brain systems involved with appetite and sleep,[3][4][5][6][7][8] as well as other physiological processes.[9][10][11][12] Orexin antagonists have multiple potential clinical applications including the treatment of drug addiction, insomnia, obesity and diabetes.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
References
- ^ Smart, D; Sabido-David, C; Brough, SJ; Jewitt, F; Johns, A; Porter, RA; Jerman, JC (2001). "SB-334867-A: the first selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist". British Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (6): 1179–82. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703953. PMC 1572677. PMID 11250867.
- ^ Rodgers, RJ; Halford, JC; Nunes De Souza, RL; Canto De Souza, AL; Piper, DC; Arch, JR; Upton, N; Porter, RA; Johns, A (2001). "SB-334867, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, enhances behavioural satiety and blocks the hyperphagic effect of orexin-A in rats". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (7): 1444–52. doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01518.x. PMID 11298806.
- ^ Haynes, AC; Chapman, H; Taylor, C; Moore, GB; Cawthorne, MA; Tadayyon, M; Clapham, JC; Arch, JR (2002). "Anorectic, thermogenic and anti-obesity activity of a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist in ob/ob mice". Regulatory peptides. 104 (1–3): 153–9. doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00358-5. PMID 11830290.
- ^ Rodgers, RJ; Ishii, Y; Halford, JC; Blundell, JE (2002). "Orexins and appetite regulation". Neuropeptides. 36 (5): 303–25. doi:10.1016/S0143-4179(02)00085-9. PMID 12450737.
- ^ Bernard, R; Lydic, R; Baghdoyan, HA (2003). "Hypocretin-1 causes G protein activation and increases ACh release in rat pons". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (7): 1775–85. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02905.x. PMID 14622212.
- ^ Soffin, EM; Gill, CH; Brough, SJ; Jerman, JC; Davies, CH (2004). "Pharmacological characterisation of the orexin receptor subtype mediating postsynaptic excitation in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus". Neuropharmacology. 46 (8): 1168–76. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.02.014. PMID 15111023.
- ^ Thorpe, AJ; Kotz, CM (2005). "Orexin a in the nucleus accumbens stimulates feeding and locomotor activity". Brain Research. 1050 (1–2): 156–62. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.045. PMID 15979595.
- ^ Frederick-Duus, D; Guyton, MF; Fadel, J (2007). "Food-elicited increases in cortical acetylcholine release require orexin transmission". Neuroscience. 149 (3): 499–507. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.061. PMID 17928158.
- ^ Small, CJ; Goubillon, ML; Murray, JF; Siddiqui, A; Grimshaw, SE; Young, H; Sivanesan, V; Kalamatianos, T; Kennedy, AR (2003). "Central orexin a has site-specific effects on luteinizing hormone release in female rats". Endocrinology. 144 (7): 3225–36. doi:10.1210/en.2002-0041. PMID 12810579.
- ^ D'anna, KL; Gammie, SC (2006). "Hypocretin-1 dose-dependently modulates maternal behaviour in mice". Journal of neuroendocrinology. 18 (8): 553–66. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01448.x. PMC 2275401. PMID 16867176.
- ^ Muschamp, JW; Dominguez, JM; Sato, SM; Shen, RY; Hull, EM (2007). "A role for hypocretin (orexin) in male sexual behavior". Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (11): 2837–45. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4121-06.2007. PMID 17360905.
- ^ Eliassi, A; Nazari, M; Naghdi, N (2009). "Role of the ventromedial hypothalamic orexin-1 receptors in regulation of gastric Acid secretion in conscious rats". Journal of neuroendocrinology. 21 (3): 177–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01824.x. PMID 19207823.
- ^ Smart, D; Haynes, AC; Williams, G; Arch, JR (2002). "Orexins and the treatment of obesity". European Journal of Pharmacology. 440 (2–3): 199–212. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01429-2. PMID 12007536.
- ^ Bingham, MJ; Cai, J; Deehan, MR (2006). "Eating, sleeping and rewarding: orexin receptors and their antagonists". Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development. 9 (5): 551–9. PMID 17002215.
- ^ Borgland, SL; Taha, SA; Sarti, F; Fields, HL; Bonci, A (2006). "Orexin a in the VTA is critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine". Neuron. 49 (4): 589–601. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.016. PMID 16476667.
- ^ Narita, M; Nagumo, Y; Hashimoto, S; Narita, M; Khotib, J; Miyatake, M; Sakurai, T; Yanagisawa, M; Nakamachi, T (2006). "Direct involvement of orexinergic systems in the activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and related behaviors induced by morphine". Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (2): 398–405. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2761-05.2006. PMID 16407535.
- ^ Lawrence, AJ; Cowen, MS; Yang, HJ; Chen, F; Oldfield, B (2006). "The orexin system regulates alcohol-seeking in rats". British Journal of Pharmacology. 148 (6): 752–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706789. PMC 1617074. PMID 16751790.
- ^ Sharf, R; Sarhan, M; Dileone, RJ (2008). "Orexin Mediates the Expression of Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal and Concurrent Activation of the Nucleus Accumbens Shell". Biological Psychiatry. 64 (3): 175–83. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.006. PMC 2529153. PMID 18423425.
- ^ Aston-Jones, G; Smith, RJ; Moorman, DE; Richardson, KA (2009). "Role of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward processing and addiction". Neuropharmacology. 56 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 112–21. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.060. PMC 2635332. PMID 18655797.
- ^ Martin-Fardon, R; et al. (2014). "Blockade of hypocretin receptor-1 preferentially prevents cocaine seeking: comparison with natural reward seeking". NeuroReport. 25: 485–8. doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000120. PMC 3981907. PMID 24407199.
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