Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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On December 4, 1991, under the [[George H. W. Bush]] administration, the United States enacted the [[Andean Trade Preference Act]] (ATPA), eliminating [[tariff]]s on a number of products from [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].<ref>USTR, {{cite web|url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |title=''Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605220144/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2008 }} {{small|(181 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, p. 7. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> Its objective was the strengthening of legal industries in these countries as alternatives to drug production and trafficking.<ref>USTR, {{cite web|url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |title=''Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605220144/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2008 }} {{small|(181 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, p. 1. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> The program was renewed on October 31, 2002 by the [[George W. Bush]] administration as the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA).<ref>The White House, ''[ |
On December 4, 1991, under the [[George H. W. Bush]] administration, the United States enacted the [[Andean Trade Preference Act]] (ATPA), eliminating [[tariff]]s on a number of products from [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]].<ref>USTR, {{cite web|url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |title=''Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605220144/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2008 }} {{small|(181 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, p. 7. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> Its objective was the strengthening of legal industries in these countries as alternatives to drug production and trafficking.<ref>USTR, {{cite web|url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |title=''Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605220144/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file215_3783.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2008 }} {{small|(181 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, p. 1. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> The program was renewed on October 31, 2002 by the [[George W. Bush]] administration as the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA).<ref>The White House, ''[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021031-9.html Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act]''. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> Under the renewed act, Andean products exempted from tariffs increased from around 5,600 to some 6,300.<ref>USTR, ''[http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2002/New_Andean_Trade_Benefts.html New Andean Trade Benefits] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117234244/http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2002/New_Andean_Trade_Benefts.html |date=January 17, 2008 }}''. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> ATPDEA was set to expire on December 31, 2006, but was renewed by Congress for six months, up to June 30, 2007.<ref>USTR, {{cite web|url=http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file186_11132.pdf |title=''Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920122611/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file186_11132.pdf |archivedate=September 20, 2008 }} {{small|(310 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, p. 1. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> An extension was granted on June 28, 2007, this time for eight months, until February 29, 2008.<ref>Reuters, [https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN27294490 US Senate OKs 8-month Andean trade pact extension]. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> The U.S. Congress passed a third renewal for ten months on February 28, 2008, up to December 31, 2008.<ref>Reuters, [https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN2860042120080228 Congress extends Andean trade benefits 10 months]. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> In November 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush asked Congress to remove Bolivia from the agreement due to failure to cooperate in counternarcotics efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/09/20080926-7.html|title=Memorandum for the United States Trade Representative |first=George|last=Bush|date=2008-09-25|publisher=White House|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hYS-16kpcSPUg5j0OrIPoeb-JGLg |title=Bush seeks to suspend Bolivia trade benefits |date=2008-09-26 |publisher=AFP |accessdate=2008-09-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520173847/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hYS-16kpcSPUg5j0OrIPoeb-JGLg |archivedate=2011-05-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2008/September/asset_upload_file663_15152.pdf |title=U.S. Trade Representative Schwab Announces Proposed Suspension of Bolivia’s Tariff Benefits |date=2008-09-26 |publisher=[[United States Trade Representative]] |accessdate=2008-09-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105194149/http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2008/September/asset_upload_file663_15152.pdf |archivedate=January 5, 2009 }}</ref> On December 14, 2009, the United States House of Representatives approved the extension of such plan for a period of one year. The final version of the agreement, covering Ecuadorian products only, lapsed on July 31, 2013 after Ecuador became ineligible.<ref>http://web.ita.doc.gov/tacgi/eamain.nsf/6e1600e39721316c852570ab0056f719/53018ab5e2d8426a852573940049684c?OpenDocument</ref> |
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== Impact == |
== Impact == |
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* Reuters. [https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN2860042120080228 Congress extends Andean trade benefits 10 months]. February 28, 2008. |
* Reuters. [https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN2860042120080228 Congress extends Andean trade benefits 10 months]. February 28, 2008. |
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* Reuters. [https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN27294490 US Senate OKs 8-month Andean trade pact extension]. June 28, 2007. |
* Reuters. [https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN27294490 US Senate OKs 8-month Andean trade pact extension]. June 28, 2007. |
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* The White House. ''[ |
* The White House. ''[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021031-9.html Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act]''. October 31, 2002. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
Revision as of 02:39, 25 August 2017
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_ATPDEA_members.png/220px-Map_of_ATPDEA_members.png)
The Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) is a trade preference system by which the United States grants duty-free access to a wide range of exports from four Andean countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It was enacted on October 31, 2002 as a replacement for the similar Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA). The purpose of this preference system is to foster economic development in the Andean countries to provide alternatives to coca production. Bolivia has installed capacity to industrialize coca production and its derivatives, since coca has no narcotic effects, but the United States does not make any difference between coca anc cocaine. Thus, the U.S. governmente eliminated this "preference".
History
On December 4, 1991, under the George H. W. Bush administration, the United States enacted the Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA), eliminating tariffs on a number of products from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[1] Its objective was the strengthening of legal industries in these countries as alternatives to drug production and trafficking.[2] The program was renewed on October 31, 2002 by the George W. Bush administration as the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA).[3] Under the renewed act, Andean products exempted from tariffs increased from around 5,600 to some 6,300.[4] ATPDEA was set to expire on December 31, 2006, but was renewed by Congress for six months, up to June 30, 2007.[5] An extension was granted on June 28, 2007, this time for eight months, until February 29, 2008.[6] The U.S. Congress passed a third renewal for ten months on February 28, 2008, up to December 31, 2008.[7] In November 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush asked Congress to remove Bolivia from the agreement due to failure to cooperate in counternarcotics efforts.[8][9][10] On December 14, 2009, the United States House of Representatives approved the extension of such plan for a period of one year. The final version of the agreement, covering Ecuadorian products only, lapsed on July 31, 2013 after Ecuador became ineligible.[11]
Impact
The Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act has fostered a rapid growth in trade between the United States and the four Andean nations; U.S. exports to the region rose from $6.46 billion in 2002 to $11.64 billion in 2006, while imports grew from $9.61 billion to $22.51 billion in the same period.[12] As of 2006 main Andean exports to the United States under ATPDEA were oil, apparel, copper cathodes, cut flowers, gold jewelry, asparagus, and sugar.[13] Of the 2006 total of U.S. imports under ATPDEA, Ecuador accounted for 39%, Colombia for 36%, Peru for 24%, and Bolivia for 1%.[14] According to a September 2006 report by the United States International Trade Commission, ATPDEA has had a negative effect on the U.S. economy and consumers as well as a small positive effect on drug-crop reduction and export-related job creation in the Andean region.[15] A 2006 report by the United States Department of Labor stated that ATPDEA does not appear to have had a negative impact on U.S. employment with the possible exception of some sectors of the cut flower industry.[16] Though in 2011, the United States Government began a program to compensate asparagus farmers for lost revenues called the "Asparagus Revenue Market Loss Program." [17] Much of that industry loss was a direct result of cheap imported asparagus from the Andes region.[18]
See also
Notes
- ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (181 KiB), p. 7. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (181 KiB), p. 1. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ The White House, Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.
- ^ USTR, New Andean Trade Benefits Archived January 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.
- ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB), p. 1. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ Reuters, US Senate OKs 8-month Andean trade pact extension. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.
- ^ Reuters, Congress extends Andean trade benefits 10 months. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.
- ^ Bush, George (2008-09-25). "Memorandum for the United States Trade Representative". White House. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ "Bush seeks to suspend Bolivia trade benefits". AFP. 2008-09-26. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "U.S. Trade Representative Schwab Announces Proposed Suspension of Bolivia's Tariff Benefits" (PDF). United States Trade Representative. 2008-09-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://web.ita.doc.gov/tacgi/eamain.nsf/6e1600e39721316c852570ab0056f719/53018ab5e2d8426a852573940049684c?OpenDocument
- ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB), p. 7. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB), p. 8. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB), p. 9. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB), p. 5. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ USTR, "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB), p. 5–6. Retrieved on March 4, 2008. - ^ http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/newsReleases?area=newsroom&subject=landing&topic=pfs&newstype=prfactsheet&type=detail&item=pf_20110201_distr_en_alap.html
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/national/25ASPA.html
Bibliography
- Office of the United States Trade Representative. New Andean Trade Benefits. September 25, 2002.
- Office of the United States Trade Representative. "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-05.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (181 KiB), January 31, 2001. - Office of the United States Trade Representative. "Third Report to the Congress on the Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) (310 KiB). April 30, 2007. - Reuters. Congress extends Andean trade benefits 10 months. February 28, 2008.
- Reuters. US Senate OKs 8-month Andean trade pact extension. June 28, 2007.
- The White House. Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act. October 31, 2002.