Hoklo people: Difference between revisions
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{{Contains Hokkien text}} |
{{Contains Hokkien text}} |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
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|group = |
|group = Hoklo |
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|image = |
|image = |
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|population = |
|population = 56,118,000<ref>[https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11344/MY]</ref> |
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|region1 = {{flagicon|China}}[[Mainland China]] |
|region1 = {{flagicon|China}}[[Mainland China]] |
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|pop1 = [[Fujian]] <br> [[Guangdong]] <br> [[Hainan]] |
|pop1 = [[Fujian]] <br> [[Guangdong]] <br> [[Hainan]] |
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|ref1 = |
|ref1 = |
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|region9 = {{flag|Philippines}} |
|region9 = {{flag|Philippines}} |
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|pop9 = Majority of [[Chinese Filipino]]s (~20,280,000) |
|pop9 = Majority of [[Chinese Filipino]]s (~20,280,000) |
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|ref9 = <ref>{{cite book |last=Ng |first=Maria |author2=Philip Holden |title=Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |date=1 September 2006 |page=20 |isbn=978-962-209-796-4}}</ref> |
|ref9 = <ref>{{cite book |last=Ng |first=Maria |author2=Philip Holden |title=Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |date=1 September 2006 |page=20 |isbn=978-962-209-796-4}}</ref> |
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|region10 = {{flag|Madagascar}} |
|region10 = {{flag|Madagascar}} |
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|pop10 = A |
|pop10 = A signficant group among ethnic [[Chinese people in Madagascar|Sinoa]] |
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|ref10 = |
|ref10 = |
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|region11 = {{flag|United States}} |
|region11 = {{flag|United States}} |
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|languages = [[Hokkien]], [[Standard Mandarin Chinese]], [[English language|English]];<br/>[[Overseas Chinese|Diaspora]] also speak their respective country's language(s) |
|languages = [[Hokkien]], [[Standard Mandarin Chinese]], [[English language|English]];<br/>[[Overseas Chinese|Diaspora]] also speak their respective country's language(s) |
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|religions = [[Chinese folk religion]]s (including [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]] and others), [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and [[irreligion|non-religious]];<br/>minority: [[Christianity]]. |
|religions = [[Chinese folk religion]]s (including [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]] and others), [[Mahayana Buddhism]] and [[irreligion|non-religious]];<br/>minority: [[Christianity]]. |
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|related = |
|related = other [[Han Chinese]] |
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|footnotes = |
|footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Banlamgu.svg|thumb|right|300px|[[Minnan]]-speaking areas in [[Northern and southern China|South China]] and Taiwan. Only the speakers of [[Quanzhou Zhangzhou|Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects]] (also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.]] |
[[File:Banlamgu.svg|thumb|right|300px|[[Minnan]]-speaking areas in [[Northern and southern China|South China]] and Taiwan. Only the speakers of [[Quanzhou Zhangzhou|Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects]] (also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.]] |
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The ''' |
The '''Hoklo people''' are [[Han Chinese]] people whose traditional [[Ancestral home (China)|ancestral home]]s are in southern [[Fujian]] of [[South China]]. They are also known by various [[endonym]]s ({{zh|poj=Hok-ló-lâng / Hō-ló-lâng / Ho̍h-ló-lâng / Hô-ló-lâng}}), or other related terms such as '''Banlam (Minnan) people''' ({{zh|c=閩南儂|poj=Bân-lâm-lâng|labels=no}}) or '''Hokkien people''' ({{zh|c=福建儂|p=Hok-kiàn-lâng|labels=no}}). |
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In a narrow scope, "Hoklo people" refers mainly to people who speak and use the [[Hokkien]] dialect of [[Min Nan]] Chinese spoken in southern [[Fujian]], [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]] and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. |
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Throughout the course of Chinese and Asian history, there have been numerous Hokkien people who have made significant contributions to humanity in various fields, such as [[Yuan T. Lee]], [[Su Song]], [[Lu Jiaxi]], [[Tan Kah Kee]], [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Cai Qirui]]. |
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In a wider scope, "Hoklo people" can include speakers of other [[Min Nan]] dialects, such as [[Zhongshan Min]], [[Zhenan Min]], [[Teochew dialect]], and [[Hainanese]].<ref>Ben Sia, 《新加坡的漢語方言》 (The Chinese Languages and Dialects of Singapore)，1988</ref> |
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In a narrow scope, "Hokkien people" refers mainly to people who speak and use the [[Hokkien]] group of dialects under the [[Southern Min]] subgroup of Chinese, which is widely spoken in southern [[Fujian]] and [[Taiwan]], as well as in [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]], and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. In a wider scope, "Hoklo people" can also include speakers of other [[Southern Min]] varieties, such as [[Zhongshan Min]] and [[Zhenan Min]].<ref>Ben Sia, 《新加坡的漢語方言》 (The Chinese Languages and Dialects of Singapore)，1988</ref> |
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Hoklos are a subgroup of the [[Fujianese people|Min people]], including the linguistically and racially related [[Fuzhou people|Fuzhounese]] and [[Putian people]]. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as {{zh|c=河老|poj=Hô-ló|l=river aged|labels=no}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gu Yanwu |authorlink=Gu Yanwu |script-title=zh:《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》|publisher=上海書店|year=1985|quote=[[漳州|漳]][[瑶族|猺人]]與[[贛州|虔]][[汀州|汀]][[潮州|潮]]循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇[[陳元光]]將卒始也|oclc=19398998}}</ref> |
Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as {{zh|c=河老|poj=Hô-ló|l=river aged|labels=no}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gu Yanwu |authorlink=Gu Yanwu |script-title=zh:《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》|publisher=上海書店|year=1985|quote=[[漳州|漳]][[瑶族|猺人]]與[[贛州|虔]][[汀州|汀]][[潮州|潮]]循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇[[陳元光]]將卒始也|oclc=19398998}}</ref> |
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In [[Hakka |
In [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], and [[Cantonese]], Hoklo may be written as ''Hoglo'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|學老}}|l=learned aged|labels=no}}) and 學佬 ({{zh|l=learned folk|labels=no}}). |
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Despite the many ways to write ''Hoklo'' in Chinese, the term ''Holo''{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|pp=36,48}}{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2015|p=10}} ({{zh|poj=Hō-ló / Hô-ló|labels=no}})<ref>{{R:nan:tdj|poj=hô-ló|hj=福佬|n=20379|v=2|p=829}}</ref> is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language ([[Taiwanese Hokkien]]). |
Despite the many ways to write ''Hoklo'' in Chinese, the term ''Holo''{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|pp=36,48}}{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2015|p=10}} ({{zh|poj=Hō-ló / Hô-ló|labels=no}})<ref>{{R:nan:tdj|poj=hô-ló|hj=福佬|n=20379|v=2|p=829}}</ref> is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language ([[Taiwanese Hokkien]]). |
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[[File:Lukang_Lung-shan_Temple_2004.jpg|left|thumb|Hoklo architecture styled [[Lukang Longshan Temple]].]] |
[[File:Lukang_Lung-shan_Temple_2004.jpg|left|thumb|Hoklo architecture styled [[Lukang Longshan Temple]].]] |
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Hoklo architecture is for the most part the same as any other traditional |
Hoklo architecture is for the most part the same as any other traditional Chinese architecture, Hoklo shrines and temples have tilted sharp eaves just like the architecture of Han Chinese in all parts of China due to superstitious beliefs, however Hoklo shrines and temples do have a few special differences from the styles in other regions of China: the top roofs are high and slanted with exaggerated but finely-detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. |
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The main halls of Hoklo temple are also a little different, they are |
The main halls of Hoklo temple are also a little different, they are uusually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners, and a miniature figure of a pagoda at the centre rooftop. One such example of this is the [[Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)|Kaiyuan Temple]] in [[Fujian]], China. Other than all these minor differences, Hoklo architecture is the basically same as any other traditional Chinese architecture of any other regions by Han Chinese. |
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===Language=== |
===Language=== |
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{{Main article|Hokkien}} |
{{Main article|Hokkien}} |
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The Hoklo people speak the [[Hokkien]] |
The Hoklo people speak the [[Hokkien]] dialect which is not mutually intelligble with other Chinese dialects. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other dialects as well. |
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Hokkien has one of the most diverse [[phoneme]] inventories among Chinese varieties, with more [[consonant]]s than [[Standard Mandarin]] or [[Cantonese]]. [[Vowel]]s are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations |
Hokkien has one of the most diverse [[phoneme]] inventories among Chinese varieties, with more [[consonant]]s than Standard [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] or [[Cantonese]]. [[Vowel]]s are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the {{IPA|/t/}} initial, which is now {{IPA|/tʂ/}} (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is ''tik'', but ''zhú'' in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Daniel |title=The Chinese language: its history and current usage|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2006|pages=100–102|isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}}</ref> Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, dependng on variety of hokkien spoken such as the [[Amoy dialect]] for example has 7-8 tones. |
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===Cuisine=== |
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{{further information|Fujian cuisine}} |
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{{expand section|section|date=December 2016}} |
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Southern Fujian cuisine uses a lot of local [[seafood]] ingredients. |
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==Diaspora== |
==Diaspora== |
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===In Taiwan=== |
===In Taiwan=== |
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{{main article|Hoklo Taiwanese}} |
{{main article|Hoklo Taiwanese}} |
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About 70% of the [[Taiwanese people]] descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from [[Xiamen]] |
About 70% of the [[Taiwanese people]] descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]], [[Zhangzhou]], and [[Zhangpu County|Zhangpu]] based on their dialects and districts of origin.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=591}} People from the former two areas ([[Quanzhou dialect|Quanzhou]]-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas ([[Zhangzhou dialect|Zhangzhou]]-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well. |
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During the two centuries of [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Qing rule]], a large number of Hoklo men took [[Taiwanese aborigines|aboriginal]] brides |
During the two centuries of [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Qing rule]], a large number of Hoklo men took [[Taiwanese aborigines|aboriginal]] brides.{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|p=48}} As some of the [[Taiwanese Plains Aborigines|plains aboriginals]] also adopted Chinese customs and language,{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=581}} many of those who today categorize themselves as Hoklo have some degree of indigenous ancestry. Thus, Hoklo culture in Taiwan has deviated from that in mainland China due to Austronesian and Japanese influences.{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|p=48}} |
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Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown 2004]. pp. 156-7.</ref> Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA162&dq=long+route+han&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MtpJVOqAO--LsQTBxYLoDA&ved=0CB0Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=long%20route%20han&f=false Brown 2004]. p. 162.</ref> The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q=wall&f=false Brown 2004]. p. 157.</ref> The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains Aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh.<ref> |
Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown 2004]. pp. 156-7.</ref> Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA162&dq=long+route+han&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MtpJVOqAO--LsQTBxYLoDA&ved=0CB0Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=long%20route%20han&f=false Brown 2004]. p. 162.</ref> The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-m0PGuSUGDMC&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q=wall&f=false Brown 2004]. p. 157.</ref> The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains Aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh.<ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/15/2003592824</ref> Hoklo Taiwanese has repalced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.<ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/26/2003415773</ref> Aboriginal status has been requested by Plains Aboriginals.<ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/07/15/2003595134</ref> |
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The deep-rooted hostility between [[Taiwanese aborigines]] and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Damm|first1=Jens|editor1-last=Damm|editor1-first=Jens|editor2-last=Lim|editor2-first=Paul|title=European perspectives on Taiwan|date=2012|publisher=Springer VS|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=9783531943039|page=95|chapter=Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe}}</ref> |
The deep-rooted hostility between [[Taiwanese aborigines]] and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Damm|first1=Jens|editor1-last=Damm|editor1-first=Jens|editor2-last=Lim|editor2-first=Paul|title=European perspectives on Taiwan|date=2012|publisher=Springer VS|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=9783531943039|page=95|chapter=Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe}}</ref> |
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When the [[ |
When the [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese Han]] "blood nationalists" tried to claim Plains Aboriginal ancestry as a tool to promote Taiwanese independence and to claim an identity separate from that of mainland Chinese, in spite of the fact that their own ancestry was overwhelmingly that of recent migrants from China with genetic tests showing differences between them and plains aborigines, their claims were decidedly rejected by the modern descendants of [[Taiwanese Plains Aborigines]]. The Plains Aborigines seek to preserve their own traditional culture since the abuse of claiming their ancestry by Taiwanese "blood nationalists" to create a uniquely "non-Chinese" Taiwanese identity based on blood negates the actual significance of having Plains Aborigine ancestors.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Chen|first=Shu-Juo|title=How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity|type=Ph.D. | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/33/43/3343568.html|publisher=STANFORD UNIVERSITY|year=2009|accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref> |
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===Indonesia and Malaysian Hoklo or Hokkien=== |
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===Hoklo people in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines=== |
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{{main article|Malaysian |
{{main article|Malaysian Chinese}} |
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{{main article|Chinese Indonesians}} |
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The Hoklo people form the major Chinese subgroup in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. They are known for their entrepreneurial businesses and have also developed their own distinct local cultures and dialects in those nations respectively, sometimes intermingling and gaining influences with the natives. |
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The Hoklo or Hokkien make up one of the [[Malaysian Chinese]] groups. There are also Hokkien or Hoklo among the [[Chinese Indonesians]]. |
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===[[Haifeng]], [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] and [[Leizhou]] in |
===[[Haifeng]], [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] and [[Leizhou]] in [[Guangdong]], China=== |
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The people of Leizhou |
The people of Leizhou and the non-Hakka people in Haifeng and Lufeng are Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often being mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. |
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===North America=== |
===North America=== |
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After the 1960s, more Taiwanese Hoklo people began immigrating to the United States and Canada. |
After the 1960s, more Taiwanese Hoklo people began immigrating to the United States and Canada. |
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==Notable |
==Notable Hoklo persons== |
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{{expand list|date=June 2016}} |
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===Scientists, mathematicians and inventors=== |
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This list includes people who are of either pure or partial Hokkien ancestry, in chronological birth arrangement with the oldest person first. |
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<gallery heights=180px> |
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File:%E8%98%87%E9%A0%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%BA%AB.jpg|[[Su Song]], a brilliant scientist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor and mechanical engineer that lived during the [[Song Dynasty]]. |
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===Scientists and mathematicians=== |
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File:Lu_Jiaxi.jpg|[[Lu Jiaxi]], a [[child prodigy|child genius]] who finished elementary school in one year, enrolled in a university before even reaching 13 years old and obtained a chemistry degree at just age 18/19. |
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*[[Su Song]], Chinese scientist and mathematician during the [[Song Dynasty]] who invented the first [[hydro-mechanical]] [[astronomical]] clock and endless power chain drive in the world. |
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File:Yuan_Tseh_Lee_HD2008_Othmer_Gold_Medal_portrait.JPG|[[Yuan T. Lee]], a [[Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry|Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry]]. |
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*[[Cai Qirui]], father of Chinese catalytic chemistry. |
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File:Momofuku_Ando.jpg|[[Momofuku Ando|Go Pek Hok]], the inventor of [[instant noodles]]. |
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*[[Lu Jiaxi]], [[child genius]] who was so smart he finished elementary school in one year and enrolled in a university before reaching the age of 13, he obtained a chemistry degree at age 18 or 19. He served as President of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. |
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</gallery> |
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* [[Xie Xide]], [[physicist]] who made important contributions to the field of solid-state physics.<ref>{{cite web |title= Xie Xide" A talented female physicist |url= http://ice/xmu/edu.cn/english/showletter.aspx?news_id=3171 |publisher= Xiamen University | date=2012 }}</ref> She also served as president of the [[Fudan University]]. |
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*[[Su Song]], a Chinese scientist and mathematician during the [[Song Dynasty]] who invented the first [[Hydraulics|hydro-mechanical]] [[astronomical]] clock and endless power chain drive in the world.<ref>{{cite webpage | url=http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/yw/201609/t20160919_86927.html | title= 福建厦门苏颂:人生在勤 勤则不匮 | date= 20 August 2016}}</ref> |
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*[[Leon O. Chua]], inventor of the [[Chua's circuit]]. |
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*[[Lin Qiaozhi]], the medical researcher solely responsible for revolutionizing modern Chinese [[gynecology]] and [[oncology]]. |
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*[[Yuan T. Lee]], received the [[Nobel prize in Chemistry]] for his outstanding contribution to [[Chemistry]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://newppt.edu.online2.sh.cn/shgbnew/2010/F/20100202014/lecture/lecture.htm}}</ref> |
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*[[Cai Qirui]], the father of Chinese catalytic chemistry. |
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*[[Zhijian James Chen]], biomedist best known for using classical biochemistry to discover new pathways and mechanisms in innate immunity and cell signaling such as [[Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein]]. |
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*[[Lu Jiaxi]], a [[child prodigy|child genius]] who was so smart he finished elementary school in one year and enrolled in a university before reaching the age of 13, he obtained a chemistry degree at age 18 or 19.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wenku.baidu.com/view/85e6ed230722192e4536f6f3.html | title=闽南人性格特点}}</ref> |
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*[[March Tian Boedihardjo]], child genius who finished his A-level exams in Britain at the age of nine years and three months and was conferred a Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Science as well as a [[Master of Philosophy]] in Mathematics after successfully completing his programme in 2011 (one year early). |
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*[[Momofuku Ando|Go Pek Hok]], the inventor of [[instant noodles]]. |
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*[[Su Buqing]], a Chinese mathematician and former President of [[Fudan University]]. |
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* [[Xie Xide]], a Chinese [[physicist]] who made important contributions to the field of solid-state physics, she also served as president of the prestigious [[Fudan University]]. |
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*[[Leon O. Chua]], [[computer scientist]] and inventor of the [[Chua's circuit]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chua|first=Amy|title=Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2011|pages=14|isbn=978-1-59420-284-1}}</ref> |
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*[[Yuan T. Lee]], received the [[Nobel prize in Chemistry]] for his outstanding contribution to [[Chemistry]].<ref>{{cite web | title=物理化学中的莫扎特--李远哲 | url=http://newppt.edu.online2.sh.cn/shgbnew/2010/F/20100202014/lecture/lecture.htm}}</ref> |
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*[[Lam Lay Yong]], Professor in Mathematics at the Department of Mathematics, [[National University of Singapore]]. She graduated from the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 1957 and pursued graduate study in Cambridge University, obtaining her Ph.D. degree from University of Singapore in 1966. |
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*[[Li Aizhen]], scientist in [[semiconductor]] material and physics fields. |
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*[[Wen Ho Lee]], [[nuclear physicist]] .<ref name="Lee 2003">Lee 2003. ''My Country Versus Me:''</ref> |
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*[[Tan Eng Chye]], Professor of Mathematics, Deputy President (Academic Affairs) and [[Provost]] at the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS). He graduated from (NUS) with his [[BSc]] (1st Class Honours) in 1985 and completed his [[MSc]] and [[PhD]] at [[Yale University]] in 1987 and 1989 respectively. |
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*[[Zhijian James Chen]], a biomedist best known for using classical biochemistry to discover new pathways and mechanisms in innate immunity and cell signaling such as [[Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein]]. |
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*[[Richard Yeo (scientist)|Richard Yeo]] - Chinese American scientist with 17 US patents. |
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*[[Beng Chin Ooi]], a computer scientist, currently a Distinguished Professor at National University of Singapore and also the Chang Jiang Professor at [[Zhejiang University]]. |
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*[[Fang Zhouzi]], a [[postdoctoral researcher]] in [[molecular genetics]]. |
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*[[Pua Khein-Seng]], one of the inventors of the [[USB flash drive]]. |
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*[[March Tian Boedihardjo]], a child genius who finished his A-level exams in Britain at the age of nine years and three months and was conferred a Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Science as well as a [[Master of Philosophy]] in Mathematics after successfully completing his programme in 2011 (one year early). |
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===Businessmen and entrepreneurs=== |
===Businessmen and entrepreneurs=== |
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<gallery heights=180px> |
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File:Howqua.png|[[Howqua]], once the world's richest man in history. |
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File:Tan_Kah_Kee.jpg|[[Tan Kah Kee]], a wealthy [[rags to riches]] businessman, he was also known to be a charitable person for donating large sums of money to build schools in his native province Fujian. |
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File:320x486.jpg|[[Kwek Leng Beng]], He is the executive chairman of Hong Leong Group Singapore. |
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</gallery> |
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* [[Howqua]], merchant who was at one time the most richest man in the world. |
* [[Howqua]], merchant who was at one time the most richest man in the world. |
||
* [[Ong Seok Kim]], wealthy entrepreneur that financed China in war and many charities. |
* [[Ong Seok Kim]], wealthy entrepreneur that financed China in war and many charities. |
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* [[Tan Kah Kee]], |
* [[Tan Kah Kee]],Chinese patriot who contributed greatly in gathering financial support to help China in wars and many schools. |
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* [[Lim Bo Seng]], Chinese patriot and [[war hero]]. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Lim and other Chinese in Singapore participated in anti-Japanese activities such as the boycotting of Japanese goods and fund-raising to support China in the war. |
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* [[Gan Eng Seng]], a Chinese businessman and philanthropist who was one of the early pioneers of Singapore. |
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* [[Lee Kong Chian]], a prominent Chinese businessman and philanthropist active in Malaya and Singapore. He was the founder of the Lee Foundation and one of the richest men in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and 1960s. |
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* [[Tan Tock Seng]], was a Singaporean merchant and philanthropist. The Tan Tock Seng Hospital in Singapore is named after him. |
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* [[Lim Peng Siang]], was a Singaporean banker. Peng Siang Quay in Singapore is named after him. |
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* [[Carlo Tabalujan]], Chinese Indonesian businessman and entrepreneur |
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* [[Khoo Teck Puat]], was a banker and hotel owner, who, with an estimated fortune of S$4.3 billion, was the wealthiest man in Singapore at one point. |
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* [[Henry Sy]], the richest man in the [[Philippines]] (named by [[Forbes]] in 2015). |
* [[Henry Sy]], the richest man in the [[Philippines]] (named by [[Forbes]] in 2015). |
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* [[Robert Budi Hartono|Robert Budi]] and [[Michael Bambang Hartono]] brothers, the richest persons in Indonesia. |
* [[Robert Budi Hartono|Robert Budi]] and [[Michael Bambang Hartono]] brothers, the richest persons in Indonesia. |
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* [[Kwik Kian Gie]], the Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economics and Finance (1999–2000). |
* [[Kwik Kian Gie]], the Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economics and Finance (1999–2000). |
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* [[Kwek Hong Png]], Singaporean businessman, known for establishing Hong Leong Group |
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* [[Mari Elka Pangestu]] (Phang Hoei Lan), the [[Ministry of Trade (Indonesia)|Minister of Trade of Indonesia]] (2004-2011). |
* [[Mari Elka Pangestu]] (Phang Hoei Lan), the [[Ministry of Trade (Indonesia)|Minister of Trade of Indonesia]] (2004-2011). |
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* [[Lim Goh Tong]], was a prominent wealthy Malaysian Chinese businessman. He was once the richest man in Malaysia with a net worth of US$4.2billion |
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* [[Kwek Leng Beng]], is a Singaporean businessman with a net worth of US$7.4 billion. |
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* [[Quek Leng Chan]], a Malaysian businessman with a net worth of US$2.9 billion |
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* [[Tan Lark Sye]], a prominent Chinese businessman and philanthropist active in Singapore in the 20th century. |
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* [[Wee Kheng Chiang]], a Singaporean businessman. He was the founder of United Overseas Bank (UOB) and the father of Wee Cho Yaw |
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* [[Wee Cho Yaw]], a Singaporean businessman and the chairman of the United Overseas Bank (UOB) and United Industrial Corporation(UIC) in Singapore. |
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* [[Tan Kim Seng]], was a Peranakan merchant and philanthropist in Singapore in the 19th century. |
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* [[Loh Boon Siew]], also known as “Mr Honda”, was a Penang Hokkien tycoon and the first sole distributor of Honda motorcycles in Malaysia. |
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* [[Tony Tan (entrepreneur)|Tony Tan]], Chinese Filipino entrepreneur and founder, chairman and CEO of the [[fast food]] chain [[Jollibee]]. |
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===Politicians=== |
===Politicians=== |
||
* [[Sergio Osmeña Sr.]] the fourth president of the Philippines, son of Go Bon Tiao or Pedro Lee Gotiaoco. <ref> [https://www.geni.com/people/Pedro-Singson-Gotiaoco/6000000020250816873] </ref> |
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<gallery heights=180px> |
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*[[Tan Cheng Lock]], key public figure who devoted his life to fighting for the rights and the social welfare of the Chinese community in [[Malaya]] and the founder and first president of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]]. |
|||
File:The Portrait of Koxinga.jpg|[[Koxinga]], the military leader of [[Southern Ming]] against [[Qing Empire]]. |
|||
File:Sergio_Osmena_photo.jpg|[[Sergio Osmeña]], the fourth [[President of the Philippines]]. |
|||
File:Corazon_Aquino_1986.jpg|[[Corazon Aquino]], the only female and 11th [[President of the Philippines]]. |
|||
File:Chuan_Leekpai.jpg|[[Chuan Leekpai]], the 20th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]. |
|||
File:陳水扁總統.jpg|[[Chen Shui-bian]], the 5th [[President of the Republic of China|President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)]]. |
|||
File:Lanhee_Chen_Photograph.jpg|[[Lanhee Chen]], an American policy expert, academic, and political commentator. |
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</gallery> |
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* [[Sergio Osmeña]], the fourth president of the Philippines, son of Go Bon Tiao or Pedro Lee Gotiaoco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Pedro-Singson-Gotiaoco/6000000020250816873 |title=Pedro Lee Singson Gotiaoco (Go Bun Tia) (1856 - 1921) - Genealogy |publisher=Geni.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-30}}</ref> |
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* [[Chen Boda]], a secretary to Mao Zedong and a prominent member of the leadership during the Cultural Revolution |
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*[[Tan Cheng Lock]], the founder and first president of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]]. |
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*[[Lim Guan Eng]], the Chief Minister of Penang since 2008. |
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* [[Lim Yew Hock]], second Chief Minister of Singapore from 1956 to 1959. |
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*[[Malay styles and titles|Tun]] [[Leong Yew Koh]], the first President of [[Malacca]], Malaysia since Malaysia's independence from Britain, and first secretary and co-founder of the Malay Chinese Association. |
*[[Malay styles and titles|Tun]] [[Leong Yew Koh]], the first President of [[Malacca]], Malaysia since Malaysia's independence from Britain, and first secretary and co-founder of the Malay Chinese Association. |
||
*[[Goh Keng Swee]], former [[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)|Ministers for Finance]], [[Ministry of Interior and Defence|Interior and Defence]], [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Education]] and [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Defence]]. |
*[[Goh Keng Swee]], former [[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)|Ministers for Finance]], [[Ministry of Interior and Defence|Interior and Defence]], [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Education]] and [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Defence]]. |
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*[[Lee Kuan Yew]], the 1st [[Prime Minister of Singapore]] and founding father of modern [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/?id=9lwnUH5dLbYC&pg=PA111&dq=lee+kuan+yew++peranakan#v=onepage&q=lee%20kuan%20yew%20%20peranakan&f=false |title= Singapore |publisher= Lonely Planet |author1= Low, Shawn |author2= McCrohan, Daniel|isbn= 9781742208541 |date= 2012-07-01 }}</ref> |
*[[Lee Kuan Yew]], the 1st [[Prime Minister of Singapore]] and founding father of modern [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/?id=9lwnUH5dLbYC&pg=PA111&dq=lee+kuan+yew++peranakan#v=onepage&q=lee%20kuan%20yew%20%20peranakan&f=false |title= Singapore |publisher= Lonely Planet |author1= Low, Shawn |author2= McCrohan, Daniel|isbn= 9781742208541 |date= 2012-07-01 }}</ref> |
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*[[ |
*Dr.[[Lim Chong Eu]] former Chief Minister of [[Penang]]. |
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*[[Corazon Aquino]], the |
*[[Corazon Aquino]], the 11th president of the Philippines whose maiden name [[Cojuangco]] derived from her Chinese ancestor named Co Yu Hwan (許玉寰) (later Jose Cojuangco) who migrated to the Philippines from [[Fujian Province]] in 1861. In the 1980's she visited their ancestral place in Hongjian village, Xiamen where she was welcomed by the officials and her relatives from Xu or Co Clan. |
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*[[Chuan Leekpai]], the 20th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] |
*[[Chuan Leekpai]], the 20th [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] |
||
*[[Lanhee Chen]], an American university lecturer, policy expert, and political commentator. Chen is also a political commentator for [[CNN]], on which he frequently provides insights related to the 2016 presidential election. He is also counsel at the law firm [[Arent Fox]] LLP. |
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*[[Daniel Akaka]], an American politician who was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1990 to 2013. |
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*[[Goh Chok Tong]], the 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore.<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/153468.htm 吴作栋] 新加坡前总理吴作栋盛赞千岛湖开元]</ref> |
*[[Goh Chok Tong]], the 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore.<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/153468.htm 吴作栋] 新加坡前总理吴作栋盛赞千岛湖开元]</ref> |
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*[[Ong Teng Cheong]], the 5th President of Singapore and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore]]. |
*[[Ong Teng Cheong]], the 5th President of Singapore and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore]]. |
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*[[Lee Hsien Loong]], the 3rd and current Prime Minister of Singapore. |
*[[Lee Hsien Loong]], the 3rd and current Prime Minister of Singapore. |
||
*[[Benigno Aquino III]], the fifteenth president of the Philippines, son of [[Corazon Aquino]]. |
*[[Benigno Aquino III]], the fifteenth president of the Philippines, son of [[Corazon Aquino]]. |
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*[[Toh Chin Chye]], a prominent member of the country's first generation of political leaders after Singapore became independent in 1965 |
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===Militarymen=== |
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===Writers and philosophers=== |
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* [[Li Zhi (philosopher)|Li Zhi]], Ming Dynasty philosopher. |
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* [[Gu Hongming]], famous Malaysian author |
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* [[Jose Rizal]] a writer and one of the national heroes of the Philippines, a descendant of Cue Yi-Lam or [[Domingo Lamco]]. |
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* [[Cai Xiang]], a poet who had the reputation as the greatest calligrapher in the Song dynasty. |
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* [[Kang-i Sun Chang]], a Chinese-born American scholar of classical Chinese literature. |
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* [[Antonio Cua]], was an eminent scholar in Chinese philosophy and comparative philosophy who was professor emeritus of philosophy at The Catholic University of America. |
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*[[Fang Zhouzi]], a Chinese popular scientific writer |
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* [[Lin Yutang]], one of the most influential writers of his generation, many of his books were bestsellers both in China and the Western world. |
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* [[Chua Jim Neo]], a cookbook writer from Singapore best known for Mrs. Lee's Cookbook, which features the recipes of Peranakan cuisine. |
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* [[Amy Chua]], lawyer and author of the international best seller [[Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother]] which attracted huge media attention and ignited global debate about different parenting techniques and cultural attitudes that foster such techniques. |
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===Military=== |
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* [[Hong Chengchou]], [[Ming Dynasty]] and [[Qing Dynasty]] general who was promoted to [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Minister of War]] and Viceroy of Suliao during the Early Qing Dynasty. |
* [[Hong Chengchou]], [[Ming Dynasty]] and [[Qing Dynasty]] general who was promoted to [[Three Departments and Six Ministries|Minister of War]] and Viceroy of Suliao during the Early Qing Dynasty. |
||
* [[Koxinga]], Ming [[loyalist]] and the first [[king]] of the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] on the [[Taiwan Island]]. |
* [[Koxinga]], Ming [[loyalist]] and the first [[king]] of the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] on the [[Taiwan Island]]. |
||
* [[Zheng Jing]], 17th-century Chinese warlord and Ming Dynasty loyalist who was the eldest son of [[Koxinga]]. |
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* [[Feng Xifan]], was an official and general of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan in the 17th century |
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* [[Huang Sian Teh]], army general during World War II, he was in charge of the "Tiger Division", which fought in over 100 battles. |
* [[Huang Sian Teh]], army general during World War II, he was in charge of the "Tiger Division", which fought in over 100 battles. |
||
* [[Jahja Daniel Dharma|John Lie]], [[National Hero of Indonesia]]. |
* [[Jahja Daniel Dharma|John Lie]], [[National Hero of Indonesia]]. |
||
* [[Lim Bo Seng]], Chinese patriot and [[war hero]]. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Lim and other Chinese in Singapore participated in anti-Japanese activities such as the boycotting of Japanese goods and fund-raising to support China in the war. |
|||
*[[Tan Chong Tee]], a Chinese resistance fighter based in [[Singapore]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]] during [[World War II]], who joined [[Force 136]] |
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*[[Lim Teck Yin]], the CEO of [[Sport Singapore]]. He retired as a [[brigadier-general]] from the [[Singapore Armed Forces]] (SAF) after 30 years of military service. His grandfather was the late [[Major-General]] [[Lim Bo Seng]]. |
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===Philosophers and writers=== |
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===Sportspeople=== |
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* [[Li Zhi (philosopher)|Li Zhi]], Ming Dynasty philosopher. |
|||
*[[Jeremy Lin]], an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA |
|||
* [[Jose Rizal]] a writer and one of the national heroes of the Philippines, a descendant of Cue Yi-Lam or [[Domingo Lamco]]. |
|||
*[[Chen Wei-Yin]], an Taiwanese professional baseball pitcher for the [[Miami Marlins]] of MLB |
|||
* [[Lin Yutang]], one of the most influential writers of his generation, many of his books were bestsellers both in China and the Western world. |
|||
*[[Rudy Hartono]], Indonesian badminton player who was one of the greatest badminton players of all time. |
|||
* [[Amy Chua]], lawyer and author of the international best seller [[Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother]] which attracted huge media attention and ignited global debate about different parenting techniques and cultural attitudes that foster such techniques. |
|||
*[[Lin Dan]], a professional badminton player from Fujian. He is a two-time Olympic champion, five-time World champion, as well as a six-time and reigning All England champion. |
|||
*[[Lee Chong Wei]], a Malaysian professional badminton player, who is the most successful Malaysian Olympian in history. |
|||
*[[Koo Kien Keat]], a former Malaysian professional badminton player. |
|||
*[[Liem Swie King]], former Indonesian badminton player |
|||
*[[Christian Hadinata]], former Indonesian badminton player |
|||
*[[Eric Go]], American Badminton player |
|||
*[[Ong Poh Lim]], a badminton player who won numerous national and international titles from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Known for his quickness and his aggressive, unorthodox playing style |
|||
*[[Tan Boon Heong]], a former World No.1 Malaysian male professional badminton player in the men's doubles event. |
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*[[Hoon Thien How]], a professional badminton player from Malaysia |
|||
*[[Ang Peng Siong]], is a swimmer from Singapore, who once held World Number 1 ranking in the 50 m freestyle. |
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*[[Chen Haiwei]], a Chinese competitive fencer. He has won three medals (one gold, one silver, one bronze) at the Asian Fencing Championships |
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===Singers and actors=== |
|||
*[[Dick Lee]], a Singaporean pop singer, composer and playwright. |
|||
*[[Yao Chen]], a Chinese actress whom Forbes ranks as the 83rd most powerful woman in the world |
|||
*[[Wu Bai]], is a Taiwanese rock singer and songwriter. |
|||
*[[Jody Chiang]], is Taiwan's most famous singer and is often referred to as the Queen of Taiwanese pop music. |
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* [[Janet Hsieh]], a Taiwanese-American television personality, violinist, author, and model based in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]. She is most well known for playing the Taiwanese Mandarin voiceover of Anna in the movie [[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]. |
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* [[Han Kuo-Huang]], a Chinese-born American musician. |
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*[[Stella (singer)]], a singer-actress and former model who has become a pop star in much of the Chinese-speaking world, including Hong Kong and Taiwan. |
|||
*[[Jack Neo]], a Singaporean film and television actor, host and director. |
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*[[Joshua Ang]], Singaporean actor |
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*[[Ah Niu]], a Malaysian Chinese singer in Malaysia and Singapore |
|||
*[[Michelle Yeoh]], a Chinese Malaysian actress, best known for performing her own stunts in the Hong Kong action films that brought her to fame in the early 1990s. |
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*[[Chen Guohua (actor)]], Singaporean actor |
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*[[Edmund Chen]], Singaporean actor |
|||
*[[Baiyu (singer)]], Chinese-born American singer-songwriter and actress. |
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===Artists=== |
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*[[Lim Hak Tai]], Singapore's pioneer artist at the turn of the 20th century, and was the person who inspired the Nanyang School of art form |
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*[[Cheong Soo Pieng]], a Singaporean artist who was a pioneer of the Nanyang art style |
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*[[Liu Kang (artist)|Liu Kang]], Singaporean artist known for his Balinese-themed paintings |
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*[[Tan Swie Hian]], artist known for his contemporary sculptures and Chinese calligraphy |
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*[[Cai Guo-Qiang]], Chinese contemporary artist who works in New York. Much of his work draws on Maoist/Socialist concepts. |
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*[[Ong Schan Tchow]], an artist from Fujian province well known for Chinese [[Ink wash painting]] and colour paintings of flowers, landscapes ([[Shan shui]]), still life and Calligraphy. He was regarded as one of the first Chinese scholars and artists to study in Paris and one of the few artists who integrated both traditional Chinese and Western art techniques. |
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===Others=== |
===Others=== |
||
*[[Mazu (goddess)|Mazu]], [[Song Dynasty]] [[patron goddess]] who is said to protect the sailors. |
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* [[Baosheng Dadi]], [[Song Dynasty]] doctor and Taoist practitioner who was credited with performing medical miracles. After his death, he was worshiped as a deity. |
* [[Baosheng Dadi]], [[Song Dynasty]] doctor and Taoist practitioner who was credited with performing medical miracles. After his death, he was worshiped as a deity. |
||
*[[Sri Suriyendra]], [[Queen consort of Siam]]. |
*[[Sri Suriyendra]], [[Queen consort of Siam]]. |
||
* [[Lorenzo Ruiz]], first Filipino saint. |
|||
*[[Kwa Geok Choo]], First Lady of the first Prime Minister of Singapore, she topped the whole of [[British Malaya|Malaya]] in the 1936 Senior Cambridge examination. Lee Kuan Yew admitted that Kwa was 'a very bright girl, brighter than I was'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Singapore Story – Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew|last=Lee|first=Kuan Yew|publisher=Times Editions|year=1998|isbn=978-9812049834|location=|pages=Ch 2–4|via=}}</ref> |
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* [[Danny Quah]], Professor of [[Economics]], [[Harvard University]] [[Ph.D.]] holder. |
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*[[Wesley So]], famous [[chess prodigy]], he won the 2015 [[Bilbao Chess Masters Final#Tournaments|Bilbao Chess Masters]] and 2016 [[Sinquefield Cup]]. |
*[[Wesley So]], famous [[chess prodigy]], he won the 2015 [[Bilbao Chess Masters Final#Tournaments|Bilbao Chess Masters]] and 2016 [[Sinquefield Cup]]. |
||
*[[Ling Tan]], Malaysian supermodel |
|||
*[[Khoo Kay Kim]], Malaysian historian |
|||
*[[Kathleen Wong Mei Yin]], political activist in Malaysia |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 20:05, 27 March 2017
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2010) |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (January 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Template:Contains Hokkien text
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 56,118,000[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Mainland China | Fujian Guangdong Hainan |
 Taiwan | Majority of Taiwanese people (~16,321,075) |
 Hong Kong | A minority population |
 Macao | A minority population |
 Malaysia | Largest group of Malaysian Chinese (~2,020,000) |
 Singapore | Largest group of Chinese Singaporeans (~1,118,817) |
 Indonesia | Largest group of Indonesian Chinese (~1,100,000)[2] |
 Myanmar | One of the 3 largest groups of Burmese Chinese (~720,000) (figured combined with Cantonese)[3] |
 Philippines | Majority of Chinese Filipinos (~20,280,000)[4] |
 Madagascar | A signficant group among ethnic Sinoa |
 United States | >70,000[5] |
| Languages | |
| Hokkien, Standard Mandarin Chinese, English; Diaspora also speak their respective country's language(s) | |
| Religion | |
| Chinese folk religions (including Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana Buddhism and non-religious; minority: Christianity. | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Han Chinese | |
The Hoklo people are Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian of South China. They are also known by various endonyms (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-ló-lâng / Hō-ló-lâng / Ho̍h-ló-lâng / Hô-ló-lâng), or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people (閩南儂; Bân-lâm-lâng) or Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In a narrow scope, "Hoklo people" refers mainly to people who speak and use the Hokkien dialect of Min Nan Chinese spoken in southern Fujian, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. In a wider scope, "Hoklo people" can include speakers of other Min Nan dialects, such as Zhongshan Min, Zhenan Min, Teochew dialect, and Hainanese.[6]
Etymology
 | This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2016) |
In Taiwan, there are three common ways to write Hoklo in Chinese characters (Hokkien pronunciations are given in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), although none have been established as etymologically correct:[citation needed]
- 福佬; Hok-ló; 'Fujian folk' – emphasizes their connection to Fujian province. It is not an accurate transliteration in terms from Hokkien itself although it may correspond to an actual usage in Hakka.
- 河洛; Hô-lo̍k; 'Yellow River and Luo River' – emphasizes their purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River. This term does not exist in Hokkien. The transliteration is a phonologically inaccurate folk etymology, though the Mandarin pronunciation Héluò has gained currency through the propagation of the inaccurate transliteration.
- 鶴佬; Ho̍h-ló; 'crane folk' – emphasizes the modern pronunciation of the characters (without regard to the meaning of the Chinese characters); phonologically accurate.
Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as 河老; Hô-ló; 'river aged'.[7]
In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as Hoglo (學老; 'learned aged') and 學佬 ('learned folk').
Despite the many ways to write Hoklo in Chinese, the term Holo[8][9] (Hō-ló / Hô-ló)[10] is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language (Taiwanese Hokkien).
Culture
Architecture
Hoklo architecture is for the most part the same as any other traditional Chinese architecture, Hoklo shrines and temples have tilted sharp eaves just like the architecture of Han Chinese in all parts of China due to superstitious beliefs, however Hoklo shrines and temples do have a few special differences from the styles in other regions of China: the top roofs are high and slanted with exaggerated but finely-detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain.
The main halls of Hoklo temple are also a little different, they are uusually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners, and a miniature figure of a pagoda at the centre rooftop. One such example of this is the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, China. Other than all these minor differences, Hoklo architecture is the basically same as any other traditional Chinese architecture of any other regions by Han Chinese.
Language
The Hoklo people speak the Hokkien dialect which is not mutually intelligble with other Chinese dialects. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other dialects as well.
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.[11] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, dependng on variety of hokkien spoken such as the Amoy dialect for example has 7-8 tones.
Diaspora
In Taiwan
About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, and Zhangpu based on their dialects and districts of origin.[12] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
During the two centuries of Qing rule, a large number of Hoklo men took aboriginal brides.[13] As some of the plains aboriginals also adopted Chinese customs and language,[14] many of those who today categorize themselves as Hoklo have some degree of indigenous ancestry. Thus, Hoklo culture in Taiwan has deviated from that in mainland China due to Austronesian and Japanese influences.[13]
Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.[15] Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route".[16] The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them.[17] The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains Aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh.[18] Hoklo Taiwanese has repalced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.[19] Aboriginal status has been requested by Plains Aboriginals.[20]
The deep-rooted hostility between Taiwanese aborigines and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT.[21]
When the Taiwanese Han "blood nationalists" tried to claim Plains Aboriginal ancestry as a tool to promote Taiwanese independence and to claim an identity separate from that of mainland Chinese, in spite of the fact that their own ancestry was overwhelmingly that of recent migrants from China with genetic tests showing differences between them and plains aborigines, their claims were decidedly rejected by the modern descendants of Taiwanese Plains Aborigines. The Plains Aborigines seek to preserve their own traditional culture since the abuse of claiming their ancestry by Taiwanese "blood nationalists" to create a uniquely "non-Chinese" Taiwanese identity based on blood negates the actual significance of having Plains Aborigine ancestors.[22]
Indonesia and Malaysian Hoklo or Hokkien
The Hoklo or Hokkien make up one of the Malaysian Chinese groups. There are also Hokkien or Hoklo among the Chinese Indonesians.
The people of Leizhou and the non-Hakka people in Haifeng and Lufeng are Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often being mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.
North America
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Between 1885 and 1949, there were only nine migrants out of nearly 100,000 to Canada who traced their origins to Fujian.[23]
After the 1960s, more Taiwanese Hoklo people began immigrating to the United States and Canada.
Notable Hoklo persons
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This list includes people who are of either pure or partial Hokkien ancestry, in chronological birth arrangement with the oldest person first.
Scientists and mathematicians
- Su Song, Chinese scientist and mathematician during the Song Dynasty who invented the first hydro-mechanical astronomical clock and endless power chain drive in the world.
- Cai Qirui, father of Chinese catalytic chemistry.
- Lu Jiaxi, child genius who was so smart he finished elementary school in one year and enrolled in a university before reaching the age of 13, he obtained a chemistry degree at age 18 or 19. He served as President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
- Xie Xide, physicist who made important contributions to the field of solid-state physics.[24] She also served as president of the Fudan University.
- Leon O. Chua, inventor of the Chua's circuit.
- Yuan T. Lee, received the Nobel prize in Chemistry for his outstanding contribution to Chemistry.[25]
- Zhijian James Chen, biomedist best known for using classical biochemistry to discover new pathways and mechanisms in innate immunity and cell signaling such as Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein.
- March Tian Boedihardjo, child genius who finished his A-level exams in Britain at the age of nine years and three months and was conferred a Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Science as well as a Master of Philosophy in Mathematics after successfully completing his programme in 2011 (one year early).
Businessmen and entrepreneurs
- Howqua, merchant who was at one time the most richest man in the world.
- Ong Seok Kim, wealthy entrepreneur that financed China in war and many charities.
- Tan Kah Kee,Chinese patriot who contributed greatly in gathering financial support to help China in wars and many schools.
- Lim Bo Seng, Chinese patriot and war hero. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Lim and other Chinese in Singapore participated in anti-Japanese activities such as the boycotting of Japanese goods and fund-raising to support China in the war.
- Henry Sy, the richest man in the Philippines (named by Forbes in 2015).
- Robert Budi and Michael Bambang Hartono brothers, the richest persons in Indonesia.
- Kwik Kian Gie, the Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economics and Finance (1999–2000).
- Mari Elka Pangestu (Phang Hoei Lan), the Minister of Trade of Indonesia (2004-2011).
Politicians
- Sergio Osmeña Sr. the fourth president of the Philippines, son of Go Bon Tiao or Pedro Lee Gotiaoco. [26]
- Tan Cheng Lock, key public figure who devoted his life to fighting for the rights and the social welfare of the Chinese community in Malaya and the founder and first president of the Malaysian Chinese Association.
- Tun Leong Yew Koh, the first President of Malacca, Malaysia since Malaysia's independence from Britain, and first secretary and co-founder of the Malay Chinese Association.
- Goh Keng Swee, former Ministers for Finance, Interior and Defence, Education and Defence.
- Lee Kuan Yew, the 1st Prime Minister of Singapore and founding father of modern Singapore.[27]
- Dr.Lim Chong Eu former Chief Minister of Penang.
- Corazon Aquino, the 11th president of the Philippines whose maiden name Cojuangco derived from her Chinese ancestor named Co Yu Hwan (許玉寰) (later Jose Cojuangco) who migrated to the Philippines from Fujian Province in 1861. In the 1980's she visited their ancestral place in Hongjian village, Xiamen where she was welcomed by the officials and her relatives from Xu or Co Clan.
- Chuan Leekpai, the 20th Prime Minister of Thailand
- Goh Chok Tong, the 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore.[28]
- Ong Teng Cheong, the 5th President of Singapore and former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore.
- Lee Hsien Loong, the 3rd and current Prime Minister of Singapore.
- Benigno Aquino III, the fifteenth president of the Philippines, son of Corazon Aquino.
Militarymen
- Hong Chengchou, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty general who was promoted to Minister of War and Viceroy of Suliao during the Early Qing Dynasty.
- Koxinga, Ming loyalist and the first king of the Kingdom of Tungning on the Taiwan Island.
- Huang Sian Teh, army general during World War II, he was in charge of the "Tiger Division", which fought in over 100 battles.
- John Lie, National Hero of Indonesia.
Philosophers and writers
- Li Zhi, Ming Dynasty philosopher.
- Jose Rizal a writer and one of the national heroes of the Philippines, a descendant of Cue Yi-Lam or Domingo Lamco.
- Lin Yutang, one of the most influential writers of his generation, many of his books were bestsellers both in China and the Western world.
- Amy Chua, lawyer and author of the international best seller Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother which attracted huge media attention and ignited global debate about different parenting techniques and cultural attitudes that foster such techniques.
Others
- Baosheng Dadi, Song Dynasty doctor and Taoist practitioner who was credited with performing medical miracles. After his death, he was worshiped as a deity.
- Sri Suriyendra, Queen consort of Siam.
- Lorenzo Ruiz, first Filipino saint.
- Wesley So, famous chess prodigy, he won the 2015 Bilbao Chess Masters and 2016 Sinquefield Cup.
See also
- Demographics of Taiwan
- Taiwanese people
- Teochew people
- Hokkien dialect
- Hoklo (disambiguation)
- Hokkien and Hoklo Americans
Footnotes
References
- ^ [1]
- ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), "Indonesia", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6, retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. ISBN 0-312-17576-0.
- ^ Ng, Maria; Philip Holden (1 September 2006). Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film. Hong Kong University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-962-209-796-4.
- ^ 2005-2009 American Community Survey
- ^ Ben Sia, 《新加坡的漢語方言》 (The Chinese Languages and Dialects of Singapore)，1988
- ^ Gu Yanwu (1985). 《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》. 上海書店. OCLC 19398998.
漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也
- ^ Exec. Yuan (2014), pp. 36, 48.
- ^ Exec. Yuan (2015), p. 10.
- ^ Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "hô-ló (福佬)". 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 829. OCLC 25747241.
- ^ Kane, Daniel (2006). The Chinese language: its history and current usage. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-8048-3853-5.
- ^ Davidson (1903), p. 591.
- ^ a b Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 48.
- ^ Davidson (1903), p. 581.
- ^ Brown 2004. pp. 156-7.
- ^ Brown 2004. p. 162.
- ^ Brown 2004. p. 157.
- ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/15/2003592824
- ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/26/2003415773
- ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/07/15/2003595134
- ^ Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). European perspectives on Taiwan. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95. ISBN 9783531943039.
- ^ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D.). STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ Yu, Henry, edited by Tan, Chee-Beng, Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora p. 110
- ^ "Xie Xide" A talented female physicist". Xiamen University. 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ http://newppt.edu.online2.sh.cn/shgbnew/2010/F/20100202014/lecture/lecture.htm
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ [2]
- ^ Low, Shawn; McCrohan, Daniel (2012-07-01). Singapore. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781742208541.
- ^ 吴作栋 新加坡前总理吴作栋盛赞千岛湖开元]
Bibliography
- Brown, Melissa J (2004). Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23182-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 (PDF). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2014. ISBN 9789860423020. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
- The Republic of China Yearbook 2015. Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2015. ISBN 9789860460131.