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*[[Gelnhausen]], Germany – reported Judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper ''Kinzigwacht'' after its synagogue was closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave the town.<ref>{{cite web |title='Gelnhausen endlich judenfrei': Zur Geschichte der Juden während der Nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung |language=de |trans_title='Gelnhausen finally free of Jews': On the History of the Jews during the Nazi persecution |url=http://www.gelnhausen.de/PDFDat/dauerausst_synagoge.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160220/http://www.gelnhausen.de/PDFDat/dauerausst_synagoge.pdf |archivedate=September 28, 2009}}</ref><!-- this has been said to be the first official Judenfrei place in Germany, on a newsgroup dedicated to World War II-->
*[[Gelnhausen]], Germany – reported Judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper ''Kinzigwacht'' after its synagogue was closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave the town.<ref>{{cite web |title='Gelnhausen endlich judenfrei': Zur Geschichte der Juden während der Nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung |language=de |trans_title='Gelnhausen finally free of Jews': On the History of the Jews during the Nazi persecution |url=http://www.gelnhausen.de/PDFDat/dauerausst_synagoge.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160220/http://www.gelnhausen.de/PDFDat/dauerausst_synagoge.pdf |archivedate=September 28, 2009}}</ref><!-- this has been said to be the first official Judenfrei place in Germany, on a newsgroup dedicated to World War II-->
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*[[Erlangen]], Germany was declared "judenfrei" in 1944.
* German-occupied [[Bydgoszcz]] ([[Poland]]) – reported Judenfrei in December 1939.
* German-occupied [[Bydgoszcz]] ([[Poland]]) – reported Judenfrei in December 1939.
* [[Banat (1941–44)|Banat]], [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] - reported jundenfrai on 19 August 1941 in Völkische Beobachter.<ref name="Drndić2009">{{cite book|last=Drndić|first=Daša|title=April u Berlinu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZxNAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Fraktura|isbn=978-953-266-095-1|page=24|quote=Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.}}</ref> On 20 August 1941 Banat was declared Judenfrei by its German administrators.<ref name="Muth2009">{{cite book|last=Muth|first=Thorsten|title=Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcA-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Pressel|isbn=978-3-937950-28-0|page=452|quote=Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären. }}</ref>
* [[Banat (1941–44)|Banat]], [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia|German-occupied territory of Serbia]] - reported jundenfrai on 19 August 1941 in Völkische Beobachter.<ref name="Drndić2009">{{cite book|last=Drndić|first=Daša|title=April u Berlinu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZxNAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Fraktura|isbn=978-953-266-095-1|page=24|quote=Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.}}</ref> On 20 August 1941 Banat was declared Judenfrei by its German administrators.<ref name="Muth2009">{{cite book|last=Muth|first=Thorsten|title=Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcA-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Pressel|isbn=978-3-937950-28-0|page=452|quote=Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären. }}</ref>
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* [[Vienna]] – reported Judenfrei by [[Alois Brunner]] on October 9, 1942.<!-- from German Wiki article on Brunner-->
* [[Vienna]] – reported Judenfrei by [[Alois Brunner]] on October 9, 1942.<!-- from German Wiki article on Brunner-->
* [[Berlin]], Germany – May 19, 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Was war am 19. Mai 1943 |language=de |trans_title=What was on May 19, 1943 |publisher=chroniknet |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1943&month=5&day=19}}</ref>
* [[Berlin]], Germany – May 19, 1943.<ref>{{cite web |title=Was war am 19. Mai 1943 |language=de |trans_title=What was on May 19, 1943 |publisher=chroniknet |url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?year=1943&month=5&day=19}}</ref>
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* [[Erlangen]], Germany was declared "judenfrei" in 1944.


==Usage in Israeli–Palestinian conflict==
==Usage in Israeli–Palestinian conflict==

Revision as of 17:34, 25 January 2017

Synagogue in German-occupied Bydgoszcz. The inscription reads: "This city is free of Jews"
German map showing the number of Jewish executions carried out by Einsatzgruppe A in: Estonia (declared "Judenfrei"), Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia

Judenfrei ("free of Jews") or Judenrein ("clean of Jews") was a Nazi term to designate an area "cleansed" of Jewish presence during The Holocaust.[1]

While Judenfrei referred merely to "freeing" an area of all of its Jewish inhabitants, the term Judenrein (literally "clean of Jews") was also used. This had the stronger connotation that any trace of Jewish blood had been removed as an impurity.[2]

Locations declared Judenfrei

Establishments, villages, cities, and regions were declared Judenfrei after they were ethnically cleansed of Jews.

Usage in Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a fear among many Israelis which has been reflected by Israeli government officials such as Benjamin Netanyahu[18] is that the proposed removal of Israeli Jewish settlements in the West Bank according to the wishes of Palestinian officials is tantamount to rendering these areas Judenrein, or clean of Jews.

On July 9, 2009, Benjamin Netanyahu, in a discussion with the German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier is reported to have said, using the Israeli terms of the area, "Judea and Samaria cannot be Judenrein."[19]

In 1952 Pesach Lev, first mayor of Lod after it was resettled by Israelis, said that Lod was transformed from 'a neglected Arab town that was Judenrein to a "Hebraic city."'[20]

References

  1. ^ "Holocaust Glossary: Terms, Places, and Personalities". Jewish Virtual Library.
  2. ^ "Aryanization: Judenrein & Judenfrei".[dead link‍]
  3. ^ "'Gelnhausen endlich judenfrei': Zur Geschichte der Juden während der Nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; September 28, 2007 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Drndić, Daša (2009). April u Berlinu. Fraktura. p. 24. ISBN 978-953-266-095-1. Njemački list Völkische Beobachter objavio je 19. kolovoza 1941. da je Banat konačno Juden frei.
  5. ^ Muth, Thorsten (2009). Das Judentum: Geschichte und Kultur. Pressel. p. 452. ISBN 978-3-937950-28-0. Am 20. August konnte die deutsche Führung das Banat für Judenfrei" erklären.
  6. ^ "Commémoration de la Shoah au Luxembourg" (in French). Government of Luxembourg. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  7. ^ "Extract from Report by Einsatzgruppe A". Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Partial Translation of Document 2273-PS Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 944–949
  8. ^ "Estonian Jews". Simon Wiesenthal Center. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help) sourced to . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1990. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ Lituchy, Barry M. Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: analyses and survivor testimonies. Jasenovac Research Institute. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-97534-320-3.
  10. ^ Manoschek, Walter (1995). "Serbien ist judenfrei": militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42. Walter de Gruyter. p. 184. ISBN 9783486561371.
  11. ^ Lebel, G'eni (2007). Until "the Final Solution": The Jews in Belgrade 1521 - 1942. Avotaynu. p. 329. ISBN 9781886223332.
  12. ^ Herbert, Ulrich; Schildt, Axel (1998). Kriegsende in Europa. Klartext. p. 149. ISBN 9783884745113.
  13. ^ Philip J. Cohen; David Riesman (1996). Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-0-89096-760-7.
  14. ^ Final Solution (New York, 1985), p. 77 ; Walter Manoschek (1993). "Serbien ist judenfrei". Munich: R. Oldenbourg. ISBN 3486559745.[page needed]
  15. ^ John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 9780313312908.
  16. ^ Wolfgang Benz (1999). The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide. Columbia University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780231112154.
  17. ^ "Was war am 19. Mai 1943" (in German). chroniknet. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Dan Williams (July 9, 2009). "Judenrein! Israel adopts Nazi term to back settlers". Reuters.
  19. ^ "German FM: Settlements Remain Obstacle to Peace; Frank-Walter Steinmeier says is encouraged by Israel's acceptance of a two-state solution". Haaretz. Reuters and DPA. July 9, 2009.
  20. ^ Reference 102 in http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/1948%20Palestinian%20exodus%20from%20Lydda%20and%20Ramla/en-en/
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