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Many U.S. aircraft were lost to [[S-75 Dvina|SA-2]] surface-to-air missiles in Vietnam and the electronic attack on the associated radar systems was known as "Fogbound" missions. The F3D also dropped chaff over the radar sites.<ref name="Goebel" /> The first EF-10B lost in Vietnam was to a SA-2 SAM on 18 March 1966, while four more EF-10Bs were lost in Vietnam to accidents and unknown causes.<ref name="Whitten"/> Their mission was gradually taken over by the more capable "Electric Intruder", (EW)/Electronic countermeasures variant of the [[Grumman A-6 Intruder]]. The EF-10B Skyknight continued to fly lower threat EW missions until they were withdrawn from Vietnam in October 1969.<ref name="Whitten">Whitten, H. Wayne, Col USMC Retired.[http://www.mcara.us/VMCJ-1.html "VMCJ-1 History".] ''Marine Corps Aviation Reconnaissance Association'', June 2008. Retrieved: 8 August 2013.</ref> The EKA-3 Skywarrior and the [[Douglas B-66 Destroyer|Douglas RB-66 Destroyer]] also took on EW missions.
Many U.S. aircraft were lost to [[S-75 Dvina|SA-2]] surface-to-air missiles in Vietnam and the electronic attack on the associated radar systems was known as "Fogbound" missions. The F3D also dropped chaff over the radar sites.<ref name="Goebel" /> The first EF-10B lost in Vietnam was to a SA-2 SAM on 18 March 1966, while four more EF-10Bs were lost in Vietnam to accidents and unknown causes.<ref name="Whitten"/> Their mission was gradually taken over by the more capable "Electric Intruder", (EW)/Electronic countermeasures variant of the [[Grumman A-6 Intruder]]. The EF-10B Skyknight continued to fly lower threat EW missions until they were withdrawn from Vietnam in October 1969.<ref name="Whitten">Whitten, H. Wayne, Col USMC Retired.[http://www.mcara.us/VMCJ-1.html "VMCJ-1 History".] ''Marine Corps Aviation Reconnaissance Association'', June 2008. Retrieved: 8 August 2013.</ref> The EKA-3 Skywarrior and the [[Douglas B-66 Destroyer|Douglas RB-66 Destroyer]] also took on EW missions.


The U.S. Marine Corps retired its last EF-10Bs in May 1970.<ref name="Combatairmuseum.org">[http://www.combatairmuseum.org/aircraft/douglasf3skyknight.html "Douglas F-3D-2T2 (TF-10B) Skyknight."]''Combat Air Museum.'' Retrieved: 3 August 2013.</ref> Some aircraft continued flying as testbeds for [[Raytheon]] until the 1980s (BuNo. 124598, 124630, and 125807).<ref> Yakubov, Vladimir. [http://svsm.org/gallery/f3d-skyknight/P13704101 "Douglas F3D-2N Skyknight, USS Intrepid Museum."] ''SVSM Gallery.'' Retrieved: 18 August 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_fighters/f10_2.html "Douglas F3D-2/F-10B Skyknight"]</ref>
The U.S. Marine Corps retired its last EF-10Bs in May 1970.<ref name="Combatairmuseum.org">[http://www.combatairmuseum.org/aircraft/douglasf3skyknight.html "Douglas F-3D-2T2 (TF-10B) Skyknight."]''Combat Air Museum.'' Retrieved: 3 August 2013.</ref> Some aircraft continued flying as testbeds for [[Raytheon]] until the 1980s (BuNo. 124598, 124630, and 125807).<ref> Yakubov, Vladimir. [http://svsm.org/gallery/f3d-skyknight/P13704101 "Douglas F3D-2N Skyknight, USS Intrepid Museum."] ''SVSM Gallery.'' Retrieved: 18 August 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_fighters/f10_2.html "Douglas F3D-2/F-10B Skyknight"] ''US Navy Fighter Aircraft.'' Retrieved: 28 May 2014.</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==

Revision as of 20:44, 28 May 2014

"Sky Knight" redirects here. For the Lakewood, California law enforcement program, see Sky Knight Helicopter Program.
F3D (F-10) Skyknight
EF-10B Skyknight of VMCJ-2 Playboys
Role Fighter aircraft
Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight 23 March 1948
Introduction 1951
Retired 1970
Status Phased out of service
Primary users United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Number built 265

The Douglas F3D Skyknight (later designated F-10 Skyknight) was a United States twin-engined, mid-wing jet fighter aircraft manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company in El Segundo, California. The F3D was designed as a carrier-based all-weather night fighter and saw service with the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The mission of the F3D-2 was to search out and destroy enemy aircraft at night.[1]

The F3D Skyknight was never produced in great numbers but it did achieve many firsts in its role as a night fighter over Korea. While it never achieved the fame of the North American F-86 Sabre, it did down several Soviet-built MiG-15s as a night fighter over Korea with only one air-to-air loss of its own against a Chinese MiG-15 on the night of 29 May 1953.[2][3]

The Skyknight played an important role in the development of the radar-guided AIM-7 Sparrow missile which led to further guided air-to-air missile developments. It also served as an electronic warfare platform in the Vietnam War as a precursor to the EA-6A Intruder and EA-6B Prowler. The aircraft is sometimes unofficially called "Skynight", dropping the second "k". The unusual, portly profile earned it the nickname "Willie the Whale".[4] Some Vietnam War U.S. Marine veterans have referred to the Skyknight as "Drut", whose meaning becomes obvious when read backwards. This may be in reference to its age, unflattering looks or its low-slung air intakes that made it vulnerable to foreign object damage (FOD).[5]

Design and development

The F3D was not intended to be a typical sleek and nimble dogfighter, but as a standoff night fighter, packing a powerful radar system and a second crew member. It originated in 1945 with a US Navy requirement for a jet-powered, radar-equipped, carrier-based night fighter. The Douglas team led by Ed Heinemann designed around the bulky air intercept radar systems of the time, with side-by-side seating for the pilot and radar operator.[6] The result was an aircraft with a wide, deep, and roomy fuselage. Instead of ejection seats, an escape tunnel was used, similar to the type used in the A-3 Skywarrior.[6]

The XF3D-1 beat out Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation's G-75 two-seat, four-engined, Westinghouse J30-powered night fighter design and was issued a contract 3 April 1946. The US Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) also issued a contract to Grumman for two G-75 (company designation) XF9F-1 (BuAer designation) experimental aircraft on 11 April 1946 in case the Skyknight ran into problems. Grumman soon realized that the G-75 was a losing design but had been working on a completely different, single-engined day fighter known as the Grumman G-79 which became the F9F Panther.[7][N 1]

Maintenance on an APQ-35 radar of a F3D-2 in Korea, 1953

The first flight of the XF3D-1 was on 23 March 1948 at Douglas' El Segundo facility with test pilot Russell Thaw at the controls.[N 2] Further flight testing followed at El Segundo until October 1948. Three prototypes where then taken to Muroc Air Force Base (later renamed Edwards Air Force Base) for service trials. Power was provided by two 1945 design Westinghouse J34-WE-24 turbojets of 3,000 lbf (1,361 kgf) mounted in the roots of then-standard straight wings of the early jet era. A production contract for 28 F3D-1 J34-WE-32 powered production aircraft was issued in June 1948 with the first production aircraft becoming airborne 13 February 1950.[11]

As a night fighter that was not expected to be as fast as smaller daylight fighters, the expectation was to have a stable platform for its radar system and the four 20 mm cannon mounted in the lower fuselage. The F3D was, however, able to outturn a MiG-15 in an inside circle.[12] The fire control system in the F3D-1 was the Westinghouse AN/APQ-35. The AN/APQ-35 was advanced for the time, a combination of three different radars, each performing separate functions: an AN/APS-21 search radar, an AN/APG-26 tracking radar, both located in the nose, and an AN/APS-28 tail warning radar.[13] The complexity of this vacuum tube-based radar system, which was produced before the advent of semiconductor electronics, required intensive maintenance to keep it operating properly.

The F3D-1 was followed by the F3D-2, which was first ordered in August 1949. The F3D-2 was intended to have Westinghouse J46 engines in enlarged nacelles to replace the J34-WE-32 engines of the F3D-1, but because of development problems with the J46, the F3D-2 was initially being fitted with J34-WE-36 engines instead. Higher-thrust J34-WE-38 engines which increased aircraft performance would be installed later.[11] The F3D-2 also incorporated an improved Westinghouse AN/APQ-36 fire control system. A total of 237 F3D-2s were built before production ended on 23 March 1952. A higher performance F3D-3 version with swept wings and J46 engines was planned, but was cancelled when the trouble-plagued J46 engine program was terminated.

Operational history

F3D-2s of VMFN-513 at Kunsan, Korea, in 1953

Korean War

The 28 F3D-1 aircraft were used primarily to train F3D crews and did not see combat in the Korean War. The F3D-2 Skyknight was only deployed to Korea by USMC land based squadrons, beginning in September 1952.[14] The Skyknight shot down more enemy aircraft in Korea than any other single type of naval aircraft.[15] The first air-to-air victory occurred on the 2 November 1952 at night in a USMC F3D-2 piloted by Major William T. Stratton, Jr., and his radar operator, Master Sergeant Hans C. Hoglind of VMF(N)-513 Flying Nightmares.[16] Major Stratton shot down what he believed was a Yakovlev Yak-15 (even though no Yak-15s were reported in Korea)[5] on 2 November 1952 which was the first successful night radar interception by a jet of a jet.[17] The Skyknight claimed its first MiG-15 jet fighter on 8 November 1952, when Captain O.R. Davis and Warrant Officer D.F, "Ding" Fessler shot down a MiG-15 northwest of Pyongyang.[17] USMC pilot Lt. Joseph Corvi and his radar operator Sergeant Dan George set another record with the Skyknight on the night of 10 December 1952. They shot down the first aircraft by an aircraft with a radar track and lock-on and without visual contact by using their radar to lock on their 20mm cannons to down a Polikarpov Po-2 biplane. They were also credited with another probable kill that night.[18]

The number of USMC Skyknights in Korea was doubled in January 1953 to 24 which allowed them to effectively escort B-29 Superfortresses on night bombing missions.[19] On 12 January 1953, an F3D-2 of VMF(N)-513 that was escorting B-29s on a night bombing mission was vectored to a contact and shot down the fourth aircraft by a Skyknight.[12] By the end of the war, Skyknights had claimed six enemy aircraft shot down (one Polikarpov Po-2, one Yakovlev Yak-15 and four MiG-15s).[16] There was the loss of one aircraft by enemy fire which was piloted by LTJG Bob Bick and his crewman, Chief Petty Officer Linton Smith, on 2 July 1953. This aircraft was with a detachment from Fleet Composite Squadron FOUR (VC-4) at NAS Atlantic City, and was attached to U.S. Marine Fighter Squadron 513 (VMF(N)-513).[20] While the Skyknight lacked the swept wings and high subsonic performance of the MiG-15, its powerful fire control system enabled it to find and kill other fighters at night, while most MiG-15s could only be guided by ground-based radar.

Post Korean War

F3D Skyknight carrying AAM-N-2 Sparrow I missiles during tests in the early 1950s
F3D Skyknight firing a AAM-N-2 Sparrow I missile during a test in 1950

In the years after the Korean War, the F3D was gradually replaced by more powerful aircraft with better radar systems. The F3D's career was not over though; its stability and spacious fuselage made it easily adaptable to other roles. The F3D (under the designations F3D-1M and F3D-2M) was used to support development of a number of air-to-air missile systems during the 1950s, including the Sparrow I, II, and III and Meteor missiles.[21] The Sparrow missile was developed at Pacific Missile Test Center and early test firings were conducted at Naval Ordinance Test Station China Lake.

In 1954, the F3D-2M was the first U.S. Navy jet aircraft to be fitted with an operational air-to-air missile: the Sparrow I,[22] an all weather day/night BVR missile that used beam riding guidance for the aircrew to control the flight of the missile. Only 38 aircraft (12 F3D-1Ms,[23] and 16 F3D-2Ms[24]) were modified to use the missiles.

In the late 1950s, a number of the U.S. Marine F3D-2 aircraft were re-configured as electronic warfare aircraft and were designated F3D-2Q (later EF-10B). A few aircraft were also converted for use as trainers and were designated F3D-2T.

When the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a fleet defense missile fighter in 1959, Douglas responded with the F6D Missileer, essentially an updated and enlarged F3D that would carry the AAM-N-10 Eagle long-range air-to-air missile, with the most important characteristics being able to carry a large load of fuel, long time-on-station, a crew of two and sophisticated electronics, rather than speed or maneuverability. This concept which kept the straight wings in an age of supersonic jets was soon cancelled because it would not be able to defend itself against more nimble fighters.[25][26] Its weapons system would be adapted for the supersonic swing-wing General Dynamics-Grumman F-111B, the U.S. Navy version of a joint USAF/USN tactical jet aircraft which also specified side-by-side seating. The USAF version would eventually see service as an air-to-ground fighter bomber, but the USN version, envisioned as a Fleet Air Defense fighter and dogfighter, would be cancelled when it was clear that its performance was not sufficient for an air-to-air dogfighter role. The AWG-9/Phoenix and TF30 turbofan engine would eventually enter service on the F-111B's successor, the swing-wing Grumman F-14 Tomcat.

Skyknights continued in service through the 1960s in a gull white color scheme, when their contemporaries had long since been retired. In 1962, when the U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force unified their designation systems, the F3D-1 was redesignated F-10A and the F3D-2 was re-designated F-10B.

Vietnam War

EF-10B Skyknight of VMCJ-1
EF-10B t (BuNo 127041)of VMCJ-1 over Vietnam in 1966. This aircraft was shot down by a SA-2 missile from the North Vietnamese 61st Battalion, 236th Missile Regiment over Nghe An province on 18 March 1966 (coordinates 191958N 1050959E). The crew, Lt. Brent Davis and Lt. Everett McPherson, died.

The Skyknight was the only Korean war jet fighter that also flew in Vietnam. EF-10Bs served in the Electronic warfare role during the Vietnam War until 1969. The large interior provided ample room for electronic equipment. U.S. Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron One VMCJ-1 Golden Hawks began operating the EF-10B in Vietnam on 17 April 1965 under Lt. Col Wes Corman at Da Nang Air Base Republic of Vietnam with six aircraft.[27] No more than ten EF-10Bs were in Vietnam at one time. The Electronic Warfare (EW) Skyknight was a valuable Electronic countermeasure (ECM) asset to jam the SA-2 surface-to-air missiles (SAM) tracking and guidance systems.[5] VMCJ-1 made history when its EF-10Bs conducted the first USMC airborne radar jamming mission on 29 April 1965 to support a USAF strike mission. Four EF-10Bs also supported a massive strike on the SA-2 SAM sites near Hanoi on 27 July 1965.

Many U.S. aircraft were lost to SA-2 surface-to-air missiles in Vietnam and the electronic attack on the associated radar systems was known as "Fogbound" missions. The F3D also dropped chaff over the radar sites.[5] The first EF-10B lost in Vietnam was to a SA-2 SAM on 18 March 1966, while four more EF-10Bs were lost in Vietnam to accidents and unknown causes.[27] Their mission was gradually taken over by the more capable "Electric Intruder", (EW)/Electronic countermeasures variant of the Grumman A-6 Intruder. The EF-10B Skyknight continued to fly lower threat EW missions until they were withdrawn from Vietnam in October 1969.[27] The EKA-3 Skywarrior and the Douglas RB-66 Destroyer also took on EW missions.

The U.S. Marine Corps retired its last EF-10Bs in May 1970.[28] Some aircraft continued flying as testbeds for Raytheon until the 1980s (BuNo. 124598, 124630, and 125807).[29][30]

Variants

XF3D-1
Prototype aircraft, two Westinghouse J34-WE-24 turbojet engines of 3,000 lbf (1,361 kgf), APQ-35 search and target acquisition radar, four 20mm cannon, three built.[11]
F3D-1 Skyknight
Two-seat all-weather day or night-fighter aircraft, powered by two 3,000 lbf (1,400 kgf) Westinghouse J34-WE-32 turbojet engines, tail warning radar, ECM, and other electronics that added over 5,000 lbf (2,268 kg), 28 built. First flight: 13 February 1950.[11]
F3D-1M Skyknight
12 F3D-1s were converted into missile-armed test aircraft. Used in the development of the AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missile.
F3D-2 Skyknight
Second Production version, initially powered by two 3,400 lbf (1,542 kgf) Westinghouse J34-WE-36 and later by two 3,600 lbf (1,635 kgf) Westinghouse J34-WE-38 turbojet engines, 565 mph (909 km/h) @ 20,000 ft (6,095 m), equipped with wing spoilers, autopilot and an improved Westinghouse AN/APQ-36 radar, 237 built. First flight: 14 February 1951.[11][5]
F3D-2B Skyknight
One F3D-1 Skynight was used for special armament test in 1952.
F3D-2M Skyknight
16 F3D-2s were converted into missile armed aircraft. The F3D-2Ms were armed with AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles.
F3D-2Q Skyknight
35 F3D-2s were converted into electronic warfare aircraft.
F3D-2T Skyknight
Five F3D-2s were converted into night fighter training aircraft.
F3D-2T2
55 F3D-2s were used as radar-operator trainers and electronic warfare aircraft.
F3D-3 Skyknight
Unbuilt project, intended to be an advanced version fitted with swept wings.
F-10A Skyknight
1962 re-designation of the F3D-1.
F-10B Skyknight
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2.
EF-10B Skyknight
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2Q.
MF-10A Skyknight
1962 re-designation of the F3D-1M.
MF-10B Skyknight
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2M.
TF-10B Skyknight
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2T2.

Operators

 United States

Aircraft on display

F3D-2
F3D-2Q
F3D-2T

Specifications (F3D-2)

Orthographically projected diagram of the F3D-2 Skyknight
Orthographically projected diagram of the F3D-2 Skyknight

Data from Standard Aircraft Characteristics F3D-2 "Skyknight"[42][11][19][5]

General characteristics

  • Crew: two

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ Due to some interesting bureaucracy, BuAer did not cancel the G-75 (XF9F-1) contract, however, but changed the wording to include three entirely different G-79 prototypes. The G-79 became the successful Grumman F9F Panther.[8][9]
  2. ^ Russell Thaw as a test pilot for Douglas, and besides the F3D, was responsible for a number of test programs, including the Douglas XB-43 Jetmaster and XF4D-1 Skyray.[10]

Citations

  1. ^ Standard Aircraft Characteristics F3D-2 Skyknight NAVAER 1335C REV. 10-51.
  2. ^ "Defense POW/Missing Personnel Office: Korean War Air Loss Database (KORWALD)." dtic.mil. Retrieved: 10 August 2013.
  3. ^ Zhang 2002, pp. 194–95.
  4. ^ "Douglas Skyknight." Boeing history. Retrieved: 23 August 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Goebel, Greg."The Douglas F3D Skyknight." Airvectors.net, 1 September 2002. Retrieved: 2 August 2013.
  6. ^ a b Donald 1997, p. 365.
  7. ^ Sullivan 1982, pp. 4, 6.
  8. ^ Hardy 1987, p. 79.
  9. ^ Goebel, Greg. "The Grumman F9F Panther/Cougar." Airvectors, 1 July 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  10. ^ "Russell William Thaw, 1910–1984." Test & Research pilots, Flight Test Engineers. Retrieved: 3 August 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Gunston 1981, p. 172.
  12. ^ a b Dorr 1994, p. 154.
  13. ^ Badrocke 1993, pp. 41, 44–45.
  14. ^ "SkyKnight". Naval Aviation News. Retrieved: 2 August 2013.
  15. ^ "Douglas F3D-2 Sky Knight." Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 16 December 2007.
  16. ^ a b Grossnick 1997, p. 768.
  17. ^ a b Dorr 1994, p. 143.
  18. ^ Dorr 1994, p. 149.
  19. ^ a b Dorr 1994, p. 153.
  20. ^ O'Rourke, G.G. and E.T. Woodbridge. Night Fighters Over Korea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55750-653-1.
  21. ^ Parsch, Andreas. "Raytheon AAM-N-2,3,6/AIM-101/AIM-7/RIM-7 Sparrow." Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles, 2007. Retrieved: 5 August 2013.
  22. ^ "Guided Missiles Ride Navy Jet." Popular Mechanics, November 1954, p. 116.
  23. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 183.
  24. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 182.
  25. ^ Badrocke 1993, p. 47.
  26. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 717.
  27. ^ a b c Whitten, H. Wayne, Col USMC Retired."VMCJ-1 History". Marine Corps Aviation Reconnaissance Association, June 2008. Retrieved: 8 August 2013.
  28. ^ "Douglas F-3D-2T2 (TF-10B) Skyknight."Combat Air Museum. Retrieved: 3 August 2013.
  29. ^ Yakubov, Vladimir. "Douglas F3D-2N Skyknight, USS Intrepid Museum." SVSM Gallery. Retrieved: 18 August 2013.
  30. ^ "Douglas F3D-2/F-10B Skyknight" US Navy Fighter Aircraft. Retrieved: 28 May 2014.
  31. ^ "F3D Skyknight/124598." National Naval Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  32. ^ "F3D Skyknight/124629." Pima Air & Space Museum.Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  33. ^ "F3D Skyknight/125807." Combat Air Museum.Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  34. ^ "F3D Skyknight/125870." Warbirds Resource Group, 2004. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  35. ^ "F3D Skyknight/124618." Aero Web. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  36. ^ "F3D Skyknight/124620."Quonset Air Museum. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  37. ^ "F3D Skyknight/124630." Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.
  38. ^ "F3D Skyknight/125850." Aero Web. Retrieved: 18 August 2013.
  39. ^ "Final mission for fighter jets." Schenectady Spotlight, 5 May 2012.
  40. ^ McGeehan, Patrick."Anticipating Space Shuttle’s Arrival, Old Warplanes Ship Out." The New York Times, 18 April 2012.
  41. ^ "F3D Skyknight/127074." Empire State Aerosciences Museum Retrieved: 07 October 2013.
  42. ^ "Standard Aircraft Characteristics F3D-2 'Skyknight'." Naval Historical Centre. Retrieved: 23 June 2007.

Bibliography

  • Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979, ISBN 0-904597-22-9.
  • Badrocke, Mike. "Electronic Warrior". Air Enthusiast, Fifty-one, August to October 1993, pp. 41–48. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Donald, David, ed. The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
  • Dorr, Robert F. and Warren Thompson. Korean Air War. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1994.ISBN 0-879-38862-5.
  • Francillon, René. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1.
  • Gunston, Bill, ed. The Illustrated History of Fighters. New York, New York: Exeter Books Division of Simon & Schuster, 1981. ISBN 0-89673-103-0.
  • Grossnick, Roy A. and William J. Armstrong. United States Naval , Aviation, 1910–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Historical Center, 1997. ISBN 0-16-049124-X.
  • Hardy, Michael John. Sea, Sky and Stars: An Illustrated History of Grumman Aircraft. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0853688327.
  • Heinemann, Edward H. and Rosario Rausa. Ed Heinemann: Combat Aircraft Designer. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1980. ISBN 0-87021-797-6.
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
  • Jones, Lloyd. U.S. Fighters: Army-Air Force 1925 to 1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1975. ISBN 0-8168-9200-8.
  • Jones, Lloyd. U.S. Naval Fighters: 1922 to 1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1977. ISBN 0-8168-9254-7.
  • Sullivan, Jim. F9F Panther/Cougar in action. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1982. ISBN 0-89747-127-X.
  • Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. ISBN 0370-10054-9.
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