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'''Skaz''' ({{lang-ru|сказ}}) is a [[Russia]]n literary term that describes a particularly oral form of narrative. The word comes from ''skazat'', "to tell", and is also related to such words as ''rasskaz'', "short story" and ''skazka'', "fairy tale".<ref name="LE">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cornwell|first=Neil|coauthor=|authorlink=|title=Skaz Narrative|encyclopedia=[[The Literary Encyclopedia]]|publisher=|location=|year=2005|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1561|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The speech makes use of dialect and slang in order to take on the persona of a particular [[Character (arts)|character]].<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|last=|first=|authorlink=|title=skaz|encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica|location=|year=|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547338/skaz|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The peculiar speech, however, is integrated into the surrounding narrative, and not presented in [[quotation marks]].<ref name="Potichnyj">{{cite book|title=The Soviet Union: Party and Society|editor=Peter J. Potichnyj|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|date=1988|pages=pp. 108–9|isbn= |
'''Skaz''' ({{lang-ru|сказ}}) is a [[Russia]]n literary term that describes a particularly oral form of narrative. The word comes from ''skazat'', "to tell", and is also related to such words as ''rasskaz'', "short story" and ''skazka'', "fairy tale".<ref name="LE">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cornwell|first=Neil|coauthor=|authorlink=|title=Skaz Narrative|encyclopedia=[[The Literary Encyclopedia]]|publisher=|location=|year=2005|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1561|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The speech makes use of dialect and slang in order to take on the persona of a particular [[Character (arts)|character]].<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|last=|first=|authorlink=|title=skaz|encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica|location=|year=|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547338/skaz|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> The peculiar speech, however, is integrated into the surrounding narrative, and not presented in [[quotation marks]].<ref name="Potichnyj">{{cite book|title=The Soviet Union: Party and Society|editor=Peter J. Potichnyj|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|date=1988|pages=pp. 108–9|isbn=0-521-34460-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HOl-SqBouGIC&pg=PA107}}</ref> This is not only a [[literary device]], but is also used as an element in Russian monologue comedy.<ref name="CSP">{{cite journal|last=Mesropova|first=Olga|date=2004|title=Between Literary and Subliterary Paradigms: Skaz and Contemporary Russian Estrada Comedy|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200409/ai_n11849814/?tag=content;col1|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> |
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Skaz was first described by the Russian [[Formalism (literature)|formalist]] [[Boris Eikhenbaum]] in the late 1910s. In a couple of articles published at this time, the literary scholar described the phenomenon as a form of unmediated or improvisational speech.<ref name="RHE">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hemenway|first=Elizabeth Jones|coauthor=|authorlink=|title=Skaz|encyclopedia=Russian History Encyclopedia|publisher=|location=|year=|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/skaz|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> He applied it specifically to [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s short story ''[[The Overcoat]]'', in a 1919 essay titled ''How Gogol's "Overcoat" Is Made''.<ref name="LE"/> Eikhenbaum saw skaz as central to Russian culture, and believed that a national literature could not develop without a strong attachment to oral traditions.<ref name="CSP"/> Among the literary critics who elaborated on this theory in the 1920, were [[Yury Tynyanov]], [[Viktor Vinogradov]], and [[Mikhail Bakhtin]].<ref name="RHE"/> |
Skaz was first described by the Russian [[Formalism (literature)|formalist]] [[Boris Eikhenbaum]] in the late 1910s. In a couple of articles published at this time, the literary scholar described the phenomenon as a form of unmediated or improvisational speech.<ref name="RHE">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hemenway|first=Elizabeth Jones|coauthor=|authorlink=|title=Skaz|encyclopedia=Russian History Encyclopedia|publisher=|location=|year=|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/skaz|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> He applied it specifically to [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s short story ''[[The Overcoat]]'', in a 1919 essay titled ''How Gogol's "Overcoat" Is Made''.<ref name="LE"/> Eikhenbaum saw skaz as central to Russian culture, and believed that a national literature could not develop without a strong attachment to oral traditions.<ref name="CSP"/> Among the literary critics who elaborated on this theory in the 1920, were [[Yury Tynyanov]], [[Viktor Vinogradov]], and [[Mikhail Bakhtin]].<ref name="RHE"/> |
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In the nineteenth century, the style was most prominently used by [[Nikolai Leskov]], in addition to Gogol. Twentieth-century proponents include [[Aleksey Remizov]], [[Mikhail Zoshchenko]] and [[Andrei Platonov]].<ref name="LE"/> The term is also used to describe elements in the literature of other countries; in recent times it has been popularised by the [[United Kingdom|British]] author and literary critic [[David Lodge (author)|David Lodge]].<ref name="Lodge">{{cite book|last=Lodge|first=David|authorlink=David Lodge (author)|title=The Art of Fiction: Illustrated from Classic and Modern Texts|publisher=Penguin|location=London|date=1992|pages=17–20|chapter=Teenage Skaz|isbn= |
In the nineteenth century, the style was most prominently used by [[Nikolai Leskov]], in addition to Gogol. Twentieth-century proponents include [[Aleksey Remizov]], [[Mikhail Zoshchenko]] and [[Andrei Platonov]].<ref name="LE"/> The term is also used to describe elements in the literature of other countries; in recent times it has been popularised by the [[United Kingdom|British]] author and literary critic [[David Lodge (author)|David Lodge]].<ref name="Lodge">{{cite book|last=Lodge|first=David|authorlink=David Lodge (author)|title=The Art of Fiction: Illustrated from Classic and Modern Texts|publisher=Penguin|location=London|date=1992|pages=17–20|chapter=Teenage Skaz|isbn=0-14-017492-3}}</ref> [[John Mullan]], a professor of English at [[University College London]], finds examples of skaz in [[J. D. Salinger]]'s ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' and [[DBC Pierre]]'s ''[[Vernon God Little]]''.<ref name="Mullan">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/nov/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview17|title=Talk this way|last=Mullan|first=John|authorlink=John Mullan|date=2006-11-18|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|last=Hicks|first=Jeremy Guy|title=Mikhail Zoshchenko and the Poetics of Skaz|publisher=Astra|location=Nottingham|date=2000|isbn= |
*{{cite book|last=Hicks|first=Jeremy Guy|title=Mikhail Zoshchenko and the Poetics of Skaz|publisher=Astra|location=Nottingham|date=2000|isbn=0-946134-61-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=n3OAAAAAIAAJ}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Handbook of Russian Literature|editor=Victor Terras|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, London|date=1985|isbn= |
*{{cite book|title=Handbook of Russian Literature|editor=Victor Terras|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, London|date=1985|isbn=0-300-03155-6}} |
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[[Category:Literary terms]] |
[[Category:Literary terms]] |
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Revision as of 23:44, 10 May 2012
Skaz (Russian: сказ) is a Russian literary term that describes a particularly oral form of narrative. The word comes from skazat, "to tell", and is also related to such words as rasskaz, "short story" and skazka, "fairy tale".[1] The speech makes use of dialect and slang in order to take on the persona of a particular character.[2] The peculiar speech, however, is integrated into the surrounding narrative, and not presented in quotation marks.[3] This is not only a literary device, but is also used as an element in Russian monologue comedy.[4]
Skaz was first described by the Russian formalist Boris Eikhenbaum in the late 1910s. In a couple of articles published at this time, the literary scholar described the phenomenon as a form of unmediated or improvisational speech.[5] He applied it specifically to Nikolai Gogol's short story The Overcoat, in a 1919 essay titled How Gogol's "Overcoat" Is Made.[1] Eikhenbaum saw skaz as central to Russian culture, and believed that a national literature could not develop without a strong attachment to oral traditions.[4] Among the literary critics who elaborated on this theory in the 1920, were Yury Tynyanov, Viktor Vinogradov, and Mikhail Bakhtin.[5]
In the nineteenth century, the style was most prominently used by Nikolai Leskov, in addition to Gogol. Twentieth-century proponents include Aleksey Remizov, Mikhail Zoshchenko and Andrei Platonov.[1] The term is also used to describe elements in the literature of other countries; in recent times it has been popularised by the British author and literary critic David Lodge.[6] John Mullan, a professor of English at University College London, finds examples of skaz in J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and DBC Pierre's Vernon God Little.[7]
References
- ^ a b c Cornwell, Neil (2005). "Skaz Narrative". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthor=(help) - ^ "skaz". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Peter J. Potichnyj, ed. (1988). The Soviet Union: Party and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. pp. 108–9. ISBN 0-521-34460-3.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Mesropova, Olga (2004). "Between Literary and Subliterary Paradigms: Skaz and Contemporary Russian Estrada Comedy". Canadian Slavonic Papers. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ a b Hemenway, Elizabeth Jones. "Skaz". Russian History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthor=(help) - ^ Lodge, David (1992). "Teenage Skaz". The Art of Fiction: Illustrated from Classic and Modern Texts. London: Penguin. pp. 17–20. ISBN 0-14-017492-3.
- ^ Mullan, John (2006-11-18). "Talk this way". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Further reading
- Hicks, Jeremy Guy (2000). Mikhail Zoshchenko and the Poetics of Skaz. Nottingham: Astra. ISBN 0-946134-61-8.
- Victor Terras, ed. (1985). Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03155-6.