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The Independent Air Force (IAF), also known as the Independent Force or the Independent Bombing Force and later known as the Inter-Allied Independent Air Force, was a World War I strategic bombing force which was part of the British Royal Air Force and used to strike against German railways, aerodromes and industrial centres without co-ordination with the Army or Navy.

Establishment

Through late 1916 and early 1917 the Royal Naval Air Service had attempted a co-ordinated series of bombing raids on German held targets. Whilst the attacks were generally unsuccessful the principle of deep penetration bombing raids against strategic targets was proved.^{[citation needed]} General Jan Smuts, a member of the War Cabinet, prepared a report which recommended that a separate Air Ministry and Air Force should be set up, independent of the Army and Navy, and that a strategic bomber force should be formed whose sole purpose was to attack Germany.

Following the perceived success in bombing Germany of the VIII Brigade, and its anticedent formation the 41st Wing, the British Government decided that it should be expanded into an independent force.^[1] Before the creation of the Independent Air Force, the VIII Brigade was under the tactical command of Field Marshal Haig.^[2]

After Parliamentary approval in November 1917, the Royal Air Force was born on 1 April 1918, and the forthcoming creation of the Independent Air Force was announced on 13 May 1918 with its General Officer Commanding Major-General Trenchard who had recently stepped down as Chief of the Air Staff. Trenchard had only agreed to serve as GOC after he received criticism for resigning his position as professional head of the RAF during a time of war.^[3] The deputy commander was Brigadier-General Cyril Newall who had previously been the commander of the VIII Brigade.^[4]

The Independent Air Force came into being on 6 June 1918 with its headquarters situated near Nancy in France. The Trenchard took over tactical command of the VIII Brigade from Haig on 5 June 1918 and complete control on 15 June 1918 when Newall became the deputy commander of the Independent Force.^[2]

Composition

The Independent Air Force eventually consisted of nine squadrons of aircraft which were equipped with:^[5]

de Havilland DH4s
de Havilland DH9s and de Havilland DH.9As
Handley Page 0/400s
Royal Aircraft Factory FE2bs
Sopwith Camels for escort duties

Actions

During the last five months of World War I, Independent Air Force aircraft dropped a total of 550 tons of bombs, including 390 tons of bombs dropped by night.^[5] Over 220 tons were dropped on German aerodromes, which Trenchard justified by pointing out that while the Germans were stronger than the British in the air, their aircraft might be destroyed on the ground. Trenchard argued that his policy was vindicated by the fact the during the period 5 June to ll November 1918, German attacks on British aerodromes were minimal and no British aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.^[6]

In addition to the bombing of aerodromes, the Independent Forces attacked, amongst others, the following targets:^[6]^[7]

A considerable portion of the Independent Air Force’s efforts was in tactical support of the Allied armies^{[dubious – discuss]}, and the war ended before the IAF could conduct any sustained strategic bombing. Thus The Independent Force achieved little material effect on the German war industries, in return for heavy losses in men and machines.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Taylor, John (1968). Pictorial History of the RAF. Shepperton, Surrey, England: Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 16, 17. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "No. 31101". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1918.
^ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36552?docPos=2
^ http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Newall.htm
^ ^a ^b British Military Aviation in 1918 - Part 2 RAF Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2008
^ ^a ^b "No. 31101". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1918.
^ "No. 31101". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1918.

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[1] Taylor, John (1968). Pictorial History of the RAF. Shepperton, Surrey, England: Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 16, 17. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[LG1-2] "No. 31101". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1918.

[3] ttps://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36552?docPos=2

[4] ttps://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Newall.htm

[raf_museum_1918-2-5] British Military Aviation in 1918 - Part 2 RAF Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2008

[LG2-6] "No. 31101". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1918.

[7] "No. 31101". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1918.

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 ==Actions==
-During the last five months of World War I, Independent Air Force aircraft dropped a total of 550 tons of bombs, including 390 tons of bombs dropped by night.<ref name="raf museum 1918-2"/>  Over 220 tons were dropped on German aerodromes, which Trenchard justified by pointing out that while the Germans were stronger than the British in the air, their aircraft might be destroyed on the ground.  Trenchard argued that his policy was vindicated by the fact the during the period 5 June to ll November 1918, German attacks on British aerodromes were minimal and no British aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.<ref>{{LondonGazette |issue=31101 |date=31 December 1918 |startpage=135 |supp=x |accessdate=2009-05-25}}</ref>
+During the last five months of World War I, Independent Air Force aircraft dropped a total of 550 tons of bombs, including 390 tons of bombs dropped by night.<ref name="raf museum 1918-2"/>  Over 220 tons were dropped on German aerodromes, which Trenchard justified by pointing out that while the Germans were stronger than the British in the air, their aircraft might be destroyed on the ground.  Trenchard argued that his policy was vindicated by the fact the during the period 5 June to ll November 1918, German attacks on British aerodromes were minimal and no British aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.<ref name="LG2">{{LondonGazette |issue=31101 |date=31 December 1918 |startpage=135 |supp=x |accessdate=2009-05-25}}</ref>
+In addition to the bombing of aerodromes, the Independent Forces attacked, amongst others, the following targets:<ref name="LG2"/><ref>{{LondonGazette |issue=31101 |date=31 December 1918 |startpage=136 |supp=x |accessdate=2009-05-25}}</ref>
+*[[Baalon]]
+*[[Baden]]
+*[[The Black Forest]]
+*[[Bonn]]
+*[[Cologne]]
+*[[Coblenz]]
+*[[Darmsdatt]]
+*[[Duren]]
+*[[Dillingen]]
+*[[Frankfurt]]
+*[[Forbach]]
+*[[Hagondange|Hagendingen]]
+*[[Heidelberg]]
+*[[Hagenau]]
+*[[Kaiserlautern]]
+*[[Karthaus]]
+*[[Karlsruhe]]
+*[[Ludwigshafen]]
+*[[Landau]]
+*[[Mainz]]
+*[[Mannheim]]
+*[[Lahr]]
+*[[Lumes]]
+*[[Luxemburg]]
+*[[Oberndorf]]
+*[[Offenburg]]
+*[[Pforzheim]]
+*[[Pirmaisens]]
+*[[Rastatt]]
+*[[Rombas]]
+*[[Rottweil]]
+*[[Sallingen]]
+*[[Saarburg]]
+*[[Saarbrucken]]
+*[[Stuttgart]]
+*[[Treves]]
+*[[Weisbaden]]
+*[[Worms]]
+*[[Voelkingen]]
+*[[Wadgassen]]
+*[[Zweibrucken]]
 A considerable portion of the Independent Air Force’s efforts was in tactical support of the Allied armies{{dubious}}, and the war ended before the IAF could conduct any sustained strategic bombing. Thus The Independent Force achieved little material effect on the German war industries, in return for heavy losses in men and machines.{{fact}}