Fleshy fruit: Difference between revisions
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Fleshy fruits can be classed into simple and compound fruits.<ref name=":0" /> |
Fleshy fruits can be classed into simple and compound fruits.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Simple fleshy fruits include [[Berry|berries]], [[drupe]]s and [[accessory fruit]]s. Berries generally have many seeds, which include [[banana]]s and [[Gooseberry|gooseberries]]. In contrast, drupes typically only have a single stone or pip, which include [[peach]]es and [[mango]]es. Accessory fruits, also known as false fruits or pseudocarps, develop from other parts of the [[flower]] like [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> |
Simple fleshy fruits include [[Berry|berries]], [[drupe]]s and [[accessory fruit]]s. Berries generally have many seeds, which include [[banana]]s and [[Gooseberry|gooseberries]]. In contrast, drupes typically only have a single stone or pip, which include [[peach]]es and [[mango]]es. Accessory fruits, also known as false fruits or pseudocarps, develop from the ovary as well as other parts of the [[flower]] like [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> Although simple fruits can also develop from flowers having compound ovaries.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} |
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Compound fruits include [[aggregate fruit]]s and [[multiple fruit]]s. Aggregate fruits like [[Raspberry|raspberries]] develop from multiple ovaries in a single flower. While multiple fruits like [[fig]]s develop from ovaries from a cluster of multiple flowers called an [[inflorescence]].<ref name=":0" /> |
Compound fruits include [[aggregate fruit]]s and [[multiple fruit]]s. Aggregate fruits like [[Raspberry|raspberries]] develop from multiple ovaries in a single flower. While multiple fruits like [[fig]]s develop from ovaries from a cluster of multiple flowers called an [[inflorescence]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schlegel |first=Rolf H. J. |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781560229506 |publication-date=13 May 2003 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Anatomy == |
== Anatomy == |
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{{Main|Fruit (plant structure)}} |
{{Main|Fruit (plant structure)}} |
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[[File:Fig (Ficus carica) fruit halved.jpg|thumb|The fruits of a [[fig]] are on the inside of the [[Accessory fruit|pseudocarp]].]] |
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In fleshy or succulent fruits, the pericarp is generally fleshy and the three layers are distinguishable, unlike dry fruits. These layers vary in thickness in different kinds of fleshy fruits, and may also merge into one another during development. For instance in hesperidium, a group of berries which include [[Citrus|citrus fruits]], the |
In fleshy or succulent fruits, the pericarp is generally fleshy and the three layers are distinguishable, unlike [[dry fruits]]. These layers vary in thickness in different kinds of fleshy fruits, and may also merge into one another during development. For instance in hesperidium, a group of berries which include [[Citrus|citrus fruits]], the leathery exocarp and white mesocarp make up the peel, in which the exocarp is known as flavedo or zest and mesocarp is known as albedo. While in pepo, a group of berries including [[melon]]s and [[cucumber]]s, the exocarp fuses with the receptacle to form the rind, and mesocarp and endocarp make up the flesh. Lychees have a single seed surrounded by a fleshy [[aril]] and a pericarp forming the peel.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=David A. |title=A dictionary of food and nutrition |date= |publisher=[[Oxford Univ. Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923487-5 |edition=3rd |series=Oxford paperback reference |location=Oxford |language=en}}</ref> |
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[[Aggregate fruit]]s like [[Raspberry|raspberries]] have a receptacle as the core, little fruits (drupelets) surround the core, each drupelet has an exocarp forming the peel, mesocarp forming the flesh and the hard endocarp surrounding the pips.<ref name=":0" /> |
[[Aggregate fruit]]s like [[Raspberry|raspberries]] have a receptacle as the core, little fruits (drupelets) surround the core, each drupelet has an exocarp forming the peel, mesocarp forming the flesh and the hard endocarp surrounding the pips.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Accessory fruits like [[syconium]], a group of false fruits including [[fig]]s, have a fleshy infolded receptacle, the flowers are on the inside of the |
Accessory fruits like [[syconium]], a group of false fruits including [[fig]]s, have a fleshy infolded receptacle, the flowers are on the inside of the pseudocarp, which develop into drupelets of the fig. Flesh in [[pome]], a group of false fruits including [[apple]]s, is mostly formed by the swollen receptacle and the fused exocarp and mesocarp, the endocarp makes up a film which surrounds the core and seeds. The edible flesh in [[Strawberry|strawberries]] is also a swollen receptacle with the [[dry fruits]] embedded on the outside.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 09:43, 16 November 2024
In botany, fleshy fruits are fruits which are fleshy and brightly coloured, making them attractive to animals which eat them and disperse the seeds. The word 'succulent fruit' is synonymous to fleshy fruit and both words are often used interchangeably.[1][2]
Anatomically, fleshy fruits have a pericarp or 'fruit wall' which is divided in three layers: an outermost exocarp or epicarp, a middle mesocarp and the innermost endocarp.[1]
Classification
Fleshy fruits can be classed into simple and compound fruits.[1]
Simple fleshy fruits include berries, drupes and accessory fruits. Berries generally have many seeds, which include bananas and gooseberries. In contrast, drupes typically only have a single stone or pip, which include peaches and mangoes. Accessory fruits, also known as false fruits or pseudocarps, develop from the ovary as well as other parts of the flower like receptacle.[1][3] Although simple fruits can also develop from flowers having compound ovaries.[citation needed]
Compound fruits include aggregate fruits and multiple fruits. Aggregate fruits like raspberries develop from multiple ovaries in a single flower. While multiple fruits like figs develop from ovaries from a cluster of multiple flowers called an inflorescence.[1][4]
Anatomy
_fruit_halved.jpg)
In fleshy or succulent fruits, the pericarp is generally fleshy and the three layers are distinguishable, unlike dry fruits. These layers vary in thickness in different kinds of fleshy fruits, and may also merge into one another during development. For instance in hesperidium, a group of berries which include citrus fruits, the leathery exocarp and white mesocarp make up the peel, in which the exocarp is known as flavedo or zest and mesocarp is known as albedo. While in pepo, a group of berries including melons and cucumbers, the exocarp fuses with the receptacle to form the rind, and mesocarp and endocarp make up the flesh. Lychees have a single seed surrounded by a fleshy aril and a pericarp forming the peel.[1][5]
Aggregate fruits like raspberries have a receptacle as the core, little fruits (drupelets) surround the core, each drupelet has an exocarp forming the peel, mesocarp forming the flesh and the hard endocarp surrounding the pips.[1]
Accessory fruits like syconium, a group of false fruits including figs, have a fleshy infolded receptacle, the flowers are on the inside of the pseudocarp, which develop into drupelets of the fig. Flesh in pome, a group of false fruits including apples, is mostly formed by the swollen receptacle and the fused exocarp and mesocarp, the endocarp makes up a film which surrounds the core and seeds. The edible flesh in strawberries is also a swollen receptacle with the dry fruits embedded on the outside.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 148–151. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9.
- ^ "Fleshy Fruit - Definition, Usage & Quiz | Ultimate Lexicon". Ultimate Lexicon. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
- ^ Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- ^ Schlegel, Rolf H. J. (2003). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects. Taylor & Francis (published 13 May 2003). ISBN 9781560229506.
- ^ Bender, David A. (2009). A dictionary of food and nutrition. Oxford paperback reference (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923487-5.