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{{Short description|Albanian semi-human winged divine hero}}
{{Short description|Albanian semi-human winged divine hero}}
The '''drangùe''' ({{lang-sq-definite|drangùa, drangòni}}) is a semi-human winged [[deity|divine]] [[Culture hero|hero]] in [[Albanian paganism|Albanian pagan mythology]], associated with [[weather]] and [[storms]]. Babies destined to become drangue are born with their heads covered in [[caul]] and with two or sometimes four wings under their arms. The drangue hold [[supernatural powers]], especially in the wings and arms. A drangùe is made invulnerable by the singular conjunction produced at his birth, and can die only if this conjunction is repeated once again.{{sfnp|Tirta|2004|pp=121–132}}{{sfnp|Doja|2005|p=451–453}} Also seen as a lightning deity, the Drangue appears to be an Albanian equivalent of the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Indo-European]] sky deity, holding the position of a chief god,{{sfn|Tirta|2004|p=127}} expressly held by [[Zojz (deity)|Zojz]] in Albanian pagan mythology.
The '''drangùe''' ({{lang-sq-definite|drangùa, drangòni}}) is a semi-human winged [[deity|divine]] [[Culture hero|hero]] in [[Albanian paganism|Albanian pagan mythology]], associated with [[weather]] and [[storms]]. Babies destined to become drangue are born with their heads covered in [[caul]] and with two or sometimes four wings under their arms. The drangue hold [[supernatural powers]], especially in the wings and arms. A drangùe is made invulnerable by the singular conjunction produced at his birth, and can die only if this conjunction is repeated once again.{{sfnp|Tirta|2004|pp=121–132}}{{sfnp|Doja|2005|p=451–453}}


The main goal of the drangue is to fight the [[kulshedra]] in legendary battles.{{sfnp|Elsie|2001b|p=225}} In order to defeat the kulshedra he uses [[lightning]]-swords and [[thunderbolts]] as his most powerful weapons, but he also uses [[Meteorite|meteoric stones]], piles of trees and rocks, eventually protecting mankind from storms, fire, floods and other natural disasters caused by kulshedra's destructive power.{{sfn|Tirta|2004|p=125}}{{sfnp|West|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Doja|2005|p=451–453}} Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of their battles.{{sfnp|Durham|1910|p=456}} The drangue and their myth are extensively and accurately portrayed in the Albanian folk tale "[[The Boy who was Brother to the Drague]]".{{sfn|Wheeler|1936|pp=247–280}}
The main goal of the drangue is to fight the [[kulshedra]] in legendary battles.{{sfnp|Elsie|2001b|p=225}} In order to defeat the kulshedra he uses [[lightning]]-swords and [[thunderbolts]] as his most powerful weapons, but he also uses [[Meteorite|meteoric stones]], piles of trees and rocks, eventually protecting mankind from storms, fire, droughts, floods and other natural disasters caused by kulshedra's destructive power.{{sfn|Tirta|2004|p=125}}{{sfnp|West|2007|p=259}}{{sfnp|Doja|2005|p=451–453}} Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of their battles.{{sfnp|Durham|1910|p=456}} The drangue and their myth are extensively and accurately portrayed in the Albanian folk tale "[[The Boy who was Brother to the Drague]]".{{sfn|Wheeler|1936|pp=247–280}}

Also seen as a lightning deity, the Drangue appears to be an Albanian equivalent of the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Indo-European]] sky deity, holding the position of a chief god,{{sfn|Tirta|2004|p=127}} expressly held by [[Zojz (deity)|Zojz]] in Albanian pagan mythology. The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with [[weather god|thunder and weather]] – like drangue – who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water, storms, and drought – like kulshedra – is a common motif of Indo-European mythology. The original legend may have symbolized the [[Chaos (cosmogony)#Chaoskampf|''Chaoskampf'']], a clash between forces of order and chaos.{{snf|Watkins|1995|pages=299–300}} In Albanian mythology the legendary battle between drangue and kulshedra is the most famous representation of the [[Dualism in cosmology|dualistic]] struggle between [[good and evil]].<ref>{{harvnb|Elsie|1994|p=i}}; {{harvnb|Poghirc|1987|p=179}}</ref>


==Name and etymology==
==Name and etymology==
Line 10: Line 12:


==Origin of the myth==
==Origin of the myth==
The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with [[weather god|thunder and weather]], like drangue, who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water and storms, like [[kulshedra]], has been preserved from a common motif of [[Indo-European mythology]].{{sfnp|West|2007|pp=358–359}} Similar characters with different names but same motifs representing the dichotomy of "good and evil" – mainly reflected by the protection of the community from storms – are found also in the folklore of other [[Balkans|Balkan]] peoples.
The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with [[weather god|thunder and weather]], like drangue, who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water and storms, like [[kulshedra]], has been preserved from a common motif of [[Indo-European mythology]].{{sfnp|West|2007|pp=358–359}} The original legend may have symbolized the [[Chaos (cosmogony)#Chaoskampf|''Chaoskampf'']], a clash between forces of order and chaos.{{snf|Watkins|1995|pages=299–300}} Similar characters with different names but same motifs representing the dichotomy of "good and evil" – mainly reflected by the protection of the community from storms – are found also in the folklore of other [[Balkans|Balkan]] peoples.


==Birth==
==Birth==
Line 75: Line 77:
* {{citation|last=Röhrich |first=Lutz |author-link=Lutz Röhrich |title=Folktales and Reality |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhrgAAAAMAAJ&q=kulshedra |isbn=025335028X}}
* {{citation|last=Röhrich |first=Lutz |author-link=Lutz Röhrich |title=Folktales and Reality |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhrgAAAAMAAJ&q=kulshedra |isbn=025335028X}}
* {{cite book|last=Nopcsa|first=Franzs|year=1923|title=Albanien. Religiöse Anschauungen, Sitten und Gebräuche}}
* {{cite book|last=Nopcsa|first=Franzs|year=1923|title=Albanien. Religiöse Anschauungen, Sitten und Gebräuche}}
*{{cite book|last=Poghirc|first=Cicerone|title=The Encyclopedia of Religion|volume=1|chapter=Albanian Religion|editor=Mircea Eliade|place=New York|publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co|year=1987|pages=178–180}}
* {{cite book|last=Roques|first=Mario|year=1932|title=Le dictionnaire albanais}}
* {{cite book|last=Roques|first=Mario|year=1932|title=Le dictionnaire albanais}}
* {{cite book|last=Shkurti|first=Spiro|year=1989|title=Légendes et rites païens concernant la charrue|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Shkurti|first=Spiro|year=1989|title=Légendes et rites païens concernant la charrue|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|last=Tirta|first=Mark|title=Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë|language=sq|editor=Petrit Bezhani|publisher=Mësonjëtorja|year=2004|place=Tirana|isbn=99927-938-9-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Tirta|first=Mark|title=Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë|language=sq|editor=Petrit Bezhani|publisher=Mësonjëtorja|year=2004|place=Tirana|isbn=99927-938-9-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Treimer|first=Karl|editor=Henrik Barić |title=Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju|volume=I|chapter=Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie |pages=27–33|publisher=R. Trofenik|year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTIBAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Treimer|first=Karl|editor=Henrik Barić |title=Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju|volume=I|chapter=Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie |pages=27–33|publisher=R. Trofenik|year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTIBAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|author-link=Calvert Watkins|title=How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|location=London|isbn=978-0-19-514413-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoF7PwAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|last=West|first=Morris L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0199280759|author-link=Martin Litchfield West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC}}
*{{cite book|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|last=West|first=Morris L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0199280759|author-link=Martin Litchfield West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC}}
*{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=G. Post|title=Albanian Wonder Tales|place=New York|publisher=The Junior Literary Guild and Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc.|year=1936|pages=247–280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vApAQAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=G. Post|title=Albanian Wonder Tales|place=New York|publisher=The Junior Literary Guild and Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc.|year=1936|pages=247–280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vApAQAAMAAJ}}

Revision as of 09:42, 31 July 2024

The drangùe (Albanian definite form: drangùa, drangòni) is a semi-human winged divine hero in Albanian pagan mythology, associated with weather and storms. Babies destined to become drangue are born with their heads covered in caul and with two or sometimes four wings under their arms. The drangue hold supernatural powers, especially in the wings and arms. A drangùe is made invulnerable by the singular conjunction produced at his birth, and can die only if this conjunction is repeated once again.[1][2]

The main goal of the drangue is to fight the kulshedra in legendary battles.[3] In order to defeat the kulshedra he uses lightning-swords and thunderbolts as his most powerful weapons, but he also uses meteoric stones, piles of trees and rocks, eventually protecting mankind from storms, fire, droughts, floods and other natural disasters caused by kulshedra's destructive power.[4][5][2] Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of their battles.[6] The drangue and their myth are extensively and accurately portrayed in the Albanian folk tale "The Boy who was Brother to the Drague".[7]

Also seen as a lightning deity, the Drangue appears to be an Albanian equivalent of the Indo-European sky deity, holding the position of a chief god,[8] expressly held by Zojz in Albanian pagan mythology. The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with thunder and weather – like drangue – who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water, storms, and drought – like kulshedra – is a common motif of Indo-European mythology. The original legend may have symbolized the Chaoskampf, a clash between forces of order and chaos.[9] In Albanian mythology the legendary battle between drangue and kulshedra is the most famous representation of the dualistic struggle between good and evil.[10]

Name and etymology

Standard Albanian form of the name is dragùa (def. dragói).[11][12][13] A common dialectal variant is drangue.[11] Durham recorded the form drangoni.[6]

The Albanian term drangùe/dragùa is related to drangë, drëngë, drëngëzë, "a small fresh-water fish that does not grow very big", and to Gheg Albanian drãng, "kitten, puppy, cub", generally used for a "wild baby animal", most likely related to the singular birth conditions of this mythological figure.[14] In Albanian tradition, there are two semantic features of the term dragùa. Some of the earliest Albanian works includes the term dragùa to describe a dragon or hydra-like monster, such as found in Roman mythology and in Balkan folklore.[15] With the same meaning other old sources use instead the term kulshedra. The other semantic sense of the term dragùa, which is widespread in collective Albanian beliefs, is that of a hero battling the Kulshedra, a mythological tradition already attested in the 17th century Albanian texts, such as the 1635 Dictionarium Latino-Epiroticum by Frang Bardhi.[16] The term drangue is also used in some Albanian dialects (including also the Arbëresh) with the meaning of "lion" and "noble animal".

Origin of the myth

The legendary battle of a heroic deity associated with thunder and weather, like drangue, who fights and slays a huge multi-headed serpent associated with water and storms, like kulshedra, has been preserved from a common motif of Indo-European mythology.[17] The original legend may have symbolized the Chaoskampf, a clash between forces of order and chaos.[9] Similar characters with different names but same motifs representing the dichotomy of "good and evil" – mainly reflected by the protection of the community from storms – are found also in the folklore of other Balkan peoples.

Birth

Babies destined to become dragùa are born "wearing shirts" and qeleshes, with two or four wings under their arms. This notion that the predestined hero are born "in a chemise" does not refer to them literally wearing articles of clothing; rather, these are babies born with their heads covered in caul, or amniotic membrane.[18][19]

In some regions (such as Celza parish), it is said that dragùa babies are only born to parents whose lineage have not committed adultery for three generations, or from mothers who were kulshedras.[20][13][21]

Appearance and attributes

The drangues are semi-human warriors with extraordinary strength, giving them the ability to tear trees out of the ground and throw large boulders at their enemies. They can also cast lightning bolts and meteors, or whole houses.[19][12]

The wings and arms of a dragùa are thought to be the source of his power and if their bodies are dissected, a golden heart with a jewel in the middle of it will be found.[20][13]

As warrior fighting the kulshedra, he is armed with the "beam of the plow and the plow-share",[22] or a "pitchfork and the post from the threshing floor, and with the big millstones".[23] He also employs his cradle as a shield to parry blows from the kulshedra.[24]

These heroes may live unnoticed among humans and are thought to be "invulnerable, untouchable, and undefeatable".[14] They have "supernatural powers which become apparent while they are still babies in their cradles. When thunder and lightning strike Dragùas assemble with their cradles at the Dragùa gathering place".[13]

In southeastern Albanian regions of Pogradec and Korça, the dragùa is "envisaged.. as a beautiful strong horse with wings, who defends civilization and mankind".[13]

"Male animals can also be born as dragùas. Black rams will attack a Kulshedra with their horns, and black roosters will furiously pick out its eyes. Only billy goats can never be dragùas".[13]

Battle with kulshedra

Heavy thunderstorms are believed to be the result of the battles waged between the drangùe and the kulshedra.[6]
Further information: Kulshedra § Battles with Dragùa

Thunderstorms are conceived as battles between the drangues and the kulshedras, the roll of thunder taken to be the sounds of their weapons clashing.[19][12] This shares many similarities with chaoskampf, a mythological trope of the Proto-Indo-European religion, where a Storm God battles a many-headed Sea Serpent. Drangues are believed to perpetually battle with the Kulshedra. Or he is said to have slain her for good, having knocked her unconscious by throwing trees and boulders at her, and afterwards drowning her in the Shkumbin River, according to the localized lore of central Albania.[19][12]

In the Highland Lute

In the Lahuta e Malcís (English: Highland Lute)—one of the most important heroic epics of Albania—the drangues are presented as the personification of the Albanian Highlands heroes, and are the central figures of the 16th and 17th cantos.[25] In the 16th canto a kulshedra escapes from a cave in Shalë to take revenge on Vocerr Bala, a drangue.[25] A force of drangues gather and defeat the kulshedra. After the battle they are invited by oras, female protective spirits, to celebrate their victory.[25]

In the 17th canto the central figures are two drangues named Rrustem Uka and Xhem Sadrija.[25] After preparing for a wedding ceremony, they travel to Qafë Hardhi (English: Grapevine Pass) to rest. While cleaning their weapons and smoking, they discover that eight Montenegrin battalions, consisting of three hundred soldiers led by Mark Milani, are marching against Plava and Gucia.[25] The two drangues, with the help of local shepherds, defend Qafë Hardhi and force the Montenegrins to retreat at Sutjeska.[25]

Modern beliefs

The belief that a dragùa can be born every day has persisted among Albanian mountain folk until recently, and there are still elderly people alive who espouse the belief.[12][21]

In Malësia, a region in northern Albania and southern Montenegro inhabited mostly by Albanians, the locals believe that the drangues exist and live among them.[26]

Syncretism in Albanian folklore

18th century icon of Saint George and the Dragon by Çetiri brothers, from Ardenica Monastery, now in the National Museum of Medieval Art in Tirana.

In Albanian folklore, Saint George and Saint Elias (also identified with the Old Testament prophet Elijah, possibly due to confusion with the Greek “Helios” as a translation of Late Ancient deity Sol Invictus) both have stories in which they fight (and defeat) a Bolla/Kulshedra. Saint Elias, in particular, is identified in some regions with the Dragùa and is also a weather god and provides protection against storms and fire.[27][28]

See also

Sources

Citations

  1. ^ Tirta (2004), pp. 121–132.
  2. ^ a b Doja (2005), p. 451–453.
  3. ^ Elsie (2001b), p. 225.
  4. ^ Tirta 2004, p. 125.
  5. ^ West (2007), p. 259.
  6. ^ a b c Durham (1910), p. 456.
  7. ^ Wheeler 1936, pp. 247–280.
  8. ^ Tirta 2004, p. 127.
  9. ^ a b Watkins 1995, pp. 299–300.
  10. ^ Elsie 1994, p. i; Poghirc 1987, p. 179
  11. ^ a b Fishta, Elsie & Mathie-Heck (2005), p. 415.
  12. ^ a b c d e Doja (2005), p. 451.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Elsie (2001a), pp. 74–76.
  14. ^ a b Doja (2005), p. 452.
  15. ^ Çabej (1987), pp. 300–302 cited by Doja (2005), p. 451.
  16. ^ Roques (1932) cited by Doja (2005), p. 451
  17. ^ West (2007), pp. 358–359.
  18. ^ Doja (2005), pp. 449–451.
  19. ^ a b c d Lowie (2007), p. 523.
  20. ^ a b Lambertz (1922), p. 12.
  21. ^ a b Röhrich (1991), p. 153.
  22. ^ Nopcsa (1923) cited by Doja (2005), p. 451
  23. ^ Shkurti (1989) cited by Doja (2005), p. 451
  24. ^ Doja (2005), pp. 451–452.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Fishta, Elsie & Mathie-Heck (2005), pp. 2, 133, 148.
  26. ^ Röhrich (1964), p. 172.
  27. ^ Elsie (2001a), pp. 46–47.
  28. ^ Elsie (2000), pp. 43–45.

Bibliography

  • Çabej, Eqrem (1987). Studime etimologjike ne fushë të shqipes - Etudes d'étymologie albanaise. Vol. 3 (C-D).
  • Doja, Albert [in Albanian] (2005), "Mythology and Destiny" (PDF), Anthropos, 100 (2): 449–462, doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2005-2-449, JSTOR 40466549
  • Durham, M. Edith (1910), "High Albania and its Customs in 1908", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 40: 453–472, doi:10.2307/2843266, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2697dj8z, JSTOR 2843266
  • Elsie, Robert (2000). The Christian Saints of Albania. Vol. 13. Balkanistica.
  • Elsie, Robert (2001a). A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 1-85065-570-7.
  • Elsie, Robert (2001b). Albanian Folktales and Legends. Dukagjini Publishing House.
  • Fishta, Gjergj; Elsie, Robert; Mathie-Heck, Janice (2005). The highland lute: (Lahuta e malcís) : the Albanian national epic. Centre for Albanian Studies (London). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-118-4.
  • Lambertz, Maximilian (1922). Albanische Märchen und andere Texte zur albanischen Volkskunde. Wien: Alfred Hölder. hdl:2027/inu.30000115238242.
  • Lowie, Robert H. (2007). An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-1765-5.
  • Röhrich, Lutz (1964). Märchen und Wirklichkeit: eine volkskundliche Untersuchung (in German). F. Steiner. ISBN 3-89676-380-6.
  • Röhrich, Lutz (1991), Folktales and Reality, Indiana University Press, ISBN 025335028X
  • Nopcsa, Franzs (1923). Albanien. Religiöse Anschauungen, Sitten und Gebräuche.
  • Poghirc, Cicerone (1987). "Albanian Religion". In Mircea Eliade (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 1. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. pp. 178–180.
  • Roques, Mario (1932). Le dictionnaire albanais.
  • Shkurti, Spiro (1989). Légendes et rites païens concernant la charrue (in French).
  • Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. ISBN 99927-938-9-9.
  • Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie". In Henrik Barić (ed.). Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju. Vol. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27–33.
  • Watkins, Calvert (1995). How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514413-0.
  • West, Morris L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199280759.
  • Wheeler, G. Post (1936). Albanian Wonder Tales. New York: The Junior Literary Guild and Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc. pp. 247–280.
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