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*[[MF88]]
*[[MF88]]
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{{Expand French|MF 88|date=September 2020|topic=transport}}{{Unreferenced|date=December 2018}}
{{Expand French|MF 88|date=September 2020|topic=transport}}
{{Infobox EMU
{{Infobox EMU
| background = #8FD5BB
| background = #8FD5BB
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| interiorcaption = Interior of MF 88 trainset
| interiorcaption = Interior of MF 88 trainset
| service = 1993–present
| service = 1993–present
| manufacturer = [[Alstom]], [[Faiveley Transport|Faiveley]], [[Renault]], [[Ateliers du Nord de la France|ANF]]
| manufacturer = [[Alstom|GEC Alsthom]], [[Faiveley Transport|Faiveley]], [[Renault]], [[Ateliers du Nord de la France|ANF]]
| replaced = [[Sprague-Thomson]]
| replaced = [[Sprague-Thomson]]
| constructed = 1990–1992
| constructed = 1990–1992
Line 38: Line 38:
| carlength = {{cvt|15.15|m|ftin}}
| carlength = {{cvt|15.15|m|ftin}}
| maxspeed = {{Unbulleted list
| maxspeed = {{Unbulleted list
| Design: {{cvt|70|km/h|0}}
| Design: {{cvt|80|km/h|0}}<ref name="gatson" />
| Service: {{cvt|40|km/h|0}}
| Service: {{cvt|70|km/h|0}} (Initial)<br>{{cvt|40|km/h|0}} (Current)<ref name="gatson" />
}}
}}
| traction = Alstom [[gate turn-off thyristor|GTO]]-[[VVVF]]
| traction = GEC Alshtom [[gate turn-off thyristor|GTO]]-[[VVVF]]
| traction motors = 3-phase AC [[induction motor]] type 4ELA 2552
| traction motors = 3-phase AC [[induction motor]] type 4ELA 2552
| poweroutput = {{cvt|840|kW|hp|lk=on}}
| poweroutput = {{cvt|840|kW|hp|lk=on}}
Line 48: Line 48:
| uicclass = Bo'Bo'+2'2'+Bo'Bo'
| uicclass = Bo'Bo'+2'2'+Bo'Bo'
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| deceleration = {{convert|0.9|m/s2|abbr=on}} (Service)<br>{{convert|1.1|m/s2|abbr=on}} (Emergency)<ref name="gatson" />
}}
}}


The '''MF&nbsp;88''' ({{lang-fr|'''M'''étro '''F'''er appel d'offres de 19'''88'''}}; {{lang-en|Steel-wheeled metro ordered in 1988}}) is a steel-wheel variant of [[electric multiple unit]]s used on [[Paris]]'s [[Paris Métro|Métro]] system. [[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]] contracted a consortium of manufacturers, with [[Ateliers du Nord de la France]] (now [[Bombardier Transportation]]) in charge of the project. They were built following successful tests of a [[prototype]] train-set called the "BOA", derived from the [[MF 77]], which tested new features such as [[open gangway]] connections between cars to improve passenger distribution and special [[bogie]]s to reduce [[friction]] caused by the sharp curves found in the Métro network. It is planned for the [[MF 19]] rolling stock to replace the MF&nbsp;88 in 2025.
The '''MF&nbsp;88''' ({{lang-fr|'''M'''étro '''F'''er appel d'offres de 19'''88'''}}; {{lang-en|Steel-wheeled metro ordered in 1988}}) is a steel-wheel variant of [[electric multiple unit]]s used on [[Paris]]'s [[Paris Métro|Métro]] system. [[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]] contracted a consortium of manufacturers, with [[Ateliers du Nord de la France]] in charge of the project.

They were built following successful tests of a [[prototype]] train-set called the "BOA", derived from the [[MF 77]], which tested new features such as [[open gangway]] connections between cars to improve passenger distribution and special [[bogie]]s to reduce [[friction]] caused by the sharp curves found in the Métro network. The MF 88 introduced a number of innovations in its time, including AC induction motors and an on-board computer system using a new standard integrated computing architecture.<ref name="computers">{{cite journal |last1=Bancelin |first1=J |last2=Bordenave |first2=H |title=Test and Development Bench for an In-Borne Computing Architecture |journal=Control, Computers, Communications in Transportation |date=10 July 1990 |page=15-18}}</ref><ref name="computer2">{{cite journal |last1=Boullie |first1=JB |last2=Brun |first2=M |title=A new rolling stock architecture using safety computers and networks |journal=Proceeding International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks |date=6 August 2002 |doi=10.1109/ICDSN.2000.857529}}</ref> It is planned for the [[MF 19]] rolling stock to replace the MF&nbsp;88 in 2025.<ref name="replacement">{{cite news |last1=Philippe-Enrico |first1=Attal |title=MF 19, le renouveau des rames fer du métro |url=https://www.railpassion.fr/materiel-actualites-rp/mf-19-renouveau-rames-fer-metro/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Rail Passion (Magazine) |date=10 July 2018}}</ref>


== Design ==
== Design ==
Carrying on the features of the BOA, a total of nine MF&nbsp;88 train-sets were built, which have only ever operated on [[Paris Métro Line 7bis|Line 7bis]] in a three-car formation. It was the first model with AC motors as opposed to DC and with interconnecting gangways.<ref name="Metropole">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro-pole.net/expl/materiel/mf88/mf88.html |title=Article MétroPole - « Le MF 88 » |language=French |date=2006-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716170337/http://www.metro-pole.net/expl/materiel/mf88/mf88.html |archivedate=2006-07-16 }}</ref> It was also the last model not newly built with automatic announcements and with user-activated doors (all subsequent models, as well as more recently the MF&nbsp;77s on Line 13, have had all doors open at once). The high rate of wear-and-tear of the train-sets has made maintenance much more expensive than expected. This is because of the design flaw in the [[chassis]], each bogie only has one [[axle]], similar to a typical car, bus, some [[Rubber-tyred metro|rubber-tyred trains]] (although the rubber-tyred lines of the Paris Métro use the typical 2-axle bogies), or certain [[Railbus|railbuses]], but unusual for a more “standard” railcar, especially one powered by electricity. <ref name="technical specifications">[https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Deliberation_no2013-534_-_Schema_directeur_materiel_metro.pdf STIF - ''Schéma directeur du matériel métro''][[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.iledefrance-mobilites.fr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F04%2FDeliberation_no2013-534_-_Schema_directeur_materiel_metro.pdf%2Findex.html Archived]]</ref>
Carrying on the features of the BOA,<ref name="janes" /> a total of nine MF&nbsp;88 train-sets were built, which have only ever operated on [[Paris Métro Line 7bis|Line 7bis]] in a three-car formation. It was the first model with AC motors, supplied by GEC Alsthom,<ref name="janes">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Geoffrey Freeman |title=Jane's World Railways 1991-92 |date=1 November 1991 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=9780710609557 |page=74 |edition=33rd }}</ref> as opposed to DC and with interconnecting gangways.<ref name="Metropole">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro-pole.net/expl/materiel/mf88/mf88.html |title=Article MétroPole - « Le MF 88 » |language=French |date=2006-01-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716170337/http://www.metro-pole.net/expl/materiel/mf88/mf88.html |archivedate=2006-07-16 }}</ref><ref name="janes" /> The MF&nbsp;88 was also the first to adopt a new computing architecture, developed by TechnicAtome, over relay-based systems used in older Paris Metro rolling stock.<ref name="computers" /><ref name="computer2" /> It also introduced an independent-wheeled steering axle design,<ref name="janes"/> but this turned out to cause several problems for RATP and was not adopted in subsequent Paris Metro rolling stock.<ref name="Metropole" />
It was also the last model not newly built with automatic announcements and with user-activated doors (all subsequent models, as well as more recently the MF&nbsp;77s on Line 13, have had all doors open at once). The high rate of wear-and-tear of the train-sets has made maintenance much more expensive than expected. The independent-wheeled steering axle design was found to be problematic and was causing excessive wear on the track.<ref name="gatson">{{cite book |last1=Gaston |first1=Jacobs |title=Le métro de Paris : Un siècle de matériel roulant |publisher=La Vie du Rail |isbn=9782902808977 |page=167-170}}</ref> This is because of the design flaw in the [[chassis]], each bogie only has one [[axle]], similar to a typical car, bus, some [[Rubber-tyred metro|rubber-tyred trains]] (although the rubber-tyred lines of the Paris Métro use the typical 2-axle bogies), or certain [[Railbus|railbuses]], but unusual for a more “standard” railcar, especially one powered by electricity.<ref name="technical specifications">[https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Deliberation_no2013-534_-_Schema_directeur_materiel_metro.pdf STIF - ''Schéma directeur du matériel métro''][[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.iledefrance-mobilites.fr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F04%2FDeliberation_no2013-534_-_Schema_directeur_materiel_metro.pdf%2Findex.html Archived]]</ref>


==Technical specifications==
==Technical specifications==
* Manufacturers: [[Alstom]], [[Faiveley Transport|Faiveley]], [[Renault]], [[Ateliers du Nord de la France|ANF]]
* Manufacturers: [[Alstom|GEC Alsthom]], [[Faiveley Transport|Faiveley]], [[Renault]], [[Ateliers du Nord de la France|ANF]]
* Electric source: {{750 V DC|conductor=third rail}}
* Electric source: {{750 V DC|conductor=third rail}}
* Traction: [[Gate turn-off thyristor]] (GTO)
* Traction: [[Gate turn-off thyristor]] (GTO)
* Power: 2 [[Traction motor|motors]] per motor coach with {{convert|210|kW|hp|abbr=on}} each, {{convert|840|kW|hp|abbr=on}} total per train
* Power: 2 [[Traction motor|motors]] per motor coach with {{convert|210|kW|hp|abbr=on}} each, {{convert|840|kW|hp|abbr=on}} total per train
* Maximum speed: {{convert|70|km/h|abbr=on}}
* Maximum operating speed: {{convert|70|km/h|abbr=on}}, currently reduced to {{convert|40|km/h|abbr=on}} due to rolling stock's condition<ref name="gatson" />
* Bogies: Bi-directional
* Bogies: Bi-directional
* Length: {{convert|46.44|m|ftin|frac=32}}
* Length: {{convert|46.44|m|ftin|frac=32}}

Revision as of 19:14, 17 June 2024

MF 88
MF 88 trainset at Louis Blanc station on Line 7bis.
Interior of MF 88 trainset
In service1993–present
ManufacturerGEC Alsthom, Faiveley, Renault, ANF
ReplacedSprague-Thomson
Constructed1990–1992
Scrapped2013
Number built27 cars (9 trainsets)
Number scrapped3 cars (1 trainset)
SuccessorMF 19
Formation3 cars per trainset
Capacity425 people per trainset
OperatorsRATP
Lines servedParis Métro Paris Métro Line 7bis
Specifications
Train length45.44 m (149 ft 1 in)
Car length15.15 m (49 ft 8 in)
Maximum speed
  • Design: 80 km/h (50 mph)[1]
  • Service: 70 km/h (43 mph) (Initial)
    40 km/h (25 mph) (Current)[1]
Traction systemGEC Alshtom GTO-VVVF
Traction motors3-phase AC induction motor type 4ELA 2552
Power output840 kW (1,130 hp)
Deceleration0.9 m/s2 (3.0 ft/s2) (Service)
1.1 m/s2 (3.6 ft/s2) (Emergency)[1]
Electric system(s)Third rail, 750 V DC
Current collector(s)Contact shoe
UIC classificationBo'Bo'+2'2'+Bo'Bo'
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

The MF 88 (French: Métro Fer appel d'offres de 1988; English: Steel-wheeled metro ordered in 1988) is a steel-wheel variant of electric multiple units used on Paris's Métro system. RATP contracted a consortium of manufacturers, with Ateliers du Nord de la France in charge of the project.

They were built following successful tests of a prototype train-set called the "BOA", derived from the MF 77, which tested new features such as open gangway connections between cars to improve passenger distribution and special bogies to reduce friction caused by the sharp curves found in the Métro network. The MF 88 introduced a number of innovations in its time, including AC induction motors and an on-board computer system using a new standard integrated computing architecture.[2][3] It is planned for the MF 19 rolling stock to replace the MF 88 in 2025.[4]

Design

Carrying on the features of the BOA,[5] a total of nine MF 88 train-sets were built, which have only ever operated on Line 7bis in a three-car formation. It was the first model with AC motors, supplied by GEC Alsthom,[5] as opposed to DC and with interconnecting gangways.[6][5] The MF 88 was also the first to adopt a new computing architecture, developed by TechnicAtome, over relay-based systems used in older Paris Metro rolling stock.[2][3] It also introduced an independent-wheeled steering axle design,[5] but this turned out to cause several problems for RATP and was not adopted in subsequent Paris Metro rolling stock.[6]

It was also the last model not newly built with automatic announcements and with user-activated doors (all subsequent models, as well as more recently the MF 77s on Line 13, have had all doors open at once). The high rate of wear-and-tear of the train-sets has made maintenance much more expensive than expected. The independent-wheeled steering axle design was found to be problematic and was causing excessive wear on the track.[1] This is because of the design flaw in the chassis, each bogie only has one axle, similar to a typical car, bus, some rubber-tyred trains (although the rubber-tyred lines of the Paris Métro use the typical 2-axle bogies), or certain railbuses, but unusual for a more “standard” railcar, especially one powered by electricity.[7]

Technical specifications

  • Manufacturers: GEC Alsthom, Faiveley, Renault, ANF
  • Electric source: Third rail, 750 V DC
  • Traction: Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
  • Power: 2 motors per motor coach with 210 kW (280 hp) each, 840 kW (1,130 hp) total per train
  • Maximum operating speed: 70 km/h (43 mph), currently reduced to 40 km/h (25 mph) due to rolling stock's condition[1]
  • Bogies: Bi-directional
  • Length: 46.44 metres (152 ft 4+11⁄32 in)
Arrival of a MF 88 on Line 7bis
Departure of a MF 88 on Line 7bis

Formations

As of 1 September 2022, eight MF 88 trainsets were in service and were formed as shown below. One trainset was scrapped in 2013.[8]

As of 1 March 2022, eight trainsets were allocated to Pré Saint-Gervais Depot (Paris) for use on Line 7bis in a 3-car formation (two motor cars, one trailer).

 
← Louis Blanc
Pré St Gervais →
 
 
Car No. 1 2 3
Type M T M
Designation 88M.xxx 88B. xxx 88M. xxx
Equipment VVVF CP, SIV VVVF
Wikimedia Commons has media related to MF 88.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Gaston, Jacobs. Le métro de Paris : Un siècle de matériel roulant. La Vie du Rail. p. 167-170. ISBN 9782902808977.
  2. ^ a b Bancelin, J; Bordenave, H (10 July 1990). "Test and Development Bench for an In-Borne Computing Architecture". Control, Computers, Communications in Transportation: 15-18.
  3. ^ a b Boullie, JB; Brun, M (6 August 2002). "A new rolling stock architecture using safety computers and networks". Proceeding International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. doi:10.1109/ICDSN.2000.857529.
  4. ^ Philippe-Enrico, Attal (10 July 2018). "MF 19, le renouveau des rames fer du métro". Rail Passion (Magazine). Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d Allen, Geoffrey Freeman (1 November 1991). Jane's World Railways 1991-92 (33rd ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 74. ISBN 9780710609557.
  6. ^ a b "Article MétroPole - « Le MF 88 »" (in French). 2006-01-05. Archived from the original on 2006-07-16.
  7. ^ STIF - Schéma directeur du matériel métro[Archived]
  8. ^ Colin, Pierre (2023). "Paris : le matériel RATP du métro à fin 2022". Réseaux urbains (169): 41–44.
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