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{{Infobox earthquake |
{{Infobox earthquake |
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| name = 2024 |
| name = 2024 Punjab earthquake |
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| image = |
| image = |
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| map2 = {{Location map | Pakistan |
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|relief=1 |
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| coord = {{coord|-6.372|151.267}} |
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| label= |
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| lat=31.605 |
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| long=71.760 |
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| mark=Bullseye1.png |
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| caption = Epicenter of the mainshock |
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| marksize=50 |
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| position=top |
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| width= 260 |
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| float=right |
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| mark = Bullseye1.svg |
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| caption=}} |
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| mark-coord = {{coord|-6.372|151.267}} |
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| mark-description =M8.4 |
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}} |
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| alt = |
| alt = |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| |
| map = <!-- file name only --> |
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| map_alt = |
| map_alt = |
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| map_caption = |
| map_caption = |
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| pushpin_map = <!-- as per Template:Location map --> |
| pushpin_map = <!-- as per Template:Location map --> |
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| timestamp = 2024-06- |
| timestamp = 2024-06-16 21:47:21 |
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| isc-event = |
| isc-event = |
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| anss-url = |
| anss-url = |
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| local-date = |
| local-date = 17 June 2024 |
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| local-time = |
| local-time = 02:47:21 [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]] |
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| duration = |
| duration = |
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| magnitude = |
| magnitude = 8.1 {{M|w|link=y}}<br>7.9 {{M|ww|link=y}} |
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| depth = {{convert| |
| depth = {{convert|18.2|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} |
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| location = {{coord| |
| location = {{coord|3.980|S|152.169|E}} |
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| type = [[Fault (geology)| |
| type = [[Fault (geology)|Strike-slip]] |
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| affected = |
| affected = northern and eastern [[Pakistan]] |
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| intensity = {{MMI| |
| intensity = {{MMI|8}} |
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| pga = <!--1.83 ''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]''--> |
| pga = <!--1.83 ''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]''--> |
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| damage = <!--US$34.5 billion--> |
| damage = <!--US$34.5 billion--> |
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| foreshocks = |
| foreshocks = |
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| aftershocks = |
| aftershocks = |
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| casualties = |
| casualties = |
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}} |
}} |
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On |
On 17 June 2024, at 02:47:21 PKT (21:47 UTC on 16 June), an earthquake of {{M|ww}} 7.9 struck northern and eastern Pakistan. The epicenter was {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} northwest of [[Mahni]], in [[Bhakkar District]].<ref>Ref</ref> It had a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe'').<ref>Ref</ref> |
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The |
The {{M|ww|link=y}} 7.9 earthquake is the largest in Pakistan since the [[1945 Balochistan earthquake]], and the third-largest in the country.<ref>Ref</ref> It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in [[South Asia]].<ref>Ref</ref> It was felt as far as [[Russia]] and [[Yemen]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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==Tectonic setting== |
==Tectonic setting== |
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The primary tectonic feature of the {{convert|1200|km|abbr=on}} island chain is the New Hebrides Subduction Zone, the [[Convergent boundary|convergent]] boundary of the Indo-Australian and [[Pacific Plate]]s. Along the [[Wadati–Benioff zone]], earthquake activity has been observed as shallow, intermediate, and [[Deep-focus earthquake|deep-focus]] events at depths of up to {{convert|700|km|abbr=on}}. Volcanic activity is also present along this north-northwest trending and northeast-[[Strike and dip|dipping]] [[oceanic trench]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
The primary tectonic feature of the {{convert|1200|km|abbr=on}} island chain is the New Hebrides Subduction Zone, the [[Convergent boundary|convergent]] boundary of the Indo-Australian and [[Pacific Plate]]s. Along the [[Wadati–Benioff zone]], earthquake activity has been observed as shallow, intermediate, and [[Deep-focus earthquake|deep-focus]] events at depths of up to {{convert|700|km|abbr=on}}. Volcanic activity is also present along this north-northwest trending and northeast-[[Strike and dip|dipping]] [[oceanic trench]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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While much of the [[island arc]] experiences intermediate-depth earthquakes along a Wadati–Benioff zone that dips steeply at 70°, the area adjacent to the [[d'Entrecasteaux Ridge]] does not. There is a corresponding gap in seismicity that occurs below {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} where it intrudes into the subduction zone from the west. According to the NUVEL-1 global relative plate motion model, convergence is occurring at roughly {{convert|8|cm|abbr=on}} per year. The uncertainty, which also affects the Tonga arc, is due to the influence of [[Divergent boundary|spreading]] at the [[North Fiji Basin]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
While much of the [[island arc]] experiences intermediate-depth earthquakes along a Wadati–Benioff zone that dips steeply at 70°, the area adjacent to the [[d'Entrecasteaux Ridge]] does not. There is a corresponding gap in seismicity that occurs below {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} where it intrudes into the subduction zone from the west. According to the NUVEL-1 global relative plate motion model, convergence is occurring at roughly {{convert|8|cm|abbr=on}} per year. The uncertainty, which also affects the Tonga arc, is due to the influence of [[Divergent boundary|spreading]] at the [[North Fiji Basin]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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==Earthquake== |
==Earthquake== |
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The [[United States Geological Survey]] measured the earthquake at moment magnitude 7.9 ({{M|ww|link=y}}). The epicenter was located in [[Bhakkar District]], in a fairly remote area of Punjab Province.<ref>Ref</ref> The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to shallow strike-slip faulting.<ref>Ref</ref> Rupturing occurred on either a northeast–southwest striking, northwest dipping or northeast–southwest striking, northeast dipping fault.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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The USGS initially reported a magnitude of {{M|i}}8.1, before revising it to {{M|w}}7.9 shortly after.<ref>Ref</ref> Several hours later, the earthquake was revised to 8.5, and then 8.8. Two days later, it was upgraded to {{M|w}}8.9.<ref>Ref</ref> On 9 June, they revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0, before upgrading it to {{M|w}}9.2 in August, following a re-evaluation of the rupture area.<ref>Ref</ref> The PGA initially gave the earthquake a magnitude of {{M|s}}7.9 before quickly revising it to 8.4, then 8.8.<ref>Ref</ref> It was upgraded to 9.2 the following day.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Intensity=== |
===Intensity=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.3em" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.3em" |
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|- |
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![[JMA seismic intensity|Intensity]] |
![[JMA seismic intensity|Intensity]] |
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!Country |
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!Province |
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!Location |
!Location |
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|- |
|- |
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! style="background:#c80f0a; color:white;"|X |
! style="background:#c80f0a; color:white;"|X |
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|Pakistan |
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|New Britain |
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|[[Mandhra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Mandhra]], [[Khansar, Pakistan|Khansar]], [[Mahni]], [[Chund Bharwana]], [[Nawan Lahore]], [[Painsra]] |
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|Melkoi, [[Gasmata]], [[Kandrian]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! style="background:#f7100c; color:white;"|IX |
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|Pakistan |
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|New Britain |
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|[[ |
|[[Jhang]], [[Mari Shah Sakhira]], [[Mandi Shah Jeewna]], [[Bhakkar]], [[Darya Khan]], [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Paharpur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Paharpur]], [[Dijkot]], [[Dullewala]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! style="background:#fa8a11;"|VIII |
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|New Ireland |
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|Pakistan |
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|Konoagil, Ambitle |
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|[[Faisalabad]], [[Gojra]], [[Jaranwala]], [[Rodu Sultan]], [[Mankera]], [[Kalurkot]], [[Kundian]], [[Khurianwala]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! style="background:#fac611;"|VII |
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|Bougainville |
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|Pakistan |
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|Buka |
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|[[Sargodha]], [[Sahiwal]], [[Khushab]], [[Jauharabad], [[Chiniot]], [[Pindi Bhattian]], [[Sangla Hill Tehsil|Sangla Hill]], [[Shah Kot Tehsil|Shahkot]], [[Tandlianwala]], [[Kamalia]], [[Pir Mahal]], [[Tank (city)|Tank]], [[Kulachi]], [[Mianwali]], [[Lakki Marwat]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! style="background:#f9f518;"|VI |
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|Morobe |
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|Pakistan |
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|[[Finschhafen]], Sialum, Pindiu, Labuta, [[Nadzab]], Umboi |
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|[[Gujranwala]], [[Lahore]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Hafizabad]], [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], [[Sahiwal]], [[Multan]], [[Khanewal]], [[Bhalwal]], [[Kalabagh]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan=" |
! rowspan="3" style="background:#7bc87f;"|V |
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|Pakistan |
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|New Ireland |
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|[[Islamabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Kohat]], [[Peshawar]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Sialkot]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Muzaffargarh]], [[Bahawalpur]] |
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|[[Namatanai]], Tabar, Lihir, [[Sentral Niu Ailan Rural LLG|Niuailan]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|India |
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|Bouganville |
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|[[Amritsar]], [[Batala]], [[Abohar]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]], [[Sri Ganganagar]] |
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|Arawa, Buin, Shortland, Fauro |
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|- |
|- |
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|Afghanistan |
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|Morobe |
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|[[Khost Province|Khost]], [[Paktika Province|Paktika]] |
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|[[Lae]], Wasu, [[Bulolo]], Markham, Kabwum, Morobe, Gusap, [[Kaiapit]] |
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|- |
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|Oro |
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|Tamata, [[Popondetta]], [[Kokoda]] |
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|- |
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|Madang |
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|Long Island, [[Saidor]], Nayudo, Nahorawa, Usino |
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|- |
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|Moresby |
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|[[Port Moresby]], Kairiku |
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|- |
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|Milne Bay |
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|Kiriwina |
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|- |
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|Gizo |
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|Sagheraghi |
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|- |
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! rowspan="9" style="background:#fac611;"|VII |
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|New Ireland |
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|[[Kavieng]], New Hanover |
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|- |
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|Morobe |
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|Menyamya |
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|- |
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|Oro |
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|Tufi |
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|- |
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|Madang |
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|Karkar, [[Madang]], Bogia |
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|- |
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|Milne Bay |
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|[[Alotau]], Goodenough, Fergusson |
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|- |
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|Highlands |
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|[[Goroka]], [[Kainantu]], Wagumin, [[Kundiawa]] |
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|- |
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|Gulf |
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|[[Kerema]] |
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|- |
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|Choiseul |
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|Choiseul |
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|- |
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|Gizo |
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|Gizo |
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|- |
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! rowspan="9" style="background:#f9f518;"|VI |
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|Milne Bay |
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|[[Alotau]], Goodenough, Fergusson |
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|- |
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|Highlands |
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|[[Mount Hagen]], [[Wabag]], Tari, Mendi, Ialibu, Kagamuga |
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|- |
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|Gulf |
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|[[Kikori]] |
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|- |
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|Gizo |
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|New Georgia, Rendova |
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|- |
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|East Sepik |
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|[[Angoram]], [[Pagwi]], [[Ambunti]], [[Wewak]] |
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|- |
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|Manus |
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|[[Lorengau]] |
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|- |
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|Isabel |
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|[[Buala]] |
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|- |
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|Guadalcanal |
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|[[Honiara]] |
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|- |
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|Fly |
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|[[Daru]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|} |
|} |
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==Impact== |
==Impact== |
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=== |
===Estimations of losses=== |
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According to a professor of geophysics at the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]], the death toll could be higher than the [[2005 Kashimr earthquake]], in which over 87,300 people died.<ref>Ref</ref> The USGS' [[PAGER]] service estimated a 45 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000 and 32 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000. The service estimated a 35 percent probability of economical losses between US $10 billion and US $100 billion.<ref>Ref</ref> Meanwhile, Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 95,600 and 454,200, and an economic loss of around $60 billion USD.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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In [[Kandrian]], 12,454 people were killed, 9,381 others were injured and 1.2 million residents were displaced, with only 200,000 of the city's 1.4 million residents allowed to live in their homes after the disaster.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> The earthquake cut off all communications in the city, and most of the city's power lines were downed.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Of the 352,000 houses in the city, 108,050 collapsed and 173,130 more were badly damaged.<ref>Ref</ref> Numerous schools were among the buildings destroyed, with one school in the suburb of Rereng losing 231 students after it collapsed and was then flooded by the tsunami.<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Gasmata]], 483 people died, a majority of them in nearby villages destroyed by the tsunami.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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In [[Kokopo]], 3,614 people died and 91,110 others were injured.<ref>Ref</ref> Research found that 380 deaths were caused by landslides and 304 more were indirect; the rest were from collapsed buildings or falling debris.<ref>Ref</ref> Over four million people were affected, with 1.4 million displaced and rendered homeless, many of which now resided across 4,000 different evacuation centers.<ref>Ref</ref> Across the city, 220,364 houses and 10,164 buildings collapsed or were badly damaged, while an additional 871,920 structures were slightly damaged, 85% of which were houses; overall, damage occurred to 38.1% of Kokopo's housing stock, and 7% of the city's public buildings.<ref>Ref</ref> Additionally, seven hospitals and 40 bridges were severely damaged or destroyed.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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Severe damage to roads and communications were widespread, with all of Kokopo losing access to electricity until 10 June.<ref>Ref</ref> At least 896 deaths occurred in the city center.<ref>Ref</ref> Landslides also lead to the deaths of hundreds of people in remote mountainous villages south of the city.<ref>Ref</ref> Five historic shrines were destroyed and 10 more were badly damaged in the city.<ref>Ref</ref> In the village of Mungou, 914 of the 1,015 houses were severely damaged or destroyed, and 107 people died.<ref>Ref</ref> A landslide in the town of Arabam killed 76 people.<ref>Ref</ref> The densely-populated suburb of [[Rabaul]] was among the worst affected areas of Kokopo.<ref>Ref</ref> A 17th century shinto shrine collapsed there.<ref>Ref</ref> 15.18495939849624 |
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In [[Kimbe]], 12,951 people were killed, including 1,329 in the city center, with 67,703 others injured.<ref>Ref</ref> Numerous buildings were destroyed, including many shrines.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Damage was particulary severe in Morokea, with much of the island's historic infrastructure reduced to rubble.<ref>Ref</ref> The Morokea Tower, a nine-story apartment tower on the island, collapsed, leaving over 570 people buried beneath rubble.<ref>Ref</ref> Almost all of Tamba was reportedly "reduced to rubble" with only a few houses surviving; 973 people died in the town.<ref>Ref</ref> In Sarakolok, much of the down was destroyed and 642 people were killed.<ref>Ref</ref> All 2,530 houses in the town of Minage were razed, killing 103 people.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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The city of Mosa was hardest hit in the Kimbe Metropolian Area.<ref>Ref</ref> At least 9,415 people died and 1,230 were injured; 4,291 of the deaths were caused by mudflows and landslides which destroyed entire villages, with two villages losing their entire population.<ref>Ref</ref> In the city, 63,885 houses collapsed and 2,751 were damaged; it was discovered that only earthquake-resistant buildings were undamaged.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===New Ireland=== |
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Seven people were injured in New Hanover.<ref>Ref</ref> One death was reported in [[Kavieng]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Morobe=== |
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Thirty-six people were killed, 832 others were injured, 1,188 houses collapsed, 300 public buildings were damaged and power outages occurred in Umboi.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Deaths and collapsed houses were reported in 19 villages across the island.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Bougainville=== |
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One person was killed by a landslide and 74 others were injured in Arawa, where 12 buildings collapsed.<ref>Ref</ref> In Buin, another person was killed by a collapsing house.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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On Shortland Island, one of Papua's most popular tourist destinations, 13 people were killed and 403 others were injured.<ref>Ref</ref> Two children and a pregnant woman were among the dead.<ref>Ref</ref> Over 1,600 houses were severely damaged, including 161 that collapsed completely, while 14,708 others and 303 public buildings, including three historic churches and a school were damaged on the island; only 9% of the island's structures were undamaged.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> The roof of a nursing home and the wall of a sports hall both collapsed.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Damage was exacerbated by an earthquake in January 2017; the {{M|s}}8.4 earthquake caused damage to 40% of Shortland Island's houses, however damage repairs were completed by April of that year, while some severely damaged structures were left in ruins and collapsed in the 2024 earthquake.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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Twelve people were killed, including three from a mine collapse, 193 others were injured, 16 houses collapsed, 808 were badly damaged and 3,561 others were slightly damaged on [[Fauro Island]].<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> One school collapsed and 266 others were damaged on the island.<ref>Ref</ref> Out of the 21,000 residents of Fauro, 16,500 were affected.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Moresby=== |
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At least 247 people were killed and 3,152 others were injured in [[Port Moresby]].<ref>Ref</ref> At least 413 buildings, 14 temples, nine government buildings a bridge and a hospital collapsed, and 305 more structures, including 31 religious buildings and 11 schools, were damaged in the city.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Widespread landslides also occurred in the city's mountainous suburbs.<ref>Ref</ref> At least 151 people died and 1,715 others were injured in the city center, where 224 buildings collapsed.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Another 60 people died and 1,004 others were hurt in Kairiku, 30 died and 433 others were injured in Mekeo, and three deahts were reported each in Hiri and Koiari.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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In [[Hiri Rural LLG|Hiri]], a crane collapsed, killing two construction workers.<ref>Ref</ref> In Kairiku, 128 buildings were razed,<ref>Ref</ref> including a temple where 25 people were crushed to death and 57 more were injured by falling debris.<ref>Ref</ref> In Mekeo, 40 buildings collapsed.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Milne Bay=== |
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Eighty-six people were killed and 1,351 others were injured in [[Alotau]].<ref>Ref</ref> Forty-eight injuries occurred after the ceiling of a shopping mall collapsed, while 20 more were injured in a stampede.<ref>Ref</ref> A building near the city's port collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 18 others.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> The bell tower of Alotau Ancient Cathedral also fell.<ref>Ref</ref> Several hospitals in the city were also damaged.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Highlands=== |
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In [[Goroka]], four people died and 24 others were injured, including two police officers.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Across the city, 139 buildings collapsed and 13,761 others were damaged, including 88 schools.<ref>Ref</ref> Power lines were downed in [[Kainantu]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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In Tari, two temples were damaged.<ref>Ref</ref> At least 9,827 buildings and 136 roads were damaged in [[Kundiawa]], where 12 people sustained injuries.<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Mount Hagen]], four people were killed, 100 others were injured, three buildings and a temple collapsed and 5,581 buildings were damaged.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Six people were injured, 100 buildings collapsed and 1,800 others were damaged in [[Mendi]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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Two people were injured<ref>Ref</ref> and a pagoda and some village houses were severely damaged in [[Erave Rural LLG|Erave]].<ref>Ref</ref> Additional damage was caused by landslides across the town, and power outages occurred.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Choiseul=== |
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In [[Choiseul Province]], 15 people were injured,<ref>Ref</ref> 200 houses collapsed, 450 were severely damaged and 3,911 others were slightly damaged, along with 21 residential buildings and 175 public buildings.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Up to 90% of houses were damaged in some villages.<ref>Ref</ref> There was damage to 183 houses in [[Taro Island|Taro]] and 67 in [[Wagina Island|Wagina]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Gizo=== |
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Fourteen people were killed and 86 others were injured in Gizo.<ref>Ref</ref> The nearby town of Sagheraghi was worst affected, with 3,725 out of 3,860 houses damaged.<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Rendova Island|Rendova]], six people were killed; five by landslides and another from a collapsing wall.<ref>Ref</ref> Fifty others were injured,<ref>Ref</ref> 11 houses collapsed and 400 others and a hospital sustained damage.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Gulf=== |
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Power outages occurred throughout Gulf Province.<ref>Ref</ref> In the village of Ipiko, 10 houses were destroyed and 815 others were damaged.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===East Sepik=== |
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In [[Wewak]], one person died, 50 others were injured, 104 houses collapsed, 202 were badly damaged and 259 others were slightly damaged.<ref>Ref</ref> Most of the collapsed houses were in poorly-constructed slums, with only two buildings destroyed in the city itself.<ref>Ref</ref> One health facility was also destroyed in the slum of Rindagum, where one child was killed and several others were hurt.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Fly=== |
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In [[Daru]], six people were injured; three of them seriously.<ref>Ref</ref> Thirty houses collapsed and 2,079 others, 41 schools and 18 health centers were damaged in the city; most of the damage consisted of cracks in walls and fallen roof tiles.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> Fifteen neighborhoods and 94 villages in the city reported building damage.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Manus=== |
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One person was killed and three others were injured in [[Rambutyo Island|Rambutyo]].<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Guadalcanal=== |
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In [[Honiara]], six people were killed and 105 others were injured, three of them seriously.<ref>Ref</ref> Nine buildings were destroyed and 886 others were damaged in the city, 136 of them seriously.<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> A hospital sustained numerous cracks, resulting in the evacuation of 70 patients.<ref>Ref</ref> Broken windows were also reported at a muncipal building.<ref>Ref</ref> Three landslides occurred around the city.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Sandaun=== |
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In [[Aitape]], two people died.<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Vanimo]], some buildings cracked.<ref>Ref</ref> A three-story building was slightly damaged in Kiunga.<ref>Ref</ref> Minor damage and a wall collapse were reported in [[Oksapmin Rural LLG|Oksapmin]],<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> where one road was blocked by a rockfall.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Isabel=== |
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In [[Buala]], a house caught fire and later collapsed.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Malaita=== |
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One house collapsed and some others were damaged in [[Auki]].<ref>Ref</ref><ref>Ref</ref> The roof of Auki University cracked due to the earthquake.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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===Aftershocks=== |
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On 30 June, a {{M|w}}7.4 ({{M|s}}7.6) aftershock struck {{Cvt|12|km|mi}} south of [[Kandrian]].<ref>Ref</ref> It resulting in 518 deaths and 3,827 injuries in the city, mostly due to stress and panic, with only 45 fatalities attributed to collapsing buildings.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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A {{M|w}}6.8 ({{M|s}}7.1) aftershock struck [[Gasmata]] Municipality on 1 July, killing 13 people, injuring 244 others and causing the collapse of 166 mostly damaged buildings.<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Gasmata]], three people were killed and 11 others were hurt.<ref>Ref</ref> Four people were killed and eight others were injured in [[Mosa Rural LLG|Mosa]].<ref>Ref</ref> One person died and 182 others were injured in [[Kimbe]].<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Hoskins]], 25 people sustained injuries.<ref>Ref</ref> Four people died and 12 others were injured in [[Kandrian]], where several previously-weakened buildings collapsed.<ref>Ref</ref> In [[Talasea]], one person died and six more were injured.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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==Response== |
==Response== |
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President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] said that search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched to the affected area.<ref>Ref</ref> Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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All train lines in mainland Papua were closed following the earthquake.<ref>Ref</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery class="center"> |
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R6 noto earthquake wajima street 2024-02-17 12.jpg|Tipped-over building in [[Goroka]] |
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R6 noto earthquake wajima burned-out-asaichi-area 2024-02-17 3.jpg|Nahavo after the earthquake and fires |
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R6 noto earthquake saihate-no-cabaret 2024-02-16 2.jpg|[[Kandrian]]'s port after the earthquake and tsunami |
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R6 noto earthquake suzu iida-area 2024-02-16 4.jpg|A neighborhood in [[Gasmata]] after the earthquake |
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R6 noto earthquake wajima street 2024-02-17 11.jpg|Collapsed building in [[Kimbe]] |
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Image:R6 noto earthquake nanao damaged-warehouse 2024-02-15 1.jpg|Collapsed warehouse in [[Saidor]] |
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Image:Nakatani House Dozo.jpg|Damaged house in [[Komba Rural LLG|Komba]] |
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R6 noto earthquake wajima kuroshima-area kadoumi-house 2024-02-17 3.jpg|Destruction in Gwarawon |
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R6 noto earthquake wajima street 2024-02-17 14.jpg|Severely damaged house in Tari |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of earthquakes in |
* [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan]] |
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* [[List of earthquakes in 2024]] |
* [[List of earthquakes in 2024]] |
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Revision as of 14:50, 16 June 2024
  | |
| UTC time | 2024-06-16 21:47:21 |
|---|---|
| Local date | 17 June 2024 |
| Local time | 02:47:21 PKT |
| Magnitude | 8.1 Mw 7.9 Mww |
| Depth | 18.2 km (11 mi) |
| Epicenter | 3°58′48″S 152°10′08″E / 3.980°S 152.169°E |
| Type | Strike-slip |
| Areas affected | northern and eastern Pakistan |
| Max. intensity | MMI VIII (Severe) |
On 17 June 2024, at 02:47:21 PKT (21:47 UTC on 16 June), an earthquake of Mww 7.9 struck northern and eastern Pakistan. The epicenter was 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest of Mahni, in Bhakkar District.[1] It had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).[2]
The Mww 7.9 earthquake is the largest in Pakistan since the 1945 Balochistan earthquake, and the third-largest in the country.[3] It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in South Asia.[4] It was felt as far as Russia and Yemen.[5]
Tectonic setting
The primary tectonic feature of the 1,200 km (750 mi) island chain is the New Hebrides Subduction Zone, the convergent boundary of the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates. Along the Wadati–Benioff zone, earthquake activity has been observed as shallow, intermediate, and deep-focus events at depths of up to 700 km (430 mi). Volcanic activity is also present along this north-northwest trending and northeast-dipping oceanic trench.[6]
While much of the island arc experiences intermediate-depth earthquakes along a Wadati–Benioff zone that dips steeply at 70°, the area adjacent to the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge does not. There is a corresponding gap in seismicity that occurs below 50 km (31 mi) where it intrudes into the subduction zone from the west. According to the NUVEL-1 global relative plate motion model, convergence is occurring at roughly 8 cm (3.1 in) per year. The uncertainty, which also affects the Tonga arc, is due to the influence of spreading at the North Fiji Basin.[7]
Earthquake
The United States Geological Survey measured the earthquake at moment magnitude 7.9 (Mww). The epicenter was located in Bhakkar District, in a fairly remote area of Punjab Province.[8] The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to shallow strike-slip faulting.[9] Rupturing occurred on either a northeast–southwest striking, northwest dipping or northeast–southwest striking, northeast dipping fault.[10]
Intensity
| Intensity | Country | Location |
|---|---|---|
| X | Pakistan | Mandhra, Khansar, Mahni, Chund Bharwana, Nawan Lahore, Painsra |
| IX | Pakistan | Jhang, Mari Shah Sakhira, Mandi Shah Jeewna, Bhakkar, Darya Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Paharpur, Dijkot, Dullewala |
| VIII | Pakistan | Faisalabad, Gojra, Jaranwala, Rodu Sultan, Mankera, Kalurkot, Kundian, Khurianwala |
| VII | Pakistan | Sargodha, Sahiwal, Khushab, [[Jauharabad], Chiniot, Pindi Bhattian, Sangla Hill, Shahkot, Tandlianwala, Kamalia, Pir Mahal, Tank, Kulachi, Mianwali, Lakki Marwat |
| VI | Pakistan | Gujranwala, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Khanewal, Bhalwal, Kalabagh |
| V | Pakistan | Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Kohat, Peshawar, Gujrat, Sialkot, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Bahawalpur |
| India | Amritsar, Batala, Abohar, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Sri Ganganagar | |
| Afghanistan | Khost, Paktika |
Impact
Estimations of losses
According to a professor of geophysics at the Pakistan Meteorological Department, the death toll could be higher than the 2005 Kashimr earthquake, in which over 87,300 people died.[11] The USGS' PAGER service estimated a 45 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000 and 32 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000. The service estimated a 35 percent probability of economical losses between US $10 billion and US $100 billion.[12] Meanwhile, Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 95,600 and 454,200, and an economic loss of around $60 billion USD.[13]
Response
President Asif Ali Zardari said that search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched to the affected area.[14] Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.[15]