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* 5,400 years ago ([[35th century BC|3400 BC]]): [[Waun Mawn]] is built in West [[Wales]].
* 5,400 years ago ([[35th century BC|3400 BC]]): [[Waun Mawn]] is built in West [[Wales]].
* 5,300 years ago ([[34th century BC|3300 BC]]): [[Bronze Age]] begins in the Near East<ref>{{Harvnb|Kristiansen|Larsson|2005}}</ref> [[Newgrange]] is built in Ireland. [[Ness of Brodgar]] is built in Orkney<ref>{{cite book|author1=Towers, Roy |author2=Card, Nick |author3=Edmonds, Mark |title=The Ness of Brodgar |year=2015 |location=Kirkwall, UK |publisher=Archaeology Institute, University of the Higlands and Islands |isbn=978-0-9932757-0-8}}</ref> Hakra Phase of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] begins in the [[Indian subcontinent]].
* 5,300 years ago ([[34th century BC|3300 BC]]): [[Bronze Age]] begins in the Near East<ref>{{Harvnb|Kristiansen|Larsson|2005}}</ref> [[Newgrange]] is built in Ireland. [[Ness of Brodgar]] is built in Orkney<ref>{{cite book|author1=Towers, Roy |author2=Card, Nick |author3=Edmonds, Mark |title=The Ness of Brodgar |year=2015 |location=Kirkwall, UK |publisher=Archaeology Institute, University of the Higlands and Islands |isbn=978-0-9932757-0-8}}</ref> Hakra Phase of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] begins in the [[Indian subcontinent]].
* 5,300–5,000 years ago (3300–3000 BC): [[Saflieni phase]] in [[Malta|Maltese]] prehistory.
* 5,200 years ago ([[32nd century BC|3200 BC]]): - [[22nd century BC|2500 BC]]): The Norte Chico or [[Caral-Supe civilization]] begins on the coast of Peru with a wave of monumental construction and founding of the first cities in the Americas. It is generally considered the oldest civilization in the Americas.<ref>Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer, and Alvaro Ruiz. "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru." ''Nature'' 432, no. 7020 (2004): 1020-1023.</ref>
* 5,200 years ago ([[32nd century BC|3200 BC]]): - [[22nd century BC|2500 BC]]): The Norte Chico or [[Caral-Supe civilization]] begins on the coast of Peru with a wave of monumental construction and founding of the first cities in the Americas. It is generally considered the oldest civilization in the Americas.<ref>Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer, and Alvaro Ruiz. "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru." ''Nature'' 432, no. 7020 (2004): 1020-1023.</ref>
* 5,200 years ago ([[32nd century BC|3200 BC]]): The [[Yamnaya culture]] appears on the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]].<ref>Morgunova, Nina L., and O. S. Khokhlova. "Chronology and periodization of the Pit-Grave culture in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers based on radiocarbon dating and paleopedological research." ''Radiocarbon'' 55, no. 3 (2013): 1286-1296.</ref> They most likely spoke the [[Proto-Indo-European]] language and may have been responsible for domesticating the [[horse]], initiating the [[Indo-European migrations]] after a period of European population decline opened up areas for settlement,<ref>Librado, Pablo, Naveed Khan, Antoine Fages, Mariya A. Kusliy, Tomasz Suchan, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Stéphanie Schiavinato et al. "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes." Nature 598, no. 7882 (2021): 634-640.</ref> and both evolving and spreading the European alleles for [[lactase persistence]].<ref>Callaway, Ewen. "DNA deluge reveals Bronze Age secrets." Nature 522, no. 11 (2015): 140-141.</ref>
* 5,200 years ago ([[32nd century BC|3200 BC]]): The [[Yamnaya culture]] appears on the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]].<ref>Morgunova, Nina L., and O. S. Khokhlova. "Chronology and periodization of the Pit-Grave culture in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers based on radiocarbon dating and paleopedological research." ''Radiocarbon'' 55, no. 3 (2013): 1286-1296.</ref> They most likely spoke the [[Proto-Indo-European]] language and may have been responsible for domesticating the [[horse]], initiating the [[Indo-European migrations]] after a period of European population decline opened up areas for settlement,<ref>Librado, Pablo, Naveed Khan, Antoine Fages, Mariya A. Kusliy, Tomasz Suchan, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Stéphanie Schiavinato et al. "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes." Nature 598, no. 7882 (2021): 634-640.</ref> and both evolving and spreading the European alleles for [[lactase persistence]].<ref>Callaway, Ewen. "DNA deluge reveals Bronze Age secrets." Nature 522, no. 11 (2015): 140-141.</ref>

Revision as of 01:43, 10 November 2023

This article is about human prehistory. For other timelines, see Timelines of world history.
Part of a series on
Human history
and prehistory
↑ before Homo   (Pliocene epoch)
Prehistory
Stone Age
Lower Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
Early Homo sapiens
Upper Paleolithic
Behavioral modernity
Neolithic
Cradle of civilization
Protohistory
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Bronze Age collapse
Iron Age
Recorded history
Ancient history
Post-classical history
Modern history
↓ Future   (Holocene epoch)

This timeline of prehistory covers the time from the appearance of Homo sapiens approximately 315,000 years ago in Africa to the invention of writing, over 5,000 years ago, with the earliest records going back to 3,200 BC. Prehistory covers the time from the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) to the beginning of ancient history.

All dates are approximate and subject to revision based on new discoveries or analyses.

Middle Paleolithic

Main article: Middle Paleolithic
Further information: Timeline of human evolution § Homo sapiens, List of human evolution fossils § Middle Paleolithic, and List of first human settlements § Middle Paleolithic
For earlier evolutionary history, see Timeline of human evolution and Timeline of natural history.
Postulated reconstruction of a Terra Amata hut[1])
Speculative reconstruction of 130,000 year old white-tailed eagle talon jewellery from the Krapina Neanderthal site, Croatia (arrows indicate cut marks)
  • 230,000–150,000 years ago: age of mt-DNA haplogroup L ("Mitochondrial Eve").
  • 210,000 years ago: modern human presence in southeast Europe (Apidima, Greece).[4]
  • 200,000 years ago: oldest known grass bedding, including insect-repellent plants and ash layers beneath (possibly for a dirt-free, insulated base and to keep away arthropods).[5][6][7]
  • 195,000 years ago: Omo remains (Ethiopia).[8]
  • 194,000–177,000 years ago: modern human presence in West Asia (Misliya cave in Israel).
  • 170,000 years ago: humans are wearing clothing by this date.[9]
  • ~164,000 years ago: humans diet expands to include marine resources[10]
  • 160,000 years ago: Homo sapiens idaltu.
  • 150,000 years ago: Peopling of Africa: Khoisanid separation, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0.
  • 130,000 years ago: oldest evidence of ancient seafaring, from Crete (an island isolated from land for millions of years prior to human arrival).[11]
  • 125,000 years ago: the peak of the Eemian interglacial period.
  • ~120,000 years ago: possibly the earliest evidence of use of symbols etched onto bone.[12][13]
  • ~120,000 years ago: use of marine shells for personal decoration by humans, including Neandertals.[14][15][16]
  • 120,000–90,000 years ago: Abbassia Pluvial in North Africa—the Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.
  • 120,000–75,000 years ago: Khoisanid back-migration from Southern Africa to East Africa.[17]
  • 100,000 years ago: Earliest structures in the world (sandstone blocks set in a semi-circle with an oval foundation) built in Egypt close to Wadi Halfa near the modern border with Sudan.[18]
  • 80,000–70,000 years ago: Recent African origin: separation of sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans.
  • 75,000 years ago: Toba Volcano supereruption that may have contributed to human populations being lowered to about 15,000 people.[19]
  • 70,000 years ago: earliest example of abstract art or symbolic art from Blombos Cave, South Africa—stones engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns.[20]

Upper Paleolithic

Main articles: Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone Age
Further information: List of human evolution fossils § Upper Paleolithic, and List of first human settlements § Upper Paleolithic

"Epipaleolithic" or "Mesolithic" are terms for a transitional period between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution in Old World (Eurasian) cultures.

Painted king scallop ornament (likely Neanderthal) from Cueva Antón, 43,000 years ago.
Lion-man sculpture (Aurignacian, 40,000–35,000 years old)
Gwion Gwion rock paintings found in the north-west Kimberley region of Western Australia
Magdalenian cave paintings of a woolly mammoth and ibex from Rouffignac Cave, France

Holocene

Further information: Epipalaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Neolithic Revolution, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, List of first human settlements § Holocene, Pre-modern human migration § Prehistory, and Urheimat

The terms "Neolithic" and "Bronze Age" are culture-specific and are mostly limited to cultures of select parts of the Old World, namely Europe, Western and South Asia. Chronological periodizations typically base their periods on one or more identifiable and unique markers associated with a culturally distinct era (within a given interaction sphere), but these markers are not necessarily intrinsic to the cultural evolution of the era's people.

As such, the terms become less applicable when their markers correlate less with cultural evolution. Therefore, the Neolithic and the Neolithic Revolution have little to do with the Americas, where several different chronologies are used instead depending on the area (e.g. the Andean Preceramic, the North American Archaic and Formative periods). Similarly, since there is no appreciable cultural shift between the use of stone, bronze, and iron in East and Southeast Asia, the term "Bronze Age" is not considered to apply to this region the same as western Eurasia, and "Iron Age" is essentially never used.[61][62] In sub-Saharan Africa, iron metallurgy was developed prior to any knowledge of bronze and possibly before iron's adoption in Eurasia[63] and despite Postclassic Mesoamerica developing and using bronze,[64][65][66] it did not have a significant bearing on its continued cultural evolution in the same way as western Eurasia.

Cave painting of a battle between archers, Morella la Vella, Spain, the oldest known depiction of combat. These paintings date from 7200 to 7400 years ago.[67]


4th millennium BC

Further information: 4th millennium BC

3rd millennium BC

Further information: 3rd millennium BC


Research

Researchers deduced in a scientific review that "no specific point in time can currently be identified at which modern human ancestry was confined to a limited birthplace" and that current knowledge about long, continuous and complex – e.g. often non-singular, parallel, nonsimultaneous and/or gradual – emergences of characteristics is consistent with a range of evolutionary histories.[112][113] A timeline dating first occurrences and earliest evidence may therefore be an often inadequate approach for describing humanity's (pre-)history.

Post-historical prehistories

For the prehistoric period in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the New World, see Sub-Saharan_Africa § Prehistory, pre-Columbian Americas, and prehistoric Australia.
  • 3,800 years ago (1800 BC): Currently undeciphered Minoan script (Linear A) and Cypro-Minoan script developed on Crete and Cyprus.
  • 3,450 years ago (1450 BC): Mycenaean Greece, first deciphered writing in Europe
  • 3,200 years ago (1200 BC): Oracle bone script, first written records in Old Chinese
  • 3,050–2,800 years ago (1050 BC to 800 BC): Alphabetic writing; the Phoenician alphabet spreads around the Mediterranean
  • 2,300 years ago (300 BC): Maya script, the only known full writing system developed in the Americas, emerges.
  • 2,260 years ago (260 BC): Earliest deciphered written records in South Asia (Middle Indo-Aryan)
  • 1800s AD: Undeciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark the latest independent development of writing.

See also

Prehistory by world region
Further information: Prehistory § By_region

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Bibliography

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