Kurdistan Uezd: Difference between revisions
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Brandmeister (talk | contribs) moved part to Kurds in Azerbaijan#Nagorno-Karabakh War, as linking that with the uezd alone is WP:OR |
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After the dissolution Kurds continued to assimilate into the dominant culture of the neighbouring Azeris,<ref>David McDowall Современная история курдов = A modern history of the Kurds. — 3, illustrated, revised. — I.B.Tauris, 2004. — С. 192. — {{ISBN|1850434166}}, 9781850434160</ref> but some religious [[Yazidis|Yazidi]] tribes mostly stayed the same. Historically mixed Azeri-Kurdish marriages were commonplace; however the Kurdish language was rarely passed on to the children in such marriages.<ref>Н. Г. Волкова, Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв., "Кавказский этнографический сборник", IV, М., 1969.</ref> |
After the dissolution Kurds continued to assimilate into the dominant culture of the neighbouring Azeris,<ref>David McDowall Современная история курдов = A modern history of the Kurds. — 3, illustrated, revised. — I.B.Tauris, 2004. — С. 192. — {{ISBN|1850434166}}, 9781850434160</ref> but some religious [[Yazidis|Yazidi]] tribes mostly stayed the same. Historically mixed Azeri-Kurdish marriages were commonplace; however the Kurdish language was rarely passed on to the children in such marriages.<ref>Н. Г. Волкова, Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв., "Кавказский этнографический сборник", IV, М., 1969.</ref> |
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In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the Kurdish population of [[Kurds in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[Kurds in Armenia|Armenia]] to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Kurds in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The [[Kurds in Georgia|Kurds of Georgia]] also became victims of [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] [[Great Purge |
In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the Kurdish population of [[Kurds in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[Kurds in Armenia|Armenia]] to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Kurds in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The [[Kurds in Georgia|Kurds of Georgia]] also became victims of [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] [[Great Purge]] in 1944.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rau.su/observer/N21_93/21_09.HTM Russia and the problem of Kurds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212203207/http://www.rau.su/observer/N21_93/21_09.HTM|date=February 12, 2012}}</ref> Years later, Kurds immigrated to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] from the neighbouring countries, [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan: A paradise for ethnic minorities |url=http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325002104/http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7861 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> |
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== Legacy == |
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=== Failed attempts at reestablishment within the Soviet Union === |
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Starting from 1961, when the [[First Iraqi–Kurdish War]] started, there were efforts by the deportees for the restoration of their rights - spearheaded by [[Mehmet Babayev]]; these proved to be futile.<ref>{{in lang|tr}} [https://www.scribd.com/doc/16800029/Kurdistana-SorKIZIL-Kurdistan Kurdistana Sor]</ref> |
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During the [[perestroika]] era in the 1980s, there was a resurgence in the nationalist aspirations of Soviet Kurds, leading to the formation of the [[Yekbûn]] organization in 1989, which aimed to reestablish Kurdish autonomy. The government of the USSR under [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] attempted to help the Kurds, but aspirations for an autonomous Kurdish state within the Soviet Union failed after the 1991 collapse of the USSR and significant hostility to the plan by [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Özerk Kızıl Kürdistan'a Türkiye nasıl engel oldu? |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218125244/https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/forum/2019/11/07/1991de-ozerk-kizil-kurdistana-turkiye-nasil-engel-oldu/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> |
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=== Kurdish Republic of Lachin === |
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{{Infobox country |
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| conventional_long_name = Kurdish Republic of Lachin |
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| native_name = Komara Kurdî ya Laçînê |
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| capital = [[Lachin]] |
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| government_type = Provisional republic |
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| leader_title1 = President |
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| leader_name1 = Wekîl Mustafayev |
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| year_end = 1992 |
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| life_span = 1992 |
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| year_start = 1992 |
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| event_start = Established |
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| event_end = Dissolved |
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| p1 = Azerbaijan |
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| s1 = Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |
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| flag_p1 = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg |
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| flag_s1 = Flag of Artsakh.svg |
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| today = Azerbaijan |
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}} |
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Nonetheless, in 1992, after the capture of [[Lachin]] by Armenian forces during the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]], a new organization, the "Caucasian Kurdistan Freedom Movement", led by [[Wekîl Mustafayev]], declared the establishment of the "Kurdish Republic of Lachin" on the former territory of Red Kurdistan. However, by then the vast majority of the Kurdish population had fled on account of the war, this attempt failed and the ephemeral state dissolved itself. Mustafayev later took refuge in Italy.<ref>[http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7857 Lachin Kurdish Republic is declared] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234100/http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7857 |date=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> |
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Lachin then came under the administration of the Armenian-backed [[Republic of Artsakh|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 16:46, 16 October 2023
Kurdistan uezd Red Kurdistan Кӧрдӧйәзд, Kurduyezd Кӧрдьстана Сор, Kurdistana Sor | |
|---|---|
| 1923–1929 | |
 | |
| Capital | Lachin |
| Common languages | Kurdish Azerbaijani[1] Russian |
| Ethnic groups | Kurds Azeris |
| Religion | Yazidism Islam |
| Government | Soviet administrative unit |
| Historical era | Interwar period |
• Established | 1923 |
• Disestablished | 1929 |
| Currency | Soviet ruble (SUR) |
| Today part of | Azerbaijan |
 |
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Kurdistan Uezd,[a] also known colloquially as Red Kurdistan,[b] was a Soviet administrative unit that existed for six years from 1923 to 1929 and included the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli and part of Jabrayil.[2] It was part of Azerbaijan SSR, with the administrative center being in Lachin. It was briefly succeeded by the Kurdistan Okrug from 30 May to 23 July 1930.
History
Establishment
The uezd was established on 7 July 1923. The majority of Kurds in the region were Shia, unlike the Sunni Kurds of the Nakhichevan uezd and other areas of the Middle East. At the 1926 Soviet Census, the uezd had a total population of 51,426 people, with ethnic Kurds constituting 72.3% or 37,182 people. According to the same census, 92.5% of the population of the uezd cited the Azerbaijani language as their native tongue.[3]
On 8 April 1929, the Sixth Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets approved a reform of the administrative structure, abolishing all uezds, including the Kurdistan uezd.[2] On 30 May 1930, Kurdistan Okrug was founded in its place. The okrug was created by the Soviet authorities in order to attract the sympathies of Kurds in neighboring Iran and Turkey and take advantage of Kurdish nationalist movements in those countries.
Dissolution and persecution of Kurds
Due to the protests of Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was concerned that open support of Kurdish nationalism could damage relations with Turkey and Iran, the okrug was disbanded on 23 July 1930.[4]
After the dissolution Kurds continued to assimilate into the dominant culture of the neighbouring Azeris,[5] but some religious Yazidi tribes mostly stayed the same. Historically mixed Azeri-Kurdish marriages were commonplace; however the Kurdish language was rarely passed on to the children in such marriages.[6]
In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the Kurdish population of Azerbaijan and Armenia to Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.[7][2] The Kurds of Georgia also became victims of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in 1944.[8] Years later, Kurds immigrated to Kazakhstan from the neighbouring countries, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.[7]
See also
- Kurds in Azerbaijan
- Kurds in Russia
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
- Kurdish alphabets
- Yekbûn
References
Notes
- ^ "Курдистанский уезд (1926 г.) Родной язык". Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c Yilmaz, Harun (September 3, 2014). "The Rise of Red Kurdistan". Iranian Studies. 47 (5): 799–822. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.934153. ISSN 0021-0862. S2CID 163144462.
- ^ "Курдистанский уезд (1926 г.) Родной язык". Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ (in Russian) Партизаны на поводке.
- ^ David McDowall Современная история курдов = A modern history of the Kurds. — 3, illustrated, revised. — I.B.Tauris, 2004. — С. 192. — ISBN 1850434166, 9781850434160
- ^ Н. Г. Волкова, Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв., "Кавказский этнографический сборник", IV, М., 1969.
- ^ a b "Kazakhstan: A paradise for ethnic minorities". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ (in Russian) Russia and the problem of Kurds Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- Müller, Daniel "The Kurds and the Kurdish Language in Soviet Azerbaijan According to the All-Union Census of December 17, 1926". The Journal of Kurdish Studies, vol. 3, pp. 61–84.
- Müller, Daniel. "The Kurds of Soviet Azerbaijan 1920-91". Central Asian Survey, vol. 19 i. 1 (2000), pp. 41–77.
- Yilmaz, Harun. “The Rise of Red Kurdistan.” Iranian Studies, vol. 47 i. 5 (2014), pp. 799–822.