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On April 6, 1993, submarine 664 received the name ''Belgorod'' after [[Belgorod|the Russian city with that name]] and the tactical designation K-139. In 1995, crew training began at the [[Obninsk]]-based 510th Naval Training Center, named after L. G. Osipenko of the [[Russian Navy]] (''510-й учебный центр Военно-Морского Флота имени Л.Г. Осипенко''),<ref>{{cite web|title=The training center trains the crew of the Russian nuclear submarine fleet|url=http://iobninsk.ru/510vmf-osipenko/|last=Unknown|website=www.iobninsk.ru|language=RU|date=2016-07-01|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2016-07-01}}</ref> but in 1997, construction was put on hold due to the severe economic crisis after the collapse of the Soviet Union (with the submarine three-quarters finished), mainly for financial reasons. On January 22, 1998, the crew was disbanded and the unfinished hull was mothballed. The [[Kursk submarine disaster|loss]] of ''Belgorod''{{'}}s [[sister ship]], the [[Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)|''Kursk'']], in 2000 led to the decision to resume construction of "Belgorod" to replace ''Kursk,'' upgraded to Project 949AM specifications. By December 31, 2004 the hull was mostly complete, missing its powerplant, equipment and missile silos.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia is completing the construction of the nuclear submarine "Belgorod"|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2006/03/16/belgorod|last=Unknown|website=www.lenta.ru|language=RU|date=2006-03-16|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2006-03-16}}</ref> The 100 million [[Russian ruble|rubles]] provided by the Ministry of Defence was insufficient, and Sevmash was forced to use its own financial resources to make up for the deficit. Sevmash, on its own initiative, continued construction at a slow pace.
On April 6, 1993, submarine 664 received the name ''Belgorod'' after [[Belgorod|the Russian city with that name]] and the tactical designation K-139. In 1995, crew training began at the [[Obninsk]]-based 510th Naval Training Center, named after L. G. Osipenko of the [[Russian Navy]] (''510-й учебный центр Военно-Морского Флота имени Л.Г. Осипенко''),<ref>{{cite web|title=The training center trains the crew of the Russian nuclear submarine fleet|url=http://iobninsk.ru/510vmf-osipenko/|last=Unknown|website=www.iobninsk.ru|language=RU|date=2016-07-01|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2016-07-01}}</ref> but in 1997, construction was put on hold due to the severe economic crisis after the collapse of the Soviet Union (with the submarine three-quarters finished), mainly for financial reasons. On January 22, 1998, the crew was disbanded and the unfinished hull was mothballed. The [[Kursk submarine disaster|loss]] of ''Belgorod''{{'}}s [[sister ship]], the [[Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)|''Kursk'']], in 2000 led to the decision to resume construction of "Belgorod" to replace ''Kursk,'' upgraded to Project 949AM specifications. By December 31, 2004 the hull was mostly complete, missing its powerplant, equipment and missile silos.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia is completing the construction of the nuclear submarine "Belgorod"|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2006/03/16/belgorod|last=Unknown|website=www.lenta.ru|language=RU|date=2006-03-16|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2006-03-16}}</ref> The 100 million [[Russian ruble|rubles]] provided by the Ministry of Defence was insufficient, and Sevmash was forced to use its own financial resources to make up for the deficit. Sevmash, on its own initiative, continued construction at a slow pace.


The construction of the ''Belgorod'' was included in the 2006 investment plan of the Ministry of Defence, but during a visit at the shipyard by Minister of Defence [[Sergei Ivanov]] on July 20, 2006, came the news that the decision has been taken not to commission the submarine in the Russian Navy. By that time, ''Belgorod'' was about 80% complete. The Ministry of Defence considered other options to finish the submarine, including selling it to the Indian Navy, which would have financed completion of the vessel.<ref name="Nikolaev">{{cite web|title=K-329, "Belgorod" projet 949A, 949AM, 09852|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/on_1992/949a/K-139/K-139.htm|last=Nikolaev|first=A.S.|website=www.deepstorm.ru|language=RU|date=2021-06-25|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2021-06-25}}</ref>
The construction of the ''Belgorod'' was included in the 2006 investment plan of the Ministry of Defence, but during a visit at the shipyard by Minister of Defence [[Sergei Ivanov]] on July 20, 2006, came the news that the decision has been made not to commission the submarine in the Russian Navy. By that time, ''Belgorod'' was about 80% complete. The Ministry of Defence considered other options to finish the submarine, including selling it to the Indian Navy, which would have financed completion of the vessel.<ref name="Nikolaev">{{cite web|title=K-329, "Belgorod" projet 949A, 949AM, 09852|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/on_1992/949a/K-139/K-139.htm|last=Nikolaev|first=A.S.|website=www.deepstorm.ru|language=RU|date=2021-06-25|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2021-06-25}}</ref>


In 2009, re-designing the submarine and arming it with the cruise missiles originally developed for the Project 885 [[Yasen-class submarine]]s was considered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Construction of the last Kursk-class submarine is frozen|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2009/06/26/kursk|last=Unknown|website=www.lenta.ru|language=RU|date=2009-06-26|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2009-06-26}}</ref> In early 2012, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral [[Vladimir Sergeyevich Vysotsky]] stated that ''Belgorod'' would be completed as a "special projects" vessel.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Russian Navy does not need brains with weapons on a WWII engine|url=https://ria.ru/20120209/560467768.html|last=Danichev|first=Alexey|website=www.ria.ru|language=RU|date=2012-02-09|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2012-02-09}}</ref> On December 20, 2012, this specification received the official designation Project 09852.<ref name="Nikolaev"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Special nuclear submarine laid down at Sevmash|url=https://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?%20ELEMENT_ID=133267|last=Unknown|website=www.deepstorm.ru|language=RU|date=2012-12-20|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2012-12-20}}</ref> The submarine was planned for commissioning in the Navy in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|title=In 2018, the Navy will receive a special purpose nuclear submarine "Belgorod"|url=https://flotprom.ru/2017/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8812/|last=Unknown|website=www.flotprom.ru|language=RU|date=2017-04-13|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> and a crew was formed once again in November of that same year.<ref name="TASS_Poseidon_Belgorod">{{cite web|title=Sea trials of the carrier "Poseidon" nuclear submarine "Belgorod" will begin in April 2020|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/6595092|last=TASS Russian News Agency|website=www.tass.ru|language=RU|date=2019-06-26|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>
In 2009, re-designing the submarine and arming it with the cruise missiles originally developed for the Project 885 [[Yasen-class submarine]]s was considered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Construction of the last Kursk-class submarine is frozen|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2009/06/26/kursk|last=Unknown|website=www.lenta.ru|language=RU|date=2009-06-26|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2009-06-26}}</ref> In early 2012, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral [[Vladimir Sergeyevich Vysotsky]] stated that ''Belgorod'' would be completed as a "special projects" vessel.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Russian Navy does not need brains with weapons on a WWII engine|url=https://ria.ru/20120209/560467768.html|last=Danichev|first=Alexey|website=www.ria.ru|language=RU|date=2012-02-09|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2012-02-09}}</ref> On December 20, 2012, this specification received the official designation Project 09852.<ref name="Nikolaev"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Special nuclear submarine laid down at Sevmash|url=https://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?%20ELEMENT_ID=133267|last=Unknown|website=www.deepstorm.ru|language=RU|date=2012-12-20|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2012-12-20}}</ref> The submarine was planned for commissioning in the Navy in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|title=In 2018, the Navy will receive a special purpose nuclear submarine "Belgorod"|url=https://flotprom.ru/2017/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8812/|last=Unknown|website=www.flotprom.ru|language=RU|date=2017-04-13|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> and a crew was formed once again in November of that same year.<ref name="TASS_Poseidon_Belgorod">{{cite web|title=Sea trials of the carrier "Poseidon" nuclear submarine "Belgorod" will begin in April 2020|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/6595092|last=TASS Russian News Agency|website=www.tass.ru|language=RU|date=2019-06-26|access-date=2021-07-06|publication-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:45, 23 November 2022

History
Russian Navy
NameK-329 Belgorod
Namesake Belgorod (City)
BuilderSevmash
Laid down24 July 1992
Launched23 April 2019
Commissioned8 July 2022[1]
StatusIn service
General characteristics [2]
Class and typeOscar II-class submarine
TypeUnmanned underwater vehicle submarine mothership, Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System platform[3]
Displacement
  • 14,700/17,000 tonnes surfaced
  • 24,000/30,000 tonnes submerged
Length184 m (603 ft 8 in)[4]
Beam15 m (49 ft 3 in)
Propulsion2 pressurized water reactor OK-650M.02 nuclear reactors,[5] 2 × steam turbines delivering 190 MW (250,000 shp) to two shafts
Speed32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) surfaced
RangeUnlimited
Endurance120 days
Test depth500 to 520 m (1,640 to 1,710 ft) by various estimates
Complement110 submariners
Armament6 Poseidon drones
NotesHome port: Severodvinsk, Russia

K-329 Belgorod (Template:Lang-ru) is a modified design of the Oscar II class (NATO designation) Russian nuclear submarine. It was originally laid down in July 1992 as a Project 949A cruise missile submarine (NATO designation Oscar II class), but later was redesigned and the partly built hull was used to be reconfigured as a special operations vessel, able to operate unmanned underwater vehicles. The vessel was relaid in December 2012. Due to chronic underfunding, its construction was suspended then resumed at a low rate of progress before the ship was redesigned to become a unique vessel — the first Russian fifth-generation submarine, according to the Ministry of Defence.[6] The K-329 Belgorod, along with the Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System, was one of the last weapons systems presented by Russian President Vladimir Putin during his annual speech on March 1, 2018.[7] It tested at sea in 1H2022 and was commissioned by the Russian Navy in July 2022.[8][9][10][11] The submarine was delivered to the Russian Navy on 8 July 2022.[1]

The Belgorod will reportedly be the first submarine to utilize the Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System.[3][12]

Construction

The submarine's construction was originally laid down on July 24, 1992 at the Severodvinsk Shipyard as pennant number 664 of the Oscar II class cruise missile submarines.

On April 6, 1993, submarine 664 received the name Belgorod after the Russian city with that name and the tactical designation K-139. In 1995, crew training began at the Obninsk-based 510th Naval Training Center, named after L. G. Osipenko of the Russian Navy (510-й учебный центр Военно-Морского Флота имени Л.Г. Осипенко),[13] but in 1997, construction was put on hold due to the severe economic crisis after the collapse of the Soviet Union (with the submarine three-quarters finished), mainly for financial reasons. On January 22, 1998, the crew was disbanded and the unfinished hull was mothballed. The loss of Belgorod's sister ship, the Kursk, in 2000 led to the decision to resume construction of "Belgorod" to replace Kursk, upgraded to Project 949AM specifications. By December 31, 2004 the hull was mostly complete, missing its powerplant, equipment and missile silos.[14] The 100 million rubles provided by the Ministry of Defence was insufficient, and Sevmash was forced to use its own financial resources to make up for the deficit. Sevmash, on its own initiative, continued construction at a slow pace.

The construction of the Belgorod was included in the 2006 investment plan of the Ministry of Defence, but during a visit at the shipyard by Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov on July 20, 2006, came the news that the decision has been made not to commission the submarine in the Russian Navy. By that time, Belgorod was about 80% complete. The Ministry of Defence considered other options to finish the submarine, including selling it to the Indian Navy, which would have financed completion of the vessel.[15]

In 2009, re-designing the submarine and arming it with the cruise missiles originally developed for the Project 885 Yasen-class submarines was considered.[16] In early 2012, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Vladimir Sergeyevich Vysotsky stated that Belgorod would be completed as a "special projects" vessel.[17] On December 20, 2012, this specification received the official designation Project 09852.[15][18] The submarine was planned for commissioning in the Navy in 2018,[19] and a crew was formed once again in November of that same year.[20]

On April 23, 2019, the Belgorod was taken out of the covered dry dock and put afloat. The commander of the ship at that time was Captain 1st rank Anton Alyokhin.[21] In the course of 2019, the sub was to complete its fitting out, nuclear reactor testing and sea worthiness trials.[22] By June 2020, one source reported it "in service",[23] though this appears to have been inaccurate. Others suggested it was still fitting out (possibly including sea trials). In January 2021, the director-general of the Russian Shipbuilder Sevmash, Mikhail Budnichenko, stated that tests on Belgorod were proceeding.[24][25] The plans to commission the submarine in the Russian Navy in 2020 and to officially introduce the Poseidon system in 2021[26] did not materialize. A press report by the official Russia state-owned TASS agency from April 2021 indicates a new objective from the Russian Defense Ministry to send the K-329 into service in the Pacific zone.[27] This information could confirm the problems encountered with the Losharik submarine and the shift to the background of the operations envisaged on the Arctic continental shelf.[28][2][29] Also in April 2021, military analyst H. I. Sutton reported that the Belgorod was out of the water and had returned to the construction hall.[30] On June 25, 2021, the Belgorod left the Severodvinsk shipyard for the first time on a trial regime by the builder Sevmash.[31][32] The submarine was delivered to the Russian Navy on 8 July 2022.[1]

The Belgorod joined the 29th Submarine Division [ru]. The division is a special formation, the operational arm of the Main Directorate of Deep-Sea Research (GUGI), which reports directly to the Russian Defence Ministry.[33][34][35]

Characteristics

Size comparison between Belgorod and Typhoon-class submarine

Design

In the construction process the original 154-meter long hull was lengthened to 184 meters (which is almost 11 meter more than the Project 941 SSBNs - the world's largest submarines ever built) with a width of 18,2 meters.[36] In June 2019, US military expert H.I. Sutton published satellite imagery[2] of the Sevmash shipyard, which shows the K-329 "Belgorod"[2] along with K-549 "Knyaz Vladimir" of the Borey project, with the Belgorod visibly longer and wider.[2]

Armament

On November 11, 2015, the Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System project was officially revealed to the public.[37] The initial designation of Status-6 has since been changed to Poseidon (Russian weapon systems designation 2M39 and the NATO reporting name Kanyon has been assigned).[3]

The Poseidon type remotely operated underwater vehicle has a 10 000 km range, can dive to a depth of 1 000 meters and is designed to deliver nuclear warheads for the destruction of coastal infrastructure as a second nuclear strike option («оружия ответного удара»). The motherships for the Poseidon underwater drones are planned to be the 09852 "Belgorod" project submarines (like the "Belgorod") and the 09851 "Khabarovsk" project submarines. [38] According to publications by the Russian state news agency TASS the submarines can carry up to six Poseidon vehicles at once[20] and this view is shared by some military experts.[26]

Special activities platform

Some sources state that in addition to the Poseidon AUVs, the Belgorod type can also operate as the mother ship for a single nuclear-powered mini-submarine of the 18511 project, otherwise known as Paltus type (Project 1851),[2][39] used for the planting on the seabed of a self-contained mini-nuclear reactor of the ATGU 'Shelf' (АТГУ Шельф, abbreviation stands for Атомная турбогенераторная установка - Nuclear Turbo-Generator Device) type.[40] The ATGU Shelf is being developed for autonomous power generation of underwater sensor arrays and the submarine could piggy-back a single ATGU unit at a time, attached to its center deck section. The Belgorod is also planned to operate the Clavesin-2R-RM («Клавесин-2Р-РМ», clavesin is Russian for Harpsichord) unmanned underwater sensor vehicles.[41][2] The loss of the Losharik nuclear mini-submarine after a major fire in 2019 has caused a major setback for the Belgorod programme. At the same time, some sources suggest that the full entry into service of Poseidon may not occur on the submarine until around 2027.[42]

Special missions and intelligence gathering

The Belgorod Project is aimed at the development of a multi-role submarine platform with wide range of intelligence capabilities in addition to its combat role. Among the strategic aims, which have influenced the re-design of the K-329 Belgorod is the desire to set up and exploit the Arctic shelf is a major Geo-strategy objective for the Kremlin in the short to medium term,[29][43] mostly for exploitation of energy resources in the High North, but also for control of the increasingly important sea trade route through the Arctic Ocean due to the melting of the Arctic ice.[44] An example for this shift towards the Arctic region can be seen in a new project to modernize and deploy a network of sonar listening stations, positioned on the Arctic seabed (code name Harmony, Russian: Гармония).[8] High-ranking officials at the Pentagon as well as officers from other NATO member states have expressed their concerns in the period between the end of 2015 and the end of 2017 about the Russian plans for undersea cables for telecommunications.[45][46][47] The new objective, in April 2021, from the Russian Defense Ministry to send the K-329 into service in the Pacific zone comes with rising military tensions in the North Pacific.[27] At the time of the submarine's commissioning in July 2022, it was reported that she would operate in an initial experimental role with the Northern Fleet before transferring to the Pacific.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Shipbuilders deliver special-purpose sub with nuclear-powered drones to Russian Navy". tass.com. 8 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Sutton, H I (2019-10-18). "Spy Subs -Project 09852 Belgorod". www.hisutton.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  3. ^ a b c Trakimavičius, Lukas (2021-10-15). "The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military" (PDF). www.enseccoe.org/en. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
  4. ^ Mozgovoi, Alexander (2019-06-18). "The MT "Rubin" Central Design Bureau radically redesigned the project as part of the "Remontirovka" R&D". www.oborona.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  5. ^ Lobner, Peter (2018-07-01). "Russia Marine Nuclear Power 1939 to 2018" (PDF). www.lynceans.org. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  6. ^ Unknown (2020-03-18). "The Ministry of Defense is working on submarines of the fifth generation". www.morvesti.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  7. ^ Hodge, Nathan, for CNN (2018-03-02). "Putin is brandishing his new arsenal - but what does Russia have?". www.edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2021-07-07. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c "World's longest nuclear submarine handed over to the Russian Navy". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  9. ^ TASS News Agency (2022-01-26). "Russian Navy to receive special-purpose sub with nuclear-armed drones in summer". www.tass.com. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  10. ^ "Russia launches the world's longest nuclear submarine". www.bellona.org (published 2019-05-19). 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  11. ^ TASS Russian news agency (2021-01-11). "Eight surface combatants and two submarines were delivered to Russian Navy in 2020". www.navalnews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  12. ^ Paton Walsh, Nick (2021-04-05). "Satellite images show huge Russian military buildup in the Arctic". www.edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  13. ^ Unknown (2016-07-01). "The training center trains the crew of the Russian nuclear submarine fleet". www.iobninsk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  14. ^ Unknown (2006-03-16). "Russia is completing the construction of the nuclear submarine "Belgorod"". www.lenta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  15. ^ a b Nikolaev, A.S. (2021-06-25). "K-329, "Belgorod" projet 949A, 949AM, 09852". www.deepstorm.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  16. ^ Unknown (2009-06-26). "Construction of the last Kursk-class submarine is frozen". www.lenta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  17. ^ Danichev, Alexey (2012-02-09). "The Russian Navy does not need brains with weapons on a WWII engine". www.ria.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  18. ^ Unknown (2012-12-20). "Special nuclear submarine laid down at Sevmash". www.deepstorm.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  19. ^ Unknown (2017-04-13). "In 2018, the Navy will receive a special purpose nuclear submarine "Belgorod"". www.flotprom.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  20. ^ a b TASS Russian News Agency (2019-06-26). "Sea trials of the carrier "Poseidon" nuclear submarine "Belgorod" will begin in April 2020". www.tass.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  21. ^ TASS Russian News Agency (2019-04-23). "The first submarine - carrier "Poseidon" was launched in Severodvinsk". www.tass.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  22. ^ Valagin, Anton (2019-04-12). "The date of the launch of the first Poseidon carrier has been announced". www.tass.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  23. ^ Larson, Caleb (2020-06-04). "Belogorod: The Russian Submarine That Keeps the World Guessing". www.nationalinterest.org. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  24. ^ Larson, Caleb (2021-01-13). "Sevmash General Director Updates Belgorod Trials". www.seawaves.com. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  25. ^ Unknown (2021-02-19). "Russia continues building Belgorod submarine". www.navyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  26. ^ a b Unknown (2019-04-12). "Russian "Poseidons" will nullify the advantage of the West". www.riafan.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  27. ^ a b Unknown (2021-04-06). "Belgorod nuclear submarine carrier with Poseidon nuke drones to serve in Pacific". www.tass.com/defense. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  28. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (2017-05-03). "Russia's Massive Arctic "Research" Submarine Will Be The World's Longest". www.thedrive.com. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  29. ^ a b Laruelle M (2020-03-01). "Russia's Arctic Policy" (PDF). www.ifri.org. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  30. ^ Sutton, H I (2021-04-30). "Russias New Submarine Belgorod Out Of The Water". www.hisutton.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
  31. ^ "Belgorod nuclear sub begins its first sea trials — source". TASS. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  32. ^ Sutton, H. I. (2021-06-25). "Russia's Gigantic Submarine, Belgorod, Sails For The First Time". Naval News. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  33. ^ Abramowicz, Victor (2018-06-21). "Moscow's other navy". www.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  34. ^ Unknown (21 May 2018). "You Need to Know About Russia's Main Directorate of Deep-Sea Research (GUGI)". www.lynceans.org (published 2018-05-21). Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  35. ^ Unknown (13 April 2018). "Les troupes des abysses". www.rusnavyintelligence.com (in French) (published 2018-04-13). Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  36. ^ Unknown (2019-04-24). "Technical characteristics of the submarine "Belgorod"". www.iz.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  37. ^ Matthew Bodner (2015-11-15). "Russia Leaks Dirty-Bomb Submarine Drone In State TV Broadcast". www.defensenews.com. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  38. ^ Alexey Ramm Dmitry Kornev Dmitry Boltenkov (2015-08-10). "The fifth generation nuclear submarine armed with robots will be completed by 2020". www.vpk-news (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  39. ^ Dimmi (2011-06-24). "Special submarines and vehicles". www.militaryrussia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  40. ^ A.A.Vinogradov, M.N. Burov, P.N.Morozov, A.O.Sidorov, M.K.Sedov, A.V.Shishov (2018-02-18). "Underwater mini-NPP". www.proatom.ru (in Russian) (published 2018-02-05). Retrieved 2021-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Unknown (2018-10-04). "Harpsichord - Autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle". www.dfnc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  42. ^ Sutton, H I (2020-06-06). "Losharik Spy Submarine Accident Is Still A Problem For Russian Navy". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  43. ^ Unknown (2020-06-10). "America and Britain play cold-war games with Russia in the Arctic". www.economist.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  44. ^ Unknown (2020-05-26). "The Game of Chicken in the Melting Arctic". www.law-in-action.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  45. ^ Sanger, David E.; Schmitt, Eric (2015-10-25). "Russian Ships Near Data Cables Are Too Close for U.S. Comfort". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  46. ^ Schreck, Carl (2018-06-12). "How Vulnerable Are Undersea Cables That U.S. Says Russia Is Tracking?". www.rferl.org. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  47. ^ Nicholls, Dominic (2020-08-21). "Defence review to prioritise protecting undersea cables from Russian spy submarines". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
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