Jump to content

Illyrian education: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 45: Line 45:


== Illyrian educators ==
== Illyrian educators ==
{{See also|List of Illyrians}}
⚫
{{Main|Kratill Mahata}}
=== Kratil Mahata ===
=== Kratil Mahata ===
⚫
{{Main|Kratill Mahata}}
[[Kratill Mahata]] was a [[gymnasiarch]] from the Illyrian city of [[Nikaia, Illyria|Nikaia]] who lived in the 3th century BC. His name is mentioned in an inscription found in the Illyrian castle of Klos in Mallakastër.{{sfn|Anamali|1976|p=119}} The Illyrian city of Nikaia has been identified here, and during archeological excavations, an inscription of the 3rd century BC was found and which mentions, besides the main officials of the city, the gymnasiarch named Kratill Mahata, in charge of education and physical-military training of the youth. To further prove this fact, a second-century inscription was found in the Greek city of [[Oropos]], where a young man from the city of Nikaia was the first to be listed among the winners of the [[Amphiareion of Oropos| Amphiaraos festival]]. "It was also an honor for the city gymnasium, where the champion was prepared."{{sfn|Ceka|1987|p=90}}
[[Kratill Mahata]] was a [[gymnasiarch]] from the Illyrian city of [[Nikaia, Illyria|Nikaia]] who lived in the 3th century BC. His name is mentioned in an inscription found in the Illyrian castle of Klos in Mallakastër.{{sfn|Anamali|1976|p=119}} The Illyrian city of Nikaia has been identified here, and during archeological excavations, an inscription of the 3rd century BC was found and which mentions, besides the main officials of the city, the gymnasiarch named Kratill Mahata, in charge of education and physical-military training of the youth. To further prove this fact, a second-century inscription was found in the Greek city of [[Oropos]], where a young man from the city of Nikaia was the first to be listed among the winners of the [[Amphiareion of Oropos| Amphiaraos festival]]. "It was also an honor for the city gymnasium, where the champion was prepared."{{sfn|Ceka|1987|p=90}}


Revision as of 08:50, 15 June 2022

Pyrrhus, when a child, brought to Glaucias, king of Illyria and his wife Beroea for protection. There, in the court school of Glaukias, he received his excellent, upbringing, education and training. (Nicolas René le Jeune Jollain - 1777)
Queen Teuta of Illyria is a good example of the position of the Illyrian woman in the family, education and in Illyrian society as a whole. Historical records describe Illyrian women engaging also in warfare, holding political and military power, and taking on leadership positions.
File:Bukuroshja e Durresit.jpg
The Beauty of Durrës
The Illyrian footman
Gymnasium in Butrint
Byllis Theater
Goddess on the Throne

Illyrian education is a term in the field of the history of education and pedagogical thought that denotes the totality of forms, organizations and educational institutions in the Illyria and among Illyrians. Based on the latest scientific research and discoveries in various aspects of Illyrology: historical, archeological, epigraphic, linguistic, paleographic, etc., it has become possible to better summarize the Illyrian educational system. In general, it can be said that education among the Illyrians was developed starting from a level of family and informal education towards an organized, institutional and formal educational system.

Illyria and Illyrians

Main articles: Illyria and Illyrians

In classical antiquity, Illyria (/ɪˈlɪəriə/; Template:Lang-grc, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís;[1][2] Template:Lang-la,[3] Illyricum)[4] was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians. Illyrians spoke the Illyrian language, an Indo-European language, which in ancient times perhaps also had speakers in some parts of Southern Italy.[5] The geographical term Illyris (distinct from Illyria) was sometimes used to define approximately the area of northern and central Albania down to the Aoös valley, including in most periods much of the lakeland area.[6][7] In Roman times the terms Illyria / Illyris / Illyricum were extended from the territory that was roughly located in the area of the south-eastern Adriatic coast (modern Albania and Montenegro) and its hinterland, to a broader region stretching between the Adriatic Sea and the Danube, and from the upper reaches of the Adriatic down to the Ardiaei.[8][9][10] From about mid 1st century BC the term Illyricum was used by the Romans for the province of the Empire that stretched along the eastern Adriatic coast north of the Drin river, south of which the Roman province of Macedonia began.[11]

The Illyrians (Template:Lang-grc, Illyrioi; Template:Lang-la) were a group of Indo-European speaking peoples, who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo-Balkan populations, along with the Thracians and Greeks. The first account of Illyrian peoples dates back to the 6th century BC, in the works of the ancient Greek writer Hecataeus of Miletus.

In archaeological, historical and linguistic studies, research about the Illyrians, from the late 19th to the 21st century, has moved from Pan-Illyrian theories, which identified as Illyrian even groups north of the Balkans to more well-defined groupings based on Illyrian onomastics and material anthropology since the 1960s as newer inscriptions were found and sites excavated.[12] [13] [14] [15][16]

There are two principal Illyrian onomastic areas: the southern and the Dalmatian-Pannonian, with the area of the Dardani as a region of overlapping between the two. A third area, to the north of them – which in ancient literature was usually identified as part of Illyria – has been connected more to the Venetic language than to Illyrian. Illyric settlement in Italy was and still is attributed to a few ancient tribes which are thought to have migrated along the Adriatic shorelines to the Italian peninsula from the geographic "Illyria": the Dauni, the Peuceti and Messapi (collectively known as Iapyges). The term "Illyrians" last appears in the historical record in the 7th century, referring to a Byzantine garrison operating within the former Roman province of Illyricum.[17]

Illyrian education

See also: Illyrology

To the Illyrians as well as to other ancient peoples, the main centers of organized activity became organized cities in the form of provincial communities known as koinons. Archaeological research proves the existence of the gymnasium in Apollonia since the end of the 6th century BC.[18] Later, gymnasiums and other educational institutions were opened in cities such as Amantia, Byllis,[19] Durrës, Epidaurum,[20] Nikaia,[21] Phoenice, etc. King Tharrypa, who had studied in Athens, has the merit of introducing the elements of the cultural civilization of that time in Mollossia and Epirus, including theaters, schools (education) and administration with philanthropic laws and principles.[22] Historical evidence speaks of the Hellenistic School of Apollonia, in which in 44 Julius Caesar's nephew, Octavian Augustus, was also a student, probably because in this educational institution taught prominent scholars of the time.[23] The school of Apollonia was a philosophical-rhetorical school in which students learned knowledge from fields such as philosophy, oratory (rhetoric), literature and language. The ancient Greek geographer and historian Strabo in his work Geographica describes it as "a city with good laws" (polis eunomotate).[24] Even the Roman orator Cicero, who had visited these areas in 58 in his work Philipicae, described Apollonia as a "great and majestic city" (Template:Lang-la) with a school of philosophy and oratory.[25] The existence of libraries and stadiums has been proven in some Illyrian cities. In different historical periods, Greek and Roman educational institutions functioned in Illyria in which the children of the rich Illyrian strata attended classes.[26]

Meanwhile, the great philosopher and teacher of ancient Greece, Aristotle, author of several writings dedicated to the Illyrians, among which the Constitution of Dyrrahium and the Constitution of the Mollosians[27] are also spoken about the ancient city of Durrës. In his works Aristotle sometimes takes Durrës as an example of internal governance.[28] While the poet Catullus called Durrës "the Adriatic tavern" (Template:Lang-la), Cicero describes it as an "admirable city" (Template:Lang-la).[29]

The functioning of a regular educational system helped in the development of higher forms of culture. The main cities never lacked stoas (promenades), which were public buildings for the development of political, literary and philosophical conversations. Thus, e.g. Byllis stoa, 144m long, was two-storey and with two crossings, separated by a colonnade, for the movement of citizens. Stoas (promenades) have also been discovered in Nikaia, Dimale, Phoenice, etc. In the main cities there were also theaters, which were calculated not only for the population of the cities, but also of the villages. This is evidenced by the capacity of the Bylis theater with 7500 seats, at a time when the population of the city itself was 10-15 thousand inhabitants.[30] It is understood that most of the spectators were from rural areas. The massive character of the participation shows at the same time that the performances were not intended for a cultured elite, who could follow the plays in the language of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, but, in the local language, understandable to all. This is a proof of the existence of a dramatic literature in the Illyrian language. In general, the political, cultural and religious life in the Illyrian civic communities took place in gymnasiums, promenades, theaters, stadiums, temples, etc. In general, prominent scholars and personalities, distinguished military commanders and statesmen (kings) emerged from the Illyrian schools and educational system.[31]

Illyrian educational system

See also: Ancient higher-learning institutions
Family education

The education of children in the family was the first phase that includes the period from birth to the age of 7 years. During this period, the children of the Illyrians were educated in the family, by their parents and / or grandparents, but the mother (Illyrian woman) had a special educational role. It is known that the Illyrian woman in the family and in society enjoyed special respect. Ancient Greek and Roman authors, archaeological discoveries, and contemporary scholars confirm that women in the Illyrian world had more rights than ancient Greek or Roman women. Among other things, they enjoyed the right of inheritance, starting from the family to the highest governing bodies of the state. Such examples are Olympia (Mirtal), Teuta, Beroea, Birkena, etc.[32] According to Cicero, Illyrian women were "as powerful and industrious as their husbands, they guarded cattle, brought wood to their hearths, and prepared food. They breastfed their own children, even their twins."[33] After this period the children of free citizens, of the middle and upper classes of Illyrian society continued their education in grammar schools.[34]

Grammarian

Grammar (primary) were privately owned schools, in which Illyrian children aged 7-11 attended. During this period, particular attention was paid to the teaching of literacy and counting. Small wooden boards painted with a layer of beeswax as well as pens, which were sharp metal or bone (pencil) tools in the shape of a pencil, were used as writing tools.[35]

Palaestra

The Palaestra was the third phase of the education system in which children from the age of 12-14 attended classes. Even these educational institutions were usually private. During this period special attention was paid to the physical development of young people, mainly through gymnastic exercises and athletics. Their primary goal was to form a strong, stable, agile personality with a beautiful body.[36]

Gymnasium

The gymnasium is the fourth phase of the education system in which young people aged 15-17 attended classes. The education in the gymnasium was done under the care of the gymnasiarch, while special attention was paid to the physical, military and mental (intellectual) preparation of the young people, through running, jumping, javelin and discus, philosophical, literary and juridical-political conversations with learned people of time, etc.[37] [21]

Ephebos

Ephebos is the fifth stage when young people, usually men, attended school from the age of 18-20. During this period, the physical and military training of the youth continued, the first year under the direction of the gymnasium and the second year in the border units known as peripoles under the direction of the peripolarch. The main aim of this period was to prepare capable fighters for the defense of their city-state in case of need. Due to the importance of ephebos, the preparation of young people in this period took place under the direct care of the Illyrian state and civic communities.[38]

Illyrian educators

See also: List of Illyrians

Kratil Mahata

Main article: Kratill Mahata

Kratill Mahata was a gymnasiarch from the Illyrian city of Nikaia who lived in the 3th century BC. His name is mentioned in an inscription found in the Illyrian castle of Klos in Mallakastër.[39] The Illyrian city of Nikaia has been identified here, and during archeological excavations, an inscription of the 3rd century BC was found and which mentions, besides the main officials of the city, the gymnasiarch named Kratill Mahata, in charge of education and physical-military training of the youth. To further prove this fact, a second-century inscription was found in the Greek city of Oropos, where a young man from the city of Nikaia was the first to be listed among the winners of the Amphiaraos festival. "It was also an honor for the city gymnasium, where the champion was prepared."[40]

Mark Lugari

Main article: Mark Lugari

Mark Lugari was a teacher from the city of Apollonia who lived in the late 3rd and early 2nd century BC. During the archeological excavations in the tomb of the teacher Mark Lugari, the writing tools that were used by the students in the school at that time were discovered.[21] On the belt of this teacher hung a leather holder, in the holes of which were inserted writing sheets of papyrus or parchment, collected in a cylindrical shape. At the end was a metal hook for catching squid and holding a pencil (pen). The stonemason also carved a diptych (quadrangular writing board) there. In this way are given both ways in which it was written at that time. Both forms were expensive for beginners to use. Therefore the most practical were the wax-painted quadrangular tables where the letters were scratched with the tip of a pencil.[41]

Nicetas of Remesiana

Nicetas of Remesiana (335 - 414) in a stamp from Albania - 1998
Main article: Nicetas of Remesiana

Nicetas (c. 335–414) was Bishop of Remesiana, (present-day Bela Palanka, Serbia), which was then in the Roman province of Dacia Mediterranea.[42] According to reliable sources of archaeo-musicology, including those British, French and Italian, Nicetas has written, “I am Dardanian” (Template:Lang-la).[43]

Nicetas promoted Latin sacred music for use during the Eucharistic worship and reputedly composed a number of liturgical hymns, among which some twentieth-century scholars number the major Latin Christian hymn of praise, Te Deum, traditionally attributed to Ambrose and Augustine. He is presumed to be the missionary to the barbarian Thracian tribe of the Bessi.[44]

Lengthy excerpts survive of his principal doctrinal work, Instructions for Candidates for Baptism, in six books. They show that he stressed the orthodox position in trinitarian doctrine. They contain the expression "communion of saints" about the belief in a mystical bond uniting both the living and the dead in a certain hope and love. No evidence survives of previous use of this expression, which has since played a central role in formulations of the Christian creed. His feast day as a saint is on 22 June.[45][46]

Jerome of Stridon

St. Jerome in His Study (1480), by Domenico Ghirlandaio
Main article: Jerome

Jerome (/dʒəˈroʊm/; Template:Lang-la; Template:Lang-grc-gre; c. 342 – c. 347 – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.

Jerome was born at Stridon (Illyricum), a village near Emona on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia.[47][48] He is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin (the translation that became known as the Vulgate) and his commentaries on the whole Bible. Jerome attempted to create a translation of the Old Testament based on a Hebrew version, rather than the Septuagint, as Latin Bible translations used to be performed before him. His list of writings is extensive, and beside his Biblical works, he wrote polemical and historical essays, always from a theologian's perspective.[49]

Jerome was known for his teachings on Christian moral life, especially to those living in cosmopolitan centers such as Rome. In many cases, he focused his attention on the lives of women and identified how a woman devoted to Jesus should live her life. This focus stemmed from his close patron relationships with several prominent female ascetics who were members of affluent senatorial families.[50]

Due to Jerome's work, he is recognised as a saint and Doctor of the Church by the Catholic Church, and as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church,[51] the Lutheran Church, and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is 30 September (Gregorian calendar).

Saint Hieronymus, also contributed in the field of education, pedagogy and culture.[52][53] As a Christian scholar he detailed his pedagogy of girls in numerous letters throughout his life. He did not believe the body in need of training, and thus advocated for fasting and mortification to subdue the body.[53] He only recommends the Bible as reading material, with limited exposure, and cautions against musical instruments. He advocates against letting girls interact with society, and of having "affections for one of her companions than for others."[53] He does recommend teaching the alphabet by ivory blocks instead of memorization so "She will thus learn by playing."[53] He is an advocate of positive reinforcement, stating "Do not chide her for the difficulty she may have in learning. On the contrary, encourage her by commendation..."[53]

The Magistrate from Apollonia (Illyria)

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Illyría and Illyrís respectively
  2. ^ Polybius. Histories, 1.13.1.
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles. "Illyria". A Latin Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  4. ^ Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139484237. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  5. ^ If the Messapian language was close enough to the Illyrian language to be considered an Illyrian dialect, then Illyrian would also have been spoken in southern Italy.
  6. ^ Boardman 1982, p. 623: "Illyris, a term different from Illyria and Illyricum, was that part of Albania which lies north of the lower and middle Vijosë valley, and during most epochs it included much of the lakeland area."
  7. ^ Hammond 1982, p. 261: "'Illyris', a geographical term which the Greeks applied to a territory neighbouring of their own, covers more or less the area of northern and central Albania down to the mouth of the Aous."
  8. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 97: "These definitions of Illyrians may have been academic until around 200 BC when Illyria meant the kingdom on the south Adriatic. The later extension of Illyria/Illyricum to all the lands between Adriatic and Danube came only in the Roman era."
  9. ^ Kos 2012: The Illyris known to Strabo was a country stretching from the upper reaches of the Adriatic down to the Rhyzonic Gulf and the Ardiaei, between the sea and the Pannonian peoples (7.5.3 C 314); not much different are the descriptions in Appian (Ill.1) and Cassius Dio (12 Zonar. 8.19.8).
  10. ^ Dzino 2014, pp. 45–46: "The majority of authorities assume that this term expanded roughly from the region of the south-eastern Adriatic (modern Albania and Montenegro) with the hinterland, to the whole Roman Illyricum, between the eastern Adriatic and the Danube."
  11. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 208: "By the middle of the first century the Romans were using the name Illyricum for their Adriatic territories north of the Drin, south of which the province Macedonia began."
  12. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 5 - 12: "Rediscovery of Illyrians: Illyrian studies ..."
  13. ^ Vasmer, Max. 1928 "Beitrage zur alten Geographie der Gebiete zwischen Elbe und Weichsel" Zeitschrift für slawische Philologie 5.360–370.
  14. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1936). "Substrattheorie und Urheimat der Indogermanen". Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft. 66: 69–91.
  15. ^ Mayer, Anton (1957). Die Sprache der alten Illyrier, Volume 1. In Kommission bei R. M. Rohrer.
  16. ^ Muzafer Korkuti: Parailirët, ilirët, arbërit: Histori e shkurtër. Tiranë: Toena. 2003. ISBN 99927-1-689-4
  17. ^ Schaefer 2008, p. 130.
  18. ^ Dedja 2003, p. 22.
  19. ^ Baku 2011, p. 172.
  20. ^ Zhlebnik 1969, p. 18.
  21. ^ a b c Dedja 2003, p. 18.
  22. ^ Plutarku (2000). Pjerin Logoreci (ed.). Pirro (Pyrrhus of Epirus): Jetë Paralele (Parallel Lives) (in Albanian). Translated by Sotir Papahristo. Tiranë: Logoreci. p. 7. ISBN 9992766417. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  23. ^ Qafëzezi, Ilo-Mitkë (1936) Dhaskal Gjoka ose shkolla korçare e qëmoçme. Qafëzezi, Korçë, p.84
  24. ^ Strabo. Geographica, 7.8.316 Archived 2020-07-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ^ Elsie 2011, p. 80 - 81.
  26. ^ Rexhepi & Demaj 2009, p. 16 - 17.
  27. ^ Osmani 1983, p. 36 - 37.
  28. ^ Baku 2011, p. 260.
  29. ^ Elsie 2011, p. 178 - 179.
  30. ^ Raddato, C. (2020, March 11). Theatre of Byllis, Albania Archived 2021-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. World History Encyclopedia.
  31. ^ Ceka, Neritan (1987), Mbishkrime byline [Inscriptions bylliones], vol. 17, Tirana: Iliria, p. 53, archived from the original on 10 April 2022, retrieved 12 June 2022
  32. ^ Stipčević 1980, p. 174.
  33. ^ Šišiċ 1925, p. 83.
  34. ^ Rexhepi & Demaj 2009, p. 84 - 85.
  35. ^ Koliqi 1997, p. 101.
  36. ^ Dedja 2003, p. 17 - 18.
  37. ^ Strabo:Geographica IX. p.3;16
  38. ^ Dedja 2003, p. 19 - 20.
  39. ^ Anamali 1976, p. 119.
  40. ^ Ceka 1987, p. 90.
  41. ^ Çomo 1986, p. 52.
  42. ^ "Letter of Pope John Paul II for the third centenary of the union of the Greek-Catholic Church of Romania with the Church of Rome". Archived from the original on 2022-04-24. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  43. ^ Dr Shaban Sinani & Eduard Zaloshnja (2004) Albanski kodeksi - The Codices of Albania. pages 161 - 170 in International Conference "Church Archives & Libraries" Collection of works from International conference Kotor 17th – 18th April 2002. Kotor 2004 (English & Montenegrin)
  44. ^ Schram, 1994
  45. ^ Martyrologium Romanum. Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001. ISBN 88-209-7210-7
  46. ^ Gross, Ernie. This Day In Religion. New York:Neal-Schuman Publications, 1990. ISBN 1-55570-045-4.
  47. ^ Scheck 2008, p. 5.
  48. ^ Ward 1950, p. 7: "It may be taken as certain that Jerome was an Italian, coming from that wedge of Italy which seems on the old maps to be driven between Dalmatia and Pannonia."
  49. ^ Schaff, Philip, ed. (1893). A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. 2nd series. Vol. VI. Henry Wace. New York: The Christian Literature Company. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  50. ^ Williams 2006.
  51. ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church he is known as Saint Jerome of Stridonium or Blessed Jerome. "Blessed" in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint, as it does in the West.
  52. ^ Pierre Maraval (1998), Éditions Desclée de Brouwer (ed.), Petite vie de Saint Jérôme (in French), Paris (France), p. 66, ISBN 2-220-03572-7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  53. ^ a b c d e Compayré, Gabriel (1892). The History of Pedagogy. D.C. Heath & Company. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-06-12.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_education&oldid=1093224789"