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His support for [[Weimar Republic|the republic]] counted against Goetz when a [[Nazi Germany|post-democratic political class]] [[Machtergreifung|took power]] in 1933. Goetz conspicuously failed to break off contacts with colleagues identified by the authorities as Jewish, such as his former pupils [[:de:Alfred von Martin|Alfred von Martin]] and [[Hans Baron]], who had been powerfully influenced by Goetz during his time at Leipzig during the 1920s by Goetz's consciously "humanist" approach to history and his insistence on the importance of the untranslatable concept of "Geistesgeschte".<ref name=1933uJewishexiles/><ref name=UmWGuHBlautRF>{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2124599.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A68621932f6f6e24b8357412f670ca647&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_phrase_search%2Fcontrol&origin=search-results |title=Renaissance Historian: The Career of Hans Baron |work=Review: In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism: Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought by Anne C. Tedeschi and John Tedeschi |author=Riccardo Fubini |date=September 1992 |volume=64, No. 3 |pages=541-574 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press (The Journal of Modern History) & JSTOR |accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref> When Goetz found himself persuaded to resign, he was obliged to accept a reduced pension entitlement. Six months later, however, a more conventional retirement was implemented which is believed to have included restoration of his full pension rights. The circumstances under which all this took place are less than clear, but there are references to "several months of negotiation", apparently undertaken by political colleagues such as [[:de:Eduard Hamm |Eduard Hamm]] on Goetz's behalf, during a brief period in the middle part of 1933 in which the [[Nazi Party |National Socialist party]] leadership still felt the need, on occasion, to present a conciliatory face to (non-Communist) political opponents.<ref name=PolitischeKontaktpflege>{{cite web |title=Politische Kontaktpflege, Handlungspielraeume und Stellung zur NS-Politik: Eduard Hamm und Otto Geßler im "Dritten Reich" |year=2017 |pages= 155-156, 155-175 |work=Bürger gegen Hitler: Vorgeschichte, Aufbau und Wirken des bayerischen »Sperr-Freises" |author= Manuel Limbach |isbn=9783525310717 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen |url= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=noKIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156 |accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref>
His support for [[Weimar Republic|the republic]] counted against Goetz when a [[Nazi Germany|post-democratic political class]] [[Machtergreifung|took power]] in 1933. Goetz conspicuously failed to break off contacts with colleagues identified by the authorities as Jewish, such as his former pupils [[:de:Alfred von Martin|Alfred von Martin]] and [[Hans Baron]], who had been powerfully influenced by Goetz during his time at Leipzig during the 1920s by Goetz's consciously "humanist" approach to history and his insistence on the importance of the untranslatable concept of "Geistesgeschte".<ref name=1933uJewishexiles/><ref name=UmWGuHBlautRF>{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2124599.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A68621932f6f6e24b8357412f670ca647&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_phrase_search%2Fcontrol&origin=search-results |title=Renaissance Historian: The Career of Hans Baron |work=Review: In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism: Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought by Anne C. Tedeschi and John Tedeschi |author=Riccardo Fubini |date=September 1992 |volume=64, No. 3 |pages=541-574 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press (The Journal of Modern History) & JSTOR |accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref> When Goetz found himself persuaded to resign, he was obliged to accept a reduced pension entitlement. Six months later, however, a more conventional retirement was implemented which is believed to have included restoration of his full pension rights. The circumstances under which all this took place are less than clear, but there are references to "several months of negotiation", apparently undertaken by political colleagues such as [[:de:Eduard Hamm |Eduard Hamm]] on Goetz's behalf, during a brief period in the middle part of 1933 in which the [[Nazi Party |National Socialist party]] leadership still felt the need, on occasion, to present a conciliatory face to (non-Communist) political opponents.<ref name=PolitischeKontaktpflege>{{cite web |title=Politische Kontaktpflege, Handlungspielraeume und Stellung zur NS-Politik: Eduard Hamm und Otto Geßler im "Dritten Reich" |year=2017 |pages= 155-156, 155-175 |work=Bürger gegen Hitler: Vorgeschichte, Aufbau und Wirken des bayerischen »Sperr-Freises" |author= Manuel Limbach |isbn=9783525310717 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen |url= https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=noKIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156 |accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref>


=== Career resumption ===
=== Post-war career ===
By the time [[End of World War II in Europe |military defeat]] delivered an end to the twelve year [[Nazi Germany |Hitler nightmare]] in 1945, Walter Goetz was nearly 80. Nevertheless, in 1946 he accepted a professorial appointment at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]], iinitially as an "adjunct professor" and later as an "honorary professor".<ref name=WGlautLipsi/> (Living near Munich, Goetz had ended up in the [[American occupation zone]] where as Leopzig, afterr July 1945, was [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany |administered]] as part of the [[Soviet occupation zone]] in a now [[Allied-occupied Germany |occupied and partitioned version of Germany]].) A more hands-on role came with his presidency, between 1946 and 1951, of the [[:de:Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (HiKo)]], with which he had been associated intemittently since the early years of the century.<ref name=WGlautHG/><ref name=WGlautFB/><ref name=WGlautBBAW>{{cite web |title=Walter Goetz |url=https://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/akademie-historische-aspekte/mitglieder-historisch/historisches-mitglied-walter-goetz-902 |publisher=Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin |accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref> He led an extensive re-organisation of the HiKo, which was badly needed. He played a decisive role in the reconfiguration of the long-running [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]] publishing project which was transferred to Munich from Berlin during his incumbency. He took charge of Modern History at the university until a more permanent section head could be appointed. Goetz himself continued to lecture in history in his capacity as an honorary professor till 1951 when, aged 84, he again retired from his university career.<ref name=WGlautFB/>
By the time [[End of World War II in Europe |military defeat]] delivered an end to the twelve year [[Nazi Germany |Hitler nightmare]] in 1945, Walter Goetz was nearly 80. Nevertheless, in 1946 he accepted a professorial appointment at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]], iinitially as an "adjunct professor" and later as an "honorary professor".<ref name=WGlautLipsi/> (Living near Munich, Goetz had ended up in the [[American occupation zone]] where as Leopzig, afterr July 1945, was [[Soviet Military Administration in Germany |administered]] as part of the [[Soviet occupation zone]] in a now [[Allied-occupied Germany |occupied and partitioned version of Germany]].) A more hands-on role came with his presidency, between 1946 and 1951, of the [[:de:Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (HiKo)]], with which he had been associated intemittently since the early years of the century.<ref name=WGlautHG/><ref name=WGlautFB/><ref name=WGlautBBAW>{{cite web |title=Walter Goetz |url=https://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/akademie-historische-aspekte/mitglieder-historisch/historisches-mitglied-walter-goetz-902 |publisher=Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin |accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref> He led an extensive re-organisation of the HiKo, which was badly needed. He played a decisive role in the reconfiguration of the long-running [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]] publishing project which was transferred to Munich from Berlin during his incumbency. He took charge of Modern History at the university until a more permanent section head could be appointed. Goetz himself continued to lecture in history in his capacity as an honorary professor till 1951 when, aged 84, he again retired from his university career. He never remained active as a member of the [[:de:Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |HiKo]] till 1958.<ref name=WGlautFB/><ref name=WGlautLipsi/>

führte er ihre notwendig gewordene Reorganisation durch, wirkte entscheidend mit an der Neugestaltung der damals nach München verlegten Monumenta Germaniae und übernahm gleichzeitig auch die Vertretung der neueren Geschichte an der Universität, bis der neue Inhaber des Lehrstuhls sein Amt angetreten hatte. Als Honorarprofessor hat er dann seine Vorlesungen noch weiter fortgesetzt und erst 1951, im Alter von 84 Jahren, sich endgültig zurückgezogen.


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Nach dem Krieg wurde er außerplanmäßiger Professor und ab 1952 Honorarprofessor in München. Von 1946 bis 1951 war er außerdem Präsident der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (seit 1904 Mitglied). In seinen letzten Lebensjahren beschäftigte Goetz sich mit der Konzeption der Neuen Deutschen Biographie, deren erste Bände kurz vor seinem Tode publiziert wurden.
In seinen letzten Lebensjahren beschäftigte Goetz sich mit der Konzeption der Neuen Deutschen Biographie, deren erste Bände kurz vor seinem Tode publiziert wurden.


Goetz wirkte an der Aufarbeitung der Monumenta Germaniae Historica mit. Von 1927 bis 1949 war er Vorsitzender der Deutschen Dante-Gesellschaft. Er war seit 1947 Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in München. Des Weiteren war er seit 1930 Mitglied der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Hier konnte er seine Studien zur italienischen Renaissance fortsetzen und publizieren. Sein 1920 geborener Sohn Helmut Goetz wurde ebenfalls Historiker und war viele Jahre am Deutschen Historischen Institut in Rom tätig.
Goetz wirkte an der Aufarbeitung der Monumenta Germaniae Historica mit. Von 1927 bis 1949 war er Vorsitzender der Deutschen Dante-Gesellschaft. Er war seit 1947 Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in München. Des Weiteren war er seit 1930 Mitglied der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Hier konnte er seine Studien zur italienischen Renaissance fortsetzen und publizieren. Sein 1920 geborener Sohn Helmut Goetz wurde ebenfalls Historiker und war viele Jahre am Deutschen Historischen Institut in Rom tätig.

Revision as of 14:27, 10 May 2022

Walter Goetz
Walter Goetz as a student, in the uniform of the "Turnerschaft Munichia" student fraterntiry (1887/1888)
Born
Walter Wilhelm Goetz

11 November 1867
Lindenau (Leipzig), Saxony, Germany
Died
Adelholzen (Traunstein), Upper Bavaria, West Germany
Occupation(s)Historian
University professor
Politician & Reichstag member
Political partyDDP
Spouse(s)1. Wilhelmine Ritte (1872–1902)
2. Hedwig Pfister
Children4 sons
Parents
  • Dr. Ferdinand Goetz (1826–1915) (father)
  • Minna Dornblüth (1828–1917) (mother)

Walter Goetz (11 November 1867 – 30 October 1958) was a German historian, primarily of Europe during the sixteenth century. During the years of the German republic he embarked on a parallel career in politics, serving as a member of the Reichstag (parliament) between 1920 and 1928, and representing the centre-left DDP (party).[1][2][3][4][5]

Life

Provenance and early years

Walter Wilhelm Goetz was born at Leipzig, where his father, Dr. Ferdinand Goetz (1826–1915), a veteran of the 1848/49 liberal uprisings, worked as a physician. His mother, born Minna Dornblüth (1828–1917), was the daughter of another physician.[6][7] Till 1886 Goetz was a pupil at the city's prestigious "humanistische Thomasschule" (secondary school).[1][2] (Former students included Bach, Leibniz and Wagner.[8][9]) He moved on to study Jurisprudence at the University of Freiburg, Art history at the University of Munich and Applied economics at the University of Leipzig, where he was taught by Lujo Brentano.[10][11] While at Munich he followed his father's example in joining the "Turnerschaft Munichia", a venerable student fraternity, tracing its roots back to the university gymnastics clubs of former decades.[12] He would team up, much later, with Konrad Bahr to produce "Munichengeschichte", a chronicle of the evolution of the "Turnerschaft Munichia" from its foundantion to the twentieth century.[13]

Post-graduate studies

With his post-graduate education, Wilhelm Goetz concentrated on History. He received his doctorate in 1890 with a study on the election of Maximilian II as King of the Romans in 1562.[10] The work was supervised by Wilhelm Maurenbrecher at Leipzig.[2][14] In 1895 he received his Habilitation degree in "General History", based on a study of the first ten years of the rule of Duke Albrecht V in Bavaria, supervised this time by Karl Lamprecht. Having obtained a teaching post, he remained at Leipzig for a time after receiving the degree in order to continue his work on Albrecht V and then, in or before 1901, transferred to Munich, having accepted a teaching post there as a "Privatdozent".[4]

Between 1892 and 1895, while based in Leipzig, Goetz had worked for the Munich-based Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (HiKo). The return to Munich full-time enabled him to re-establish his links with the HiKo, now taking a more permanent staff position with the commission. This proved a significant career move.[2][4]

Marriage and networking

Over Easter 1901 Walter Goetz married Wilhelmine Ritte (1872–1902), a daughter of the distinguished Bonn historian Moriz Ritter. He had proposed marriage to her just three weeks after first meeting her in October 1899 at her father's house. At the time of Wilhelmine's death through a "serious operation", approximately a year later, the marriage appears still to have been childless.[2][15] It was also during these first years of the new century that Goetz developed a number of important professional alliances that became friendships, notably with the historian Karl Brandi and with Luise von Druffel, widow of August von Druffel, and the landlady of the two of them.[16]

In 1913, slightly more than a decade after the early death of his first wife, Walter Goetz married Hedwig Pfister at Genoa. Hedwig, nearly twenty years younger than her husband, was daughter to the banker Carl Pfister (1851–1940). The marriage was followed, in due course, by the births of the couple's four sons.[2]

Professorships: Tübingen, Straßburg, Leipzig

Promotion followed in 1905, when he accepted his first full professorship, taking over from Georg von Below at the University of Tübingen.[16] He moved on again in 1913, accepting a professorship in succession to Harry Bresslau at the University of Strasbourg, which at that time was in Germany. He remained listed as a professor at Strasbourg for approximately two years, but after July 1914, with war, he was called up to serve with the First Bavarian Infantry Regiment, the regiment with which he had performed his national service, as a twelve-month break in his studies at Leipzig during the early 1890s.[4] In Summer 1915 Goetz was at the frontline near the Somme, when news came through of an offer from the University of Leipzig. Karl Lamprecht had died relatively young in May 1915, probably as a result of internal bleeding caused by an ulcer. Walter Goetz accepted the offer to replace Lamprecht as Professor for the Arts and Universal History. The job went with the directorship of the eponymous "Institut für Kultur- und Universalgeschichte", which Lamprecht had set up in 1909. Goetz remained in both posts till 1933.[2][17] He also participated in university administration, serving as dean of faculty during 1929/1930.[10] The Hitler government took power in January 1933, at a time when Goetz was nearing the usual retirement age. He was known to be unsympathetic to the precepts of National Socialism, and during the summer 1933 he rsigned from the university and retired to the village of Gräfelfing, on the western sife of Munich, where he had had a house built. His intention at the time was to devote the rest of his life to "literary work".[4] He made his move shortly after the passing of the so-called "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service". As with many university professors in Germany who resigned at this time, it quickly becomes hard to disentangle the extent to which his resignation was voluntary.[2][4][18]

Politics

during the first part of the twentieth century Gietz became involved with the short-lived National-Social Association around Friedrich Naumann. The association saw itself as a political party able to combine liberalism, nationalism and (non-Marxist) socialism with Protestant Christian values, dedicated to the promotio9n of social reform in order to avert class conflict. It never gained significant traction with voters, but dis attract support a number of formidable intellectuals keen to reconcile its conflicting aspirations. Its influence with the liberal and socialist centre left in German politics was significant and long-lasting, due in part to the number of individuals in it who subsequently resurfaced in more successful political parties.[1][19] Goetz became a contributor to the movement's political magazine "Die Hilfe". In the process he formed deep political and personal friendships with fellow contributors including, most significantly, Theodor Heuss and the archaeologist Ludwig Curtius.[2]

In 1920 Goetz was elected to the newly formed Reichstag (national parliament), representing the centre-left DDP in electoral district 32 (Leipzig).[20][21] He became a member of a number of committees and was frequently on the road delivering political speeches: he made little impact as a parliamentarian, however, and through the 1920s the major focus of his career remained on his teaching duties at the University of Leipzig.[2][10]

Hitler years

His support for the republic counted against Goetz when a post-democratic political class took power in 1933. Goetz conspicuously failed to break off contacts with colleagues identified by the authorities as Jewish, such as his former pupils Alfred von Martin and Hans Baron, who had been powerfully influenced by Goetz during his time at Leipzig during the 1920s by Goetz's consciously "humanist" approach to history and his insistence on the importance of the untranslatable concept of "Geistesgeschte".[18][22] When Goetz found himself persuaded to resign, he was obliged to accept a reduced pension entitlement. Six months later, however, a more conventional retirement was implemented which is believed to have included restoration of his full pension rights. The circumstances under which all this took place are less than clear, but there are references to "several months of negotiation", apparently undertaken by political colleagues such as Eduard Hamm on Goetz's behalf, during a brief period in the middle part of 1933 in which the National Socialist party leadership still felt the need, on occasion, to present a conciliatory face to (non-Communist) political opponents.[23]

Post-war career

By the time military defeat delivered an end to the twelve year Hitler nightmare in 1945, Walter Goetz was nearly 80. Nevertheless, in 1946 he accepted a professorial appointment at the University of Munich, iinitially as an "adjunct professor" and later as an "honorary professor".[10] (Living near Munich, Goetz had ended up in the American occupation zone where as Leopzig, afterr July 1945, was administered as part of the Soviet occupation zone in a now occupied and partitioned version of Germany.) A more hands-on role came with his presidency, between 1946 and 1951, of the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (HiKo), with which he had been associated intemittently since the early years of the century.[2][4][24] He led an extensive re-organisation of the HiKo, which was badly needed. He played a decisive role in the reconfiguration of the long-running Monumenta Germaniae Historica publishing project which was transferred to Munich from Berlin during his incumbency. He took charge of Modern History at the university until a more permanent section head could be appointed. Goetz himself continued to lecture in history in his capacity as an honorary professor till 1951 when, aged 84, he again retired from his university career. He never remained active as a member of the HiKo till 1958.[4][10]


Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c "Walter Goetz: deutscher Historiker und Politiker; Prof". Internationales Biographisches Archiv 01/1959 vom 22. Dezember 1958. Munzinger Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Herbert Grundmann (1964). "Goetz, Walter Wilhelm: Historiker, * 11.11.1867 Leipzig, † 30.10.1958 Sanatorium Adelholzen (Oberbayern)". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (HiKo), München. pp. 582–584. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Goetz, Walter, Dr. phil". Reichstags-Handbuch, 3. Wahlperiode. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. 1925. p. 248. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Friedrich Baethgen. "Walter Goetz 11.11.1867 - 30.10.1958" (PDF). Nachrufe. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, München. pp. 137–145. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  5. ^ "Goetz [göts], Walter". Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 36. Supplement. Globe - Kövess / 17-20. Project Runeberg. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Goetz, Ferdinand" (PDF). Kurzbiografien von Personen mit Bezug zu Lindenau. Lindenauer Stadtteilverein (Lindenau Bibliografie). 2008. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  7. ^ Herbert Grundmann (1964). "Goetz, Ferdinand Hermann Wilhelm: Führer in der Turnbewegung, * 24.5.1826 Leipzig, † 13.10.1915 Leipzig". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (HiKo), München. pp. 581–582. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  8. ^ C.Weigel. "Geschichte an der Thomasschule zu Leipzig". Thomasschule, Gymnasium der Stadt Leipzig. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  9. ^ Eva Firzlaff (13 May 2012). "Navigationssystem durch Leipzigs Musikgeschichte". Deutschlandfunk. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Walter Goetz". Professorenkatalog der Universität Leipzig / catalogus professorum lipsiensium. Lehrstuhl für Neuere und Neueste Geschichte, Historisches Seminar der Universität Leipzig. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  11. ^ Raoul Manselli (1961). "Goetz, Walter". Enciclopedia Italiana - III Appendice. Treccani, Roma. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  12. ^ "Goetz Ferdinand". Mémoires de Guerre .... ecrivains. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  13. ^ Walter Goetz u. Konrad Bahr: Die Munichenchronik. Geschichte der Turnerschaft Munichia in München 1883–1923, Verlag Turnerschaft Munichia, München 1963.
  14. ^ Georges Blondel. "Maximilians II Wahl zum rœmischen Kœnige 1562 by Walter Gœtz (Rezension / review)" (PDF). Revue Historique, T. 55, Fasc. 1 (1894). Presses Universitaires de France, Paris & JSTOR. pp. 169–171. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  15. ^ Ewald Kessler (5 June 1923). "Lebenserinnerungen des Historikers Moriz Ritter .... Footnote 140". Internationale kirchliche Zeitschrift : neue Folge der Revue internationale de théologie. ETH-Bibliothek, Zürich. pp. 461–473, 473. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  16. ^ a b Perdita Ladwig (10 May 2004). "Das Zeitalter der erwachenden Persönlichkleiten: Walter Goetz 1867-1958". Das Renaissancebild deutscher Historiker 1898–1933. Campus Verlag. pp. 115–187, 147, 153. ISBN 978-3593374673. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  17. ^ Michael Borgolte (1996). "Sozialgeschichte beim Aufbau der marxistischen Mittelalterforschung". Sozialgeschichte des Mittelalters: Eine Forschungsbilanz nach der deutschen Einheit: 22 (Historische Zeitschrift / Beihefte, N.F. 22). Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 13, 9-91. ISBN 978-3486644470. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  18. ^ a b David Weinstein; Avihu Zakai (6 July 2017). "Hans Baron: Humanism and Repuboican Liberty in an Age of Tynranny .... The discovery of civic humanism". Jewish Exiles and European Thought in the Shadow of the Third Reich: Baron, Popper, Strauss, Auerbach. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56, 49–75. ISBN 978-1107166462. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  19. ^ Dr. Barthold C. Witte; Dr. Jürgen Frölich. "1. His Life, his Work, his Impact, 2. The Naumann Circle" (PDF). Friedrich Naumann: The Life and Works of Friedrich Naumann 1860–1919: Chronicle of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom 1958–2009. Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, Potsdam-Babelsberg. pp. 8–45, 48–51. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Goetz, Walter, Dr. phil.: Professor der Geschichte ..." Reichstags-Handbuch, 1. Wahlperiode. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München. 1920. p. 222. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  21. ^ Bernd Faulenbach; Klaus Schwabe. "Die Historiker und die "Massengesellschaft" der Weimarer Republik". Deutsche Hochschullehrer als Elite: 1815–1945. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. p. 243, 225-245. ISBN 9783486418736. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  22. ^ Riccardo Fubini (September 1992). "Renaissance Historian: The Career of Hans Baron" (PDF). Review: In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism: Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought by Anne C. Tedeschi and John Tedeschi. The University of Chicago Press (The Journal of Modern History) & JSTOR. pp. 541–574. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  23. ^ Manuel Limbach (2017). "Politische Kontaktpflege, Handlungspielraeume und Stellung zur NS-Politik: Eduard Hamm und Otto Geßler im "Dritten Reich"". Bürger gegen Hitler: Vorgeschichte, Aufbau und Wirken des bayerischen »Sperr-Freises". Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen. pp. 155–156, 155–175. ISBN 9783525310717. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Walter Goetz". Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
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