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--><ref>{{Cite book |author=Smith, A.F. |year=1994 |title=The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=1-57003-000-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0/page/13 13] |url=https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0/page/13}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{Cite book |author=Smith, A.F. |year=1994 |title=The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=1-57003-000-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0/page/13 13] |url=https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0/page/13}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hirst |first1=K. Kris |title=Plant Domestication – Table of Dates and Places |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/a/plant_domestic.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hirst |first1=K. Kris |title=Plant Domestication – Table of Dates and Places |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/a/plant_domestic.htm |publisher=About.com |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piperno|first1=Dolores, R.|last2=Ranere|first2=Anthony J.|last3=Holst|first3=Irene|last4=Iriarte|first4=Jose|last5=Dickau|first5=Ruth|year=2009 |title=Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico |journal=PNAS |volume=106 |issue=13 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5019.full |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812525106 |pages=5019–5024 |pmid=19307570 |pmc=2664021 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5019P}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piperno|first1=Dolores, R.|last2=Ranere|first2=Anthony J.|last3=Holst|first3=Irene|last4=Iriarte|first4=Jose|last5=Dickau|first5=Ruth|year=2009 |title=Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico |journal=PNAS |volume=106 |issue=13 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812525106 |pages=5019–5024 |pmid=19307570 |pmc=2664021 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5019P|doi-access=free}}</ref><!--
--> The following table shows when each New World crop was first domesticated.
--> The following table shows when each New World crop was first domesticated.


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! Location
! Location
|-
|-
| 8000 BCE<ref name="squash etc.">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Bruce D. |title=Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=February 2001 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1324–1326 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/1324.full |access-date=4 November 2013 |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324 |pmid=11171946 |pmc=33375 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.1324S}}</ref>
| 8000 BCE<ref name="squash etc.">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Bruce D. |title=Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=February 2001 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1324–1326 |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324 |pmid=11171946 |pmc=33375 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.1324S|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[Squash (plant)|Squash]]
| [[Squash (plant)|Squash]]
| [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]]
| [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]]
|-
|-
| 8000–5000 BCE<ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{cite journal |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |last=Spooner |first=DM |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pages=14694–99 |pmid=16203994 |year=2005 |display-authors=etal |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S}}</ref>
| 8000–5000 BCE<ref name="Spooner 2005 14694–99">{{cite journal |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |last=Spooner |first=DM |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=102 |issue=41 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |pmc=1253605 |pages=14694–99 |pmid=16203994 |year=2005 |display-authors=etal |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[Potato]]
| [[Potato]]
| Peruvian Andes
| Peruvian Andes
|-
|-
| 6000–4000 BCE<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perry |first=Linda |author2=Kent V. Flannery |title=Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=July 17, 2007 |volume=104 |issue=29 |pages=11905–11909 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/29/11905.full |access-date=4 November 2013 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0704936104 |pmid=17620613 |pmc=1924538 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10411905P}}</ref>
| 6000–4000 BCE<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perry |first=Linda |author2=Kent V. Flannery |title=Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=July 17, 2007 |volume=104 |issue=29 |pages=11905–11909 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0704936104 |pmid=17620613 |pmc=1924538 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10411905P|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[capsicum|Peppers]]
| [[capsicum|Peppers]]
| Bolivia
| Bolivia
|-
|-
| 5700 BCE<ref name="squash etc." /><ref name="corn">{{cite journal |last=Ranere |first=Anthony J. |author2=Dolores R. Piper |author3=Irene Holst |author4=Ruth Dickau |author5=José Iriarte |title=The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 23, 2009 |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=5014–5018 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5014.full |access-date=4 November 2013 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812590106 |pmid=19307573 |pmc=2664064 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5014R}}</ref>
| 5700 BCE<ref name="squash etc." /><ref name="corn">{{cite journal |last=Ranere |first=Anthony J. |author2=Dolores R. Piper |author3=Irene Holst |author4=Ruth Dickau |author5=José Iriarte |title=The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 23, 2009 |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=5014–5018 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812590106 |pmid=19307573 |pmc=2664064 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5014R|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| [[Maize]]
| [[Maize]]
| [[Guerrero]], Mexico
| [[Guerrero]], Mexico
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| Mexico
| Mexico
|-
|-
| c. 4200 BCE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajpal |first1=Vijay Rani |title=Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement, Volume 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-27096-8 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=FauFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |access-date=9 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| c. 4200 BCE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajpal |first1=Vijay Rani |title=Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement, Volume 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-27096-8 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |access-date=9 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| [[Gossypium barbadense|Sea-island cotton]]
| [[Gossypium barbadense|Sea-island cotton]]
| Peru
| Peru
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| [[Tehuacan Valley]], Mexico
| [[Tehuacan Valley]], Mexico
|-
|-
| 3300 BCE<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0697-x |title=The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon |work=Springer Nature}}</ref>
| 3300 BCE<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0697-x |title=The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon |journal=Springer Nature|year=2018 |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0697-x |last1=Zarrillo |first1=Sonia |last2=Gaikwad |first2=Nilesh |last3=Lanaud |first3=Claire |last4=Powis |first4=Terry |last5=Viot |first5=Christopher |last6=Lesur |first6=Isabelle |last7=Fouet |first7=Olivier |last8=Argout |first8=Xavier |last9=Guichoux |first9=Erwan |last10=Salin |first10=Franck |last11=Solorzano |first11=Rey Loor |last12=Bouchez |first12=Olivier |last13=Vignes |first13=Hélène |last14=Severts |first14=Patrick |last15=Hurtado |first15=Julio |last16=Yepez |first16=Alexandra |last17=Grivetti |first17=Louis |last18=Blake |first18=Michael |last19=Valdez |first19=Francisco |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=1879–1888 |pmid=30374172 |s2cid=53099825 }}</ref>
| [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]]
| [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]]
| Ecuador
| Ecuador
|-
|-
| 3000 BCE
| 3000 BCE
| [[Sunflower]]s,<ref name="Kent Bommaraju Barnicki 2017 p. 902">{{cite book |last=Kent |first=J.A. |last2=Bommaraju |first2=T.V. |last3=Barnicki |first3=S.D. |title=Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-52287-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA902 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |page=902 |quote=Sunflower Seed Sunflower (Helianthus annus var. marcocarpus) is a New World crop, known to have been grown in Arizona–New Mexico in 3000 BC and in the Mississippi–Missouri Basin at least since 900 BC.}}</ref> [[Bean|other beans]]
| [[Sunflower]]s,<ref name="Kent Bommaraju Barnicki 2017 p. 902">{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=J.A. |last2=Bommaraju |first2=T.V. |last3=Barnicki |first3=S.D. |title=Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-52287-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA902 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |page=902 |quote=Sunflower Seed Sunflower (Helianthus annus var. marcocarpus) is a New World crop, known to have been grown in Arizona–New Mexico in 3000 BC and in the Mississippi–Missouri Basin at least since 900 BC.}}</ref> [[Bean|other beans]]
| [[Arizona]]–[[New Mexico]]
| [[Arizona]]–[[New Mexico]]
|-
|-

Revision as of 14:38, 11 September 2021

Montage of New World Domesticated plants. Clockwise, starting from top left: 1. Maize (Zea mays) 2. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 3. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 4. Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) 5. Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) 6. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) 7. Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)

New World crops are those crops, food and otherwise, that were native to the New World (mostly the Americas) before 1492 AD and not found anywhere else at that time. Many of these crops are now grown around the world and have often become an integral part of the cuisine of various cultures in the Old World. Notable among these crops are the Three Sisters: maize, winter squash, and climbing beans.

List of crops

New World crops by plant structure used[1]
Cereal little barley, maize, maygrass, wild rice
Pseudocereal amaranth, chia, knotweed, goosefoot, quinoa, sunflower, sumpweed (extinct as a crop)
Fruit açaí, acerola, avocado, American blueberry, cashew apple, chayote, cherimoya, American cranberry, curuba, custard apple, Virginia strawberry, feijoa, fox grape, guava, huckleberry, jabuticaba, jerivá, jurubeba, macaúba, naranjilla, papaya, pawpaw, passionfruit, peppers, American persimmon, pineapple, pitanga, pitaya, prickly pear, soursop, squashes and pumpkins, sugar-apple, tamarillo, tomato, tomatillo, tucum
Nuts: American chestnut, Araucaria, black walnut, Brazil nut, cashew, hickory, pecan, shagbark hickory
Seed not from old world achiote, guaraná
Beans: cocoa bean, common bean, lima bean, peanut, scarlet runner bean, tepary bean, vanilla
Root arracacha, arrowroot, jicama, camas root, canna, cassava, hopniss, leren, mashua, oca, potato, sweet potato, ulluco, yacón, sunroot
Leaf agave, coca, tobacco, yerba mate, yucca
Fluid balsam of Peru, chicle, maple syrup, rubber
Wood logwood
Boll some cotton species

Timeline of cultivation

The new world developed agriculture by at least 8000 BC.[2][3][4] The following table shows when each New World crop was first domesticated.

Timeline of cultivation
Date Crops Location
8000 BCE[5] Squash Oaxaca, Mexico
8000–5000 BCE[6] Potato Peruvian Andes
6000–4000 BCE[7] Peppers Bolivia
5700 BCE[5][8] Maize Guerrero, Mexico
5500 BCE[9] Peanut South America
5000 BCE[10] Avocado Mexico
c. 4200 BCE[11] Sea-island cotton Peru
4000 BCE Common bean Central America
3400 BCE[12] Mexican cotton Tehuacan Valley, Mexico
3300 BCE[13] Cocoa Ecuador
3000 BCE Sunflowers,[14] other beans Arizona–New Mexico
1500 BCE[15] Sweet potato Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia
500 BCE[16] Tomato Mexico

Dissemination to the Old World

See also: Columbian Exchange

Food historian Lois Ellen Frank calls potatoes, tomatoes, corn, beans, squash, chili, cacao, and vanilla the "magic eight" ingredients that were found and used only in the Americas before 1492 and were taken via the Columbian Exchange back to the Old World, dramatically transforming the cuisine there.[17][18][19] According to Frank,[20]

If we deconstruct that these foods were inherently native, then that means that the Italians didn't have the tomato, the Irish didn't have the potato, half the British National Dish—Fish and Chips—didn't exist. The Russians didn't have the potato, nor did they have vodka from the potato. There were no chiles in any Asian cuisine anywhere in the world, nor were there any chiles in any East Indian cuisine dishes, including curries. And the French had no confection using either vanilla or chocolate. So the Old World was a completely different place.

See also

References

  1. ^ Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs and Steel. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 126.
  2. ^ Smith, A.F. (1994). The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. University of South Carolina Press. p. 13. ISBN 1-57003-000-6.
  3. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "Plant Domestication – Table of Dates and Places". About.com. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  4. ^ Piperno, Dolores, R.; Ranere, Anthony J.; Holst, Irene; Iriarte, Jose; Dickau, Ruth (2009). "Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico". PNAS. 106 (13): 5019–5024. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5019P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812525106. PMC 2664021. PMID 19307570.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Smith, Bruce D. (February 2001). "Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (4): 1324–1326. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.1324S. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324. PMC 33375. PMID 11171946.
  6. ^ Spooner, DM; et al. (2005). "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". PNAS. 102 (41): 14694–99. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214694S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507400102. PMC 1253605. PMID 16203994.
  7. ^ Perry, Linda; Kent V. Flannery (July 17, 2007). "Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (29): 11905–11909. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10411905P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704936104. PMC 1924538. PMID 17620613.
  8. ^ Ranere, Anthony J.; Dolores R. Piper; Irene Holst; Ruth Dickau; José Iriarte (January 23, 2009). "The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (13): 5014–5018. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5014R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812590106. PMC 2664064. PMID 19307573.
  9. ^ "Earliest-Known Evidence Of Peanut, Cotton And Squash Farming Found". Science Daily. June 29, 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  10. ^ Galindo-Tovar, María Elena; Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M.; Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao & Landero-Torres, Ivonne (2007). "The avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 years of history" (PDF). Harvard Papers in Botany. 12 (2): 325–334, page 325. doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[325:TAPALC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 41761865. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015.
  11. ^ Rajpal, Vijay Rani (2016). Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement, Volume 1. Springer. p. 117. ISBN 978-3-319-27096-8. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  12. ^ "The Domestication History of Cotton". Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  13. ^ Zarrillo, Sonia; Gaikwad, Nilesh; Lanaud, Claire; Powis, Terry; Viot, Christopher; Lesur, Isabelle; Fouet, Olivier; Argout, Xavier; Guichoux, Erwan; Salin, Franck; Solorzano, Rey Loor; Bouchez, Olivier; Vignes, Hélène; Severts, Patrick; Hurtado, Julio; Yepez, Alexandra; Grivetti, Louis; Blake, Michael; Valdez, Francisco (2018). "The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon". Springer Nature. 2 (12): 1879–1888. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0697-x. PMID 30374172. S2CID 53099825.
  14. ^ Kent, J.A.; Bommaraju, T.V.; Barnicki, S.D. (2017). Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Springer International Publishing. p. 902. ISBN 978-3-319-52287-6. Retrieved August 4, 2020. Sunflower Seed Sunflower (Helianthus annus var. marcocarpus) is a New World crop, known to have been grown in Arizona–New Mexico in 3000 BC and in the Mississippi–Missouri Basin at least since 900 BC.
  15. ^ Template:Cite LSA
  16. ^ Smith, A. F. (1994). The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. Columbia SC, US: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-000-0.
  17. ^ Babb, Robin (May 22, 2019). "The 'Nativore' Chef Working to Improve Nutrition in Indigenous Communities". Civil Eats. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  18. ^ "Rediscovering Native American cuisine before it gets lost". Food Management. January 2, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  19. ^ Gomez, Adrian (August 16, 2019). "Red Mesa Cuisine owner aims to bring 'ancestral foods back to the table'". www.abqjournal.com. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  20. ^ Kunz, Jenna (July 31, 2019). "The Chef Revitalizing Native American Cuisine". Unearth Women. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
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