Barawana language: Difference between revisions

Barawana
Barawana
Baré
Mitua
Native to	Venezuela, Brazil
Native speakers	240 (2011)
Language family	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazon Central (Orinoco) Barawana; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bae
Linguist List	qth (Guiano)
	qqd (Marawá)
Glottolog	bare1276 Baré; guin1258 Guinau; mara1409 Maragua
ELP	Baré

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Barawana (Baré) is an Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil, where it is nearly extinct. It was spoken by the Baré people. Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré proper, and that the Guinau variety was extinct. Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and Marawá (currently extinct) to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single languages. (Marawá is not the same language as Marawán.)

Baré is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including Mandahuaca, Guarequena, Baniwa, and Piapoco. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and Ethnologue. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua.

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ i̥		u ũ u̥
Mid	e ẽ e̥
Open		a ã ḁ

Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
/a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t		k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
Affricate	aspirated			t͡ʃʰ
Fricative			s			h
Nasal	voiceless	m̥	n̥
Nasal	voiced	m	n
Flap			ɾ
Approximant	voiceless	w̥		j̊
Approximant	voiced	w		j

Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪, ɲ] before and after /i/.
/d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
/ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.^[2]

References

^ Barawana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (1993). Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.

This Arawakan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[e18-1] Barawana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (1993). Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 === Vowels ===
+Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 !
@@ Line 41: / Line 42: @@
 |-
 ![[Close vowel|Close]]
-|i iː
+|i ĩ i̥
 |
+|u ũ u̥
-|ɯ ɯː
 |-
 ![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
-|e eː
+|e ẽ e̥
+|
 |
-|o oː
 |-
 ![[Open vowel|Open]]
 |
-|a aː
+|a ã ḁ
 |
 |}
+* Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
-* Vowels are nasalized after /h̃/.
+*/a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.
 === Consonants ===
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+! colspan="2" |
-!
 ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
 ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
-![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
 ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
 ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 |-
-![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
+! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
 |p
 |t
-|
 |
 |k
 |
 |-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
-![[Affricate]]
+|pʰ
+|tʰ
+|
+|kʰ
+|
+|-
+!<small>voiced</small>
+|b
+|d
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
+|
 |
-|t͡s
 |t͡ʃ
-|c͡ç
 |
 |
 |-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
-![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
+|
+|
+|t͡ʃʰ
+|
+|
+|-
+! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 |
 |s
-|ʃ
-|ç
 |
-|h̃
+|
+|h
 |-
-![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
+|m̥
+|n̥
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+!<small>voiced</small>
 |m
 |n
-|
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-![[Flap consonant|Flap]]
+! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
 |
 |ɾ
 |
 |
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
+|w̥
+|
+|j̊
 |
 |
 |-
+!<small>voiced</small>
-![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
 |w
-|l
 |
 |j
@@ Line 117: / Line 151: @@
 |}
-* /w/ is heard as a bilabial approximant [β̞] when before a close vowel.
+* Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪, ɲ] before and after /i/.
-*/n/ is heard as [ŋ] before /k/.
+*/d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
+*/ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cunha de Oliveira|first=Christiane|title=Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais|publisher=Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina|year=1993}}</ref>
-*/ɾ/ can be trilled [r] when in word-initial position.<ref>Urquía Sebastián & Marlett, (2008)</ref>
 ==References==