Kara Del: Difference between revisions

Kara Del
哈密衛
Kara Del; 哈密衛
c. 1389–1513
	Location of Kara Del
Capital	Hami
Common languages	Mongolian, Old Uyghur language
Government	Monarchy
Khan
Historical era	Post-classical
• Gunashiri breaks away from Northern Yuan dynasty	c. 1389
• Kara Del accepts Ming supremacy	1404
• Conquered by Esen of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia proper	1430s
• Coup staged by pro-Mongol faction	1463
• Ming restores Gunashiri dynasty	1467
• Mansur Khan from the Chagatai Khanate overthrew the Gunashiri dynasty and the region's conversion to Islam	1513
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Chagatai Khanate
	Northern Yuan dynasty
Moghulistan
Today part of	China

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Revision as of 06:05, 28 March 2021

Kara Del or Qara Del was a Mongol kingdom that existed in Hami in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c.1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380, it began to tribute to Ming dynasty. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the Kara Del Guard (Chinese: 哈密衛), however sometimes it was still under the influence of Northern Yuan, and the ruler was called the Obedient King (Chinese: 忠順王) under the Jimi system. It was destroyed as a result of the wars between Ming China and Oirat Mongols and dynastic succession struggles in 1513. Kara Del means "Black chest" in the Mongolian language.

History

In 1389, the Buddhist Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from the Northern Yuan dynasty, which had fallen under the reign of Jorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Hami by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population. The next year, the Ming dynasty occupied his territory and forced him to submit, although he remained in control of his territory.^[1]^[2]

In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of a Ming guard and became Hami Prefecture.^[2] However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the title Zhongshunwang (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.^[3] During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to the Oirats. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwestern Inner Mongolia. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in the Ordos area.^[2]

In 1446, disturbances broke out in Hami. Ming forces under Ren Li occupied the city and deported 1,230 people to the east of Jiayuguan.^[4]

In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by Mansur Khan, the ruler of Moghulistan in 1513.^[2] Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.^[5]

It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.^[6]^[7] After the islamization of Kara Del, Uyghur fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, Uyghur was revived again as a general designation for Xinjiang's Tarim Basin oasis dwellers.^[2]

Culture

Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan (Turfan and Qocho) during the Ming dynasty.^[8]

List of rulers of Kara Del

According to Japanese Wikipedia (ja:グナシリ):

Unaširi (兀納失里) (1380–1393)
Engke Temür (安克帖木兒) (1393–1405) (Vassal of Ming dynasty since June 1404)
Toqto (脫脫) (1405–1411) (Vassal of Ming dynasty)
Mengli Temür (免力帖木兒) (1411–1425) (Vassal of Ming dynasty)
Budaširi (卜答失里　Bo Dá Shī Lǐ) (1425–1439) (Originally vassal of Ming dynasty, later of Northern Yuan dynasty). He was rivalled firstly Toγon Temür (脱歡帖木儿) (1427–1437) and Toqto Temür (脱脱塔木儿) (1437–1439), the son of rival.
Khalīl sulṭān (哈力鎖鲁檀) (1439–1457) (Originally vassal of Northern Yuan dynasty till 1455, later of Ming dynasty)
Bürege (卜列革) (1457–1460)

Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木儿) (1466–1472)

Qanšin (罕慎) (1472–1488)
Engke Bolad (奄克孛剌) (1488–1492) and (1493–1497)
Šamba (陕巴) (1492–1493) and (1497–1505)
Beyazıt (拜牙即) (1505–1513)

References

^ Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p.294
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Atwood 2004, p. 564.
^ Kim 2008, p. 68. ^{[dead link]}
^ Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, 48
^ Betta, Chiara (2004). The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China. University of Indianapolis Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-88093-853-2.
^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan) (1986). Memoirs of the Research Department. p. 3.
^ Tōyō Bunko (Japan); Tōyō Bunko (Japan). (1983). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library). Tôyô Bunko. p. 3.
^ Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814. 2008. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-1-109-10126-3. ^{[dead link]}

Bibliography

Atwood, Christopher P. (2004), Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts On File

[1] Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p.294

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004564-2] Atwood 2004, p. 564.

[3] Kim 2008, p. 68. ^{[dead link]}

[4] Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, 48

[5] Betta, Chiara (2004). The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China. University of Indianapolis Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-88093-853-2.

[(Japan)1986-6] Tōyō Bunko (Japan) (1986). Memoirs of the Research Department. p. 3.

[(Japan)(Japan).1983-7] Tōyō Bunko (Japan); Tōyō Bunko (Japan). (1983). Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library). Tôyô Bunko. p. 3.

[8] Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814. 2008. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-1-109-10126-3. ^{[dead link]}

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@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered by [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]], the ruler of [[Moghulistan]] in 1513.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}} Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Betta|first=Chiara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afGM7_3yIHIC&pg=PA9|title=The Other Middle Kingdom: A Brief History Of Muslims In China|publisher=University of Indianapolis Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-88093-853-2|pages=9}}</ref>
-It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.<ref name="(Japan)1986">{{cite book|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJzWAAAAMAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay&dq=khizr+ghazat+khitay|year=1986|page=3}}</ref><ref name="(Japan)(Japan).1983">{{cite book|author1=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|author2=Tōyō Bunko (Japan).|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSg8AQAAIAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay&dq=khizr+ghazat+khitay|year=1983|publisher=Tôyô Bunko.|page=3}}</ref> After the islamization of Kara Del, ''Uyghur'' fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, ''Uyghur'' was revived again as a general designation for [[Xinjiang]]'s [[Tarim Basin]] oasis dwellers.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}
+It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.<ref name="(Japan)1986">{{cite book|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJzWAAAAMAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay|year=1986|page=3}}</ref><ref name="(Japan)(Japan).1983">{{cite book|author1=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|author2=Tōyō Bunko (Japan).|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSg8AQAAIAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay|year=1983|publisher=Tôyô Bunko.|page=3}}</ref> After the islamization of Kara Del, ''Uyghur'' fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923, ''Uyghur'' was revived again as a general designation for [[Xinjiang]]'s [[Tarim Basin]] oasis dwellers.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=564}}
 ==Culture==

v t e Historical polities in Xinjiang
Pre-Mongol Empire	Wusun (5th century BC–5th century AD) Shule Kingdom (200 BC-709 AD) Loulan Kingdom (?–77 BC) Protectorate of the Western Regions (60 BC–107) Jushi Kingdom (?-460) Shanshan (77 BC–630) Gaochang (460-640) Kucha (?–789) Yanqi (?–9th century) Kingdom of Khotan (?–1006) Protectorate General to Pacify the West (640-790) Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212) Qocho (843–1209) Qara Khitai (1124–1218)
Mongol	Chagatai Khanate (1225–1370) Moghulistan (1347–1680s) Kara Del (1389–1513) Turpan Khanate (1487-1660?) Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) Dzungar Khanate (1634–1758) Kumul Khanate (1696–1930)
Modern	Xinjiang under Qing rule (1757-1912) Xinjiang (ROC) (1912-1992) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1949-)

v t e Xinjiang topics
Ürümqi (capital)
History	Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu Han dynasty Protectorate of the Western Regions Chief Official of the Western Regions Kingdom of Khotan Sixteen Kingdoms Gaochang Göktürks: First, Western, Eastern and Second Tang dynasty Protectorate General to Pacify the West Four Garrisons of Anxi Beiting Protectorate Tibetan Empire Uyghur Khaganate Qocho Kara-Khanid Khanate Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin Qara Khitai Mongol Empire Yuan dynasty Chagatai Khanate Moghulistan Kara Del Turpan Khanate Yarkent Khanate Dzungar Khanate Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungar–Qing Wars Dzungar genocide Kumul Khanate Qing dynasty Qing rule Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas Afaqi Khoja revolts Holy War of the Seven Khojas General of Ili Reconquest of Xinjiang Republic of China Xinjiang Wars First East Turkestan Republic Second East Turkestan Republic Ili Rebellion People's Republic of China PRC incorporation
Geography	Cities Tian Shan Junggar Basin (Dzungaria) Tarim Basin (Southern Xinjiang) Gurbantünggüt Desert Kumtag Desert Taklamakan Desert Turpan Depression Karakoram Mountains Altai Mountains Kunlun Mountains Pamir Mountains Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
Education	Xinjiang University Xinjiang Agricultural University Xinjiang Medical University
Culture	Doppa Festival Music Meshrep gathering Muqam Tocharian clothing
Cuisine	Dapanji Nan Sangza Samsa Youtazi Pamirdin Xurpa Tunurkawab Chinese Islamic cuisine
Economy	Cotton industry Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
Visitor attractions	Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb Flaming Mountains Jiaohe ruins Gaochang Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi Id Kah Mosque Karakul Lake Kizil Caves Niya ruins
Xinjiang conflict	1989 Ürümqi unrest Barin uprising 1992 Ürümqi bombings Ghulja incident 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings 2007 Xinjiang raid 2008 Uyghur unrest 2008 Kashgar attack Shaoguan incident July 2009 Ürümqi riots September 2009 Xinjiang unrest 2010 Aksu bombing 2011 Hotan attack 2011 Kashgar attacks Pishan hostage crisis 2012 Yecheng attack Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 April 2013 Bachu unrest June 2013 Shanshan riots 2013 Tiananmen Square attack 2014 Kunming attack 2014 China–Vietnam border shootout April 2014 Ürümqi attack May 2014 Ürümqi attack Assassination of Juma Tayir Xinjiang internment camps Persecution of Uyghurs in China
People	Amursana Mingrui Jahangir Khoja Yaqub Beg Zuo Zongtang Yang Zengxin Jin Shuren Sabit Damolla Sheng Shicai Ehmetjan Qasim Wang Zhen Saifuddin Azizi Rebiya Kadeer Nur Bekri Li Zhi Wang Lequan Zhang Chunxian Ilham Tohti Salih Hudayar Sattar Sawut Shirzat Bawudun Ghulam Osman Yaghma Rahile Dawut
Related	Uyghur people Migration to Xinjiang Altishahr Chinese Turkestan East Turkestan East Turkistan Government in Exile East Turkistan National Awakening Movement Independence movement World Uyghur Congress China–Kazakhstan relations China–Kyrgyzstan relations China–Pakistan relations China–Turkey relations
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