Jump to content

Venera 10: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Lander: add colon in time
→Lander: unlink
 
(25 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Space probe}}
{{short description|Space probe}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Venera 10
| name = Venera 10
Line 16: Line 17:
| mission_type = [[Venus]] orbiter / lander
| mission_type = [[Venus]] orbiter / lander
| operator = [[Lavochkin]]
| operator = [[Lavochkin]]
⚫
| COSPAR_ID = {{unbulleted list|{{COSPAR|1975-054A}}|{{COSPAR|1975-054D}} (lander)}}
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| SATCAT = {{unbulleted list|7947<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=7947|title=Venera 10 Bus|website=N2YO.com|access-date=November 6, 2019}}</ref>|8423<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=8423|title=Venera 10 Descent Craft|website=N2YO.com|access-date=November 6, 2019}}</ref>}}
⚫
| COSPAR_ID = 1975-054A<br/>1975-054D
| SATCAT = 7947<br/>8423
| website = <!--Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY-->
| website = <!--Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY-->
| mission_duration = Travel: 4 months and 9 days<br/>Orbiter: 144 days<br />Lander: 65 minutes<br/>Last contact: 286 days
| mission_duration = Travel: 4 months and 9 days<br/>Orbiter: 144 days<br />Lander: 65 minutes<br/>Last contact: 286 days
Line 28: Line 28:
<!--Spacecraft properties-->
<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft =
| spacecraft =
| spacecraft_type = [[4MV|4V-1]] No. 661
| spacecraft_type = [[4MV|4V-1]] No. 661<ref name=siddiqi />
| spacecraft_bus = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer = [[Lavochkin]]
| manufacturer = [[Lavochkin]]<ref name=siddiqi />
| launch_mass = {{convert|5033|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|5033|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=siddiqi />
| BOL_mass = {{convert|2230|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| BOL_mass = {{convert|2230|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| landing_mass = {{convert|1560|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| landing_mass = {{convert|1560|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
Line 40: Line 40:


<!--Launch details-->
<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date = {{start date|1975|06|14}}, 03:00:31 UTC
| launch_date = {{start date|1975|06|14}}, 03:00:31 UTC<ref name=siddiqi />
| launch_rocket = [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] with upper and escape stages
| launch_rocket = [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] with upper and escape stages
| launch_site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|81/24]]
| launch_site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|81/24]]<ref name=siddiqi />
| launch_contractor = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| launch_contractor = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from-->
Line 53: Line 53:
| deactivated = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| deactivated = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact = "[Orbiter transmitted] data until at least June 1976."<ref>https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/1060/beyond-earth-a-chronicle-of-deep-space-exploration/</ref>
| last_contact = "[Orbiter transmitted] data until at least June 1976."<ref name=siddiqi>{{cite book|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf|title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016|pages=128–129|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Asif A.|lccn=2017059404|isbn=978-1-62683-042-4|publisher=NASA History Program Office|edition=second|year=2018|id=SP2018-4041|series=The NASA history series|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date-->
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date-->
Line 134: Line 134:
}}
}}


'''Venera 10''' ({{lang-ru|'''Венера-10'''}} meaning ''Venus 10''), or '''4V-1 No. 661''',<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|title=Venera-9 and 10|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera75.html|publisher=Russianspaceweb.com|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[uncrewed space mission]] to [[Venus]]. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 14, 1975 03:00:31 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] and had a mass of 5033&nbsp;kg (11096&nbsp;lb).<ref name="nssdc">{{cite web|title=NSSDC Master Catalog - Venera 10|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-054A|publisher=NASA National Science Data Center|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref>
'''Venera 10''' ({{langx|ru|Венера-10}} meaning ''Venus 10''), or '''4V-1 No. 661''',<ref>{{cite web|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|title=Venera-9 and 10|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera75.html|publisher=Russianspaceweb.com|access-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref> was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[uncrewed space mission]] to [[Venus]]. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 14, 1975, 03:00:31 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] and had a mass of 5033&nbsp;kg (11096&nbsp;lb).<ref>{{NSSDC|id=1975-054A|access-date=April 13, 2013}}</ref>


==Orbiter==
==Orbiter==
When the mission launched, the Soviet Union only disclosed that the mission's objective was to explore Venus and the surrounding space. Western sources speculated that the spacecraft contained a lander.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/06/15/118450281.html?pageNumber=23|title=Soviet Launches a 2D Spacecraft|agency=Associated Press|url-access=subscription|newspaper=The New York Times|page=23|date=June 15, 1975}}</ref>
When the mission launched, the Soviet Union only disclosed that the mission's objective was to explore Venus and the surrounding space. Western sources speculated that the spacecraft contained a lander.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/06/15/118450281.html?pageNumber=23|title=Soviet Launches a 2D Spacecraft|agency=Associated Press|url-access=subscription|newspaper=The New York Times|page=23|date=June 15, 1975}}</ref>


The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 23, 1975. Its mission was to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments:<ref name=Mitchell_Venus>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Don P.|title=First Pictures of the Surface of Venus|url=http://mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin2.htm|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref>
The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 23, 1975. Its mission was to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments:<ref name=Mitchell_Venus>{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Don P.|title=First Pictures of the Surface of Venus|url=http://mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin2.htm|access-date=April 13, 2013}}</ref>


* 1.6-2.8 μm IR [[Spectrometer]]
* 1.6–2.8 μm IR [[Spectrometer]]
* 8-28 μm IR [[Radiometer]]
* 8–28 μm IR [[Radiometer]]
* 352&nbsp;nm [[Ultraviolet ray|UV]] Photometer
* 352&nbsp;nm [[Ultraviolet ray|UV]] Photometer
* 2 Photopolarimeters (335-800&nbsp;nm)
* 2 Photopolarimeters (335–800&nbsp;nm)
* 300-800&nbsp;nm Spectrometer
* 300–800&nbsp;nm Spectrometer
* Lyman-α H/D Spectrometer
* Lyman-α H/D Spectrometer
* Bistatic radar mapping
* Bistatic radar mapping
* CM, DM radio occultations
* CM, DM radio occultations
* Triaxial [[Magnetometer]]
* Triaxial [[Magnetometer]]
* 345-380&nbsp;nm UV Camera
* 345–380&nbsp;nm UV Camera
* 355-445&nbsp;nm Camera
* 355–445&nbsp;nm Camera
* 6 Electrostatic analyzers
* 6 Electrostatic analyzers
* 2 Modulation [[Ion]] Traps
* 2 Modulation [[Ion]] Traps
Line 160: Line 160:
* [[Cherenkov detector]]
* [[Cherenkov detector]]


The orbiter consisted of a cylinder with two solar panel wings and a high gain parabolic antenna attached to the curved surface. A bell-shaped unit holding propulsion systems was attached to the bottom of the cylinder, and mounted on top was a 2.4 meter sphere which held the landers. To reach Venus, the spacecraft traveled in a [[heliocentric orbit]] from [[Earth]] to the planet with [[Periapsis|perihelion]] of 0.72 [[Astronomical unit|AU]], [[Apoapsis|apohelion]] of 1.02 AU, [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.17, [[Orbital inclination|inclination]] of 2.3 degrees and [[orbital period]] of 294 days.
The orbiter consisted of a cylinder with two solar panel wings and a high gain parabolic antenna attached to the curved surface. A bell-shaped unit holding propulsion systems was attached to the bottom of the cylinder, and mounted on top was a {{convert|2.4|m}} sphere which held the landers. To reach Venus, the spacecraft traveled in a [[heliocentric orbit]] from [[Earth]] to the planet with [[Periapsis|perihelion]] of 0.72 [[Astronomical unit|AU]], [[Apoapsis|apohelion]] of 1.02 AU, [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.17, [[Orbital inclination|inclination]] of 2.3 degrees and [[orbital period]] of 294 days.


==Lander==
==Lander==


On October 23, 1975, this spacecraft was separated from the Orbiter, and landing was made with the sun near zenith, at 05:17 UT, on October 25.
On October 23, 1975, the lander separated from the orbiter, and touched down with the sun near zenith, at 05:17 UT, on October 25.
A system of circulating fluid was used to distribute the heat load. This system, plus precooling prior to entry, permitted operation of the spacecraft for 65 min after landing. During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes, a disk-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped, landing cushion.<ref name=Mitchell_Venus/>
A system of circulating fluid was used to distribute the heat load. This system, plus precooling prior to entry, permitted operation of the spacecraft for 65 minutes after landing. During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes, a disk-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped, landing cushion.<ref name=Mitchell_Venus/>


<gallery mode="packed-hover">
[[Image:Magellan - Venera 10 landing site mgn c115n283 1.gif|thumb|Landing area of Venera 10 as mapped by the [[Magellan probe|Magellan]] orbiter]]
File:Magellan - Venera 10 landing site mgn c115n283 1.gif|Landing area of Venera 10 as mapped by the [[Magellan probe|Magellan]] orbiter
File:Venera10surface.gif|Surface of Venus as photographed by the Venera 10 lander
</gallery>


It landed near the border area between [[Beta Regio]] and Hyndla Regio<ref>Andrew LePage, [http://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/10/22/venera-9-and-10-to-venus/ Venera 9 and 10 to Venus], October 22, 2015 (accessed 19 February 2016)</ref> (within a 150&nbsp;km radius of {{Venus coords and quad cat|15.42|N|291.51|E}}), three days after the touchdown of, and 2200&nbsp;km from [[Venera 9]].<ref>[http://www.braeunig.us/space/planet.htm Interplanetary Spacecraft]</ref> Venera 10 measured a surface windspeed of 3.5&nbsp;m/s. Other measurements included atmospheric pressure at various heights, and temperature, and surface light levels. Venera 10 was the second probe to send back black and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9). Venera 10 photographs showed [[lava]] rocks of pancake shape with lava or other weathered rocks in between. Planned 360 degree panoramic pictures could not be taken because, as with Venera 9, one of two camera lens covers failed to come off, limiting pictures to 180 degrees.
It landed near the border area between [[Beta Regio]] and Hyndla Regio<ref>{{cite web|first1=Andrew|last1=LePage|url=http://www.drewexmachina.com/2015/10/22/venera-9-and-10-to-venus/|title=Venera 9 and 10 to Venus|date=October 22, 2015|access-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref> (within a 150&nbsp;km radius of {{Venus coords and quad cat|15.42|N|291.51|E}}), three days after the touchdown of, and 2200&nbsp;km from [[Venera 9]].<ref>[http://www.braeunig.us/space/planet.htm Interplanetary Spacecraft]</ref> Venera 10 measured a surface windspeed of 3.5&nbsp;m/s. Other measurements included atmospheric pressure at various heights, and temperature, and surface light levels. Venera 10 was the second probe to send back black and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9). Venera 10 photographs showed [[lava]] rocks of pancake shape with lava or other weathered rocks in between. Planned 360 degree panoramic pictures could not be taken because, as with Venera 9, one of two camera lens covers failed to come off, limiting pictures to 180 degrees.


The lander communicated with Earth using the Venera 10 orbiter as a communication relay.<ref name="nssdc" />
The lander communicated with Earth using the Venera 10 orbiter as a communication relay.<ref>{{NSSDC|id=1975-054D|access-date=2021-02-25|title=Venera 10 Descent Craft}}</ref>


Lander Payload:<ref name=Mitchell_Venus/>
Lander payload:<ref name=Mitchell_Venus/>


* Temperature and pressure sensors
* Temperature and pressure sensors
* [[Accelerometer]]
* [[Accelerometer]]
* Visible / IR [[photometer]] - IOV-75
* Visible / IR [[photometer]] – IOV-75
* Backscatter and multi-angle [[nephelometer]]s - MNV-75
* Backscatter and multi-angle [[nephelometer]]s – MNV-75
* P-11 [[Mass spectrometer]] - MAV-75
* P-11 [[Mass spectrometer]] – MAV-75
* Panoramic [[telephotometer]]s (2, with lamps)
* Panoramic [[telephotometer]]s (2, with lamps)
* [[Anemometer]] - ISV-75
* [[Anemometer]] – ISV-75
* [[Gamma-ray spectrometer]] - GS-12V
* [[Gamma-ray spectrometer]] – GS-12V
* Gamma ray [[densitometer]] - RP-75
* Gamma ray [[densitometer]] – RP-75
* Radio [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] experiment
* Radio [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] experiment


Line 199: Line 202:


[[Category:Venera program]]
[[Category:Venera program]]

[[Category:1975 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1975 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1975 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1975 in the Soviet Union]]
Line 205: Line 207:
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975]]
[[Category:Non Earth orbiting satellites of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Non Earth orbiting satellites of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:4MV]]

Latest revision as of 21:00, 15 December 2024

Venera 10
Venera 10
Mission typeVenus orbiter / lander
OperatorLavochkin
COSPAR ID
SATCAT no.
Mission durationTravel: 4 months and 9 days
Orbiter: 144 days
Lander: 65 minutes
Last contact: 286 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type4V-1 No. 661[3]
ManufacturerLavochkin[3]
Launch mass5,033 kg (11,096 lb)[3]
BOL mass2,230 kg (4,920 lb)
Landing mass1,560 kg (3,440 lb)
Dimensions2.7 m × 2.3 m × 5.7 m (8.9 ft × 7.5 ft × 18.7 ft)
Start of mission
Launch dateJune 14, 1975 (1975-06-14), 03:00:31 UTC[3]
RocketProton with upper and escape stages
Launch siteBaikonur 81/24[3]
End of mission
Last contact"[Orbiter transmitted] data until at least June 1976."[3]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemCytherocentric
Eccentricity0.8798
Pericytherion altitude1,620 kilometers (1,010 mi)
Apocytherion altitude113,900 kilometers (70,800 mi)
Inclination29.5°
Period49.4 hours
Revolution no.71
Venus orbiter
Orbital insertionOctober 23, 1975
Venus lander
Spacecraft componentVenera 10 descent craft
Landing date02:17, October 25, 1975
Landing site15°25′N 291°31′E / 15.42°N 291.51°E / 15.42; 291.51
(near Beta Regio)

Venera 10 (Russian: Венера-10 meaning Venus 10), or 4V-1 No. 661,[4] was a Soviet uncrewed space mission to Venus. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 14, 1975, 03:00:31 UTC and had a mass of 5033 kg (11096 lb).[5]

Orbiter

[edit]

When the mission launched, the Soviet Union only disclosed that the mission's objective was to explore Venus and the surrounding space. Western sources speculated that the spacecraft contained a lander.[6]

The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 23, 1975. Its mission was to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments:[7]

  • 1.6–2.8 μm IR Spectrometer
  • 8–28 μm IR Radiometer
  • 352 nm UV Photometer
  • 2 Photopolarimeters (335–800 nm)
  • 300–800 nm Spectrometer
  • Lyman-α H/D Spectrometer
  • Bistatic radar mapping
  • CM, DM radio occultations
  • Triaxial Magnetometer
  • 345–380 nm UV Camera
  • 355–445 nm Camera
  • 6 Electrostatic analyzers
  • 2 Modulation Ion Traps
  • Low-Energy Proton / Alpha detector
  • Low-Energy Electron detector
  • 3 Semiconductor counters
  • 2 Gas-Discharge counters
  • Cherenkov detector

The orbiter consisted of a cylinder with two solar panel wings and a high gain parabolic antenna attached to the curved surface. A bell-shaped unit holding propulsion systems was attached to the bottom of the cylinder, and mounted on top was a 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) sphere which held the landers. To reach Venus, the spacecraft traveled in a heliocentric orbit from Earth to the planet with perihelion of 0.72 AU, apohelion of 1.02 AU, eccentricity of 0.17, inclination of 2.3 degrees and orbital period of 294 days.

Lander

[edit]

On October 23, 1975, the lander separated from the orbiter, and touched down with the sun near zenith, at 05:17 UT, on October 25. A system of circulating fluid was used to distribute the heat load. This system, plus precooling prior to entry, permitted operation of the spacecraft for 65 minutes after landing. During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes, a disk-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped, landing cushion.[7]

  • Landing area of Venera 10 as mapped by the Magellan orbiter
    Landing area of Venera 10 as mapped by the Magellan orbiter
  • Surface of Venus as photographed by the Venera 10 lander
    Surface of Venus as photographed by the Venera 10 lander

It landed near the border area between Beta Regio and Hyndla Regio[8] (within a 150 km radius of 15°25′N 291°31′E / 15.42°N 291.51°E / 15.42; 291.51), three days after the touchdown of, and 2200 km from Venera 9.[9] Venera 10 measured a surface windspeed of 3.5 m/s. Other measurements included atmospheric pressure at various heights, and temperature, and surface light levels. Venera 10 was the second probe to send back black and white television pictures from the Venusian surface (after Venera 9). Venera 10 photographs showed lava rocks of pancake shape with lava or other weathered rocks in between. Planned 360 degree panoramic pictures could not be taken because, as with Venera 9, one of two camera lens covers failed to come off, limiting pictures to 180 degrees.

The lander communicated with Earth using the Venera 10 orbiter as a communication relay.[10]

Lander payload:[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Venera 10 Bus". N2YO.com. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  2. ^ "Venera 10 Descent Craft". N2YO.com. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF). The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-1-62683-042-4. LCCN 2017059404. SP2018-4041.
  4. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Venera-9 and 10". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  5. ^ "Venera 10". National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  6. ^ "Soviet Launches a 2D Spacecraft". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 15, 1975. p. 23.
  7. ^ a b c Mitchell, Don P. "First Pictures of the Surface of Venus". Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  8. ^ LePage, Andrew (October 22, 2015). "Venera 9 and 10 to Venus". Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  9. ^ Interplanetary Spacecraft
  10. ^ "Venera 10 Descent Craft". National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venera_10&oldid=1263294374"