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Alter-globalization (also known as alter-globo, alternative globalization or alter-mundialization—from the French alter-mondialisation) is a social movement whose proponents support global cooperation and interaction, but oppose what they describe as the negative effects of economic globalization, considering it to often work to the detriment of, or to not adequately promote, human values such as environmental and climate protection, economic justice, labor protection, protection of indigenous cultures, peace and civil liberties. The movement is related to the global justice movement.

The name may have been derived from a popular slogan of the movement, namely "another world is possible", which came out of the World Social Forum.^[1] The alter-globalization movement is a cooperative movement designed to "protest the direction and perceived negative economic, political, social, cultural and ecological consequences of neoliberal globalization".^[2] Many alter-globalists seek to avoid the "disestablishment of local economies and disastrous humanitarian consequences". Most members of this movement shun the label "anti-globalization" as pejorative and incorrect since they actively support human activity on a global scale and do not oppose economic globalization per se.

Proponents view the movement as an alternative to what they term "neoliberal globalization" in which international institutions (the World Trade Organization, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the like) and major corporations devote themselves to enriching the developed world while giving little or no attention to what critics say are the detrimental effects of their actions on the people and environments of Less Developed Countries, countries whose governments are often too weak or too corrupt to resist or regulate them. This is not to be confused with proletarian internationalism as put forth by communists in that alter-globalists do not necessarily oppose the free market, but a subset of free-market practices characterized by certain business attitudes and political policies^{[example needed]} that they say often lead to violations of human rights.

History

The 1970s saw resistance to global expansion by both government and non-government parties. U.S. Senator Frank Church was concerned with the role multinational corporations were beginning to play in global trade, and created a subcommittee that reviewed corporate practices to see if they were advancing U.S. interests or not (i.e. exporting jobs that could be kept within the United States). The results prompted some countries in the Global South (ranging from Tanzania to the Philippines) to call for rules and collective action that would raise or stabilize raw material prices, and increase Southern exports.^[3]

The World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 brought significant attention to the outcry against neoliberal economic integration through media coverage, support groups, and activists.^[how?] Though this opposition first became highly popularized in the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, it can be traced back prior to the 1980s when the Washington Consensus became a dominant development in thinking and policy-making.^[3]

Issues and activities

Alter-globalization activists fight for better treatment of developing countries and their economies, workers' rights, fair trade, and equal human rights.^[4] They oppose the exploitation of labor, outsourcing of jobs to foreign nations (though some argue this is a nationalistic rather than alter-globalist motive), pollution of local environments, and harm to foreign cultures to which jobs are outsourced.

Aspects of the movement include:

Attempts at an alter-globalization movement to reform policies and processes of the WTO include: "alternative principles of public accountability, the rights of people and the protection of the environment" through the theoretical framework of Robert Cox.^[5]
Labor movement and trade union initiatives have begun to respond to economic and political globalisation by extending their cooperation and initiatives to the transnational level.^[6]
Fair trade initiatives, corporate codes of conduct, and social clauses as well as a return to local markets instead of relying too heavily on global markets.^[7]
"Alter-globalization activists have promoted alternative water governance models through North-South red-green alliances between organized labor, environmental groups, women's groups, and indigenous groups" (spoken in response to the increase in privatization of the global water supply).^[8]
"The first current of the alter-globalization movement considers that instead of getting involved in a global movement and international forums, the path to social change lies through giving life to horizontal, participatory, convivial and sustainable values in daily practices, personal life and local spaces. Many urban activists cite the way that, for example, the Zapatistas in Mexico and other Latin American indigenous movements now focus on developing communities' local autonomy via participatory self-government, autonomous education systems and improving the quality of life. They appreciate too, the convivial aspect of local initiatives and their promise of small but real alternatives to corporate globalization and mass consumption."^[9]

Groups and conferences

Advocates of alter-globalization have set up an online global news network, the Independent Media Center, to report on developments pertinent to the movement. Groups in favor of alter-globalization include ATTAC, an international trade reform network headquartered in France.

The largest forum for alter-globalization activity is the annual World Social Forum. The World Social Forum is intended as a democratic space organized in terms of the movement's values.^[10]

References

^ Hinkelammert, Franz Josef; Ulrich Duchrow (2004). Property for People, Not for Profit: Alternatives to the Global Tyranny of Capital. Progressio. pp. vii. ISBN 1-84277-479-4.
^ Krishna-Hensel, Sai (2006). Global Cooperation: Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-first Century. Ashgate Publishing. p. 202.
^ ^a ^b Broad, Robin; Zahara Heckscher (August 2003). Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. pp. 713–728.
^ Razsa, Maple. Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015
^ Paterson, William (December 2006). Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation. University of Stirling. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18.
^ Jakopovich, Dan (February 1, 2011). "The construction of a trans-European labour movement". Capital & Class. 35 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1177/0309816810394737. S2CID 143386396 – via SAGE Journals.
^ Broad, Robin; John Cavanagh. Development Redefined: How the Market Met its Match.
^ Bakker, Karen (2006). "The Commons Versus the Commodity: Alter-globalization, Anti-privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South". Antipode. 39 (3): 430–455. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00534.x.
^ Pleyers, Geoffrey (March 2009). "WSF 2009: A generation's challenge". OpenSpaceForum. Archived from the original on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2009-04-09. Pleyers, Geoffrey (December 2010). "Alter-Globalization". Polity Press.
^ Scerri, Andy (2013). "The World Social Forum : Another World Might Be Possible". Social Movement Studies. 12 (1): 111–120. doi:10.1080/14742837.2012.711522. S2CID 146295322.

External links

"Henrietta L. Moore review of "Alter-Globalization. Becoming actors in the global age" by "Geoffrey Pleyers", Cambridge, Polity, 2011.
"The ABCs of the Global Economy" from Dollars & Sense Magazine
The other world Photo-documentary on the alter-globalization movement 2003–2005. Archived from the original.
(in French) fr:Altermondialisme

[1] Hinkelammert, Franz Josef; Ulrich Duchrow (2004). Property for People, Not for Profit: Alternatives to the Global Tyranny of Capital. Progressio. pp. vii. ISBN 1-84277-479-4.

[2] Krishna-Hensel, Sai (2006). Global Cooperation: Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-first Century. Ashgate Publishing. p. 202.

[bh713-3] Broad, Robin; Zahara Heckscher (August 2003). Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. pp. 713–728.

[4] Razsa, Maple. Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015

[5] Paterson, William (December 2006). Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation. University of Stirling. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18.

[6] Jakopovich, Dan (February 1, 2011). "The construction of a trans-European labour movement". Capital & Class. 35 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1177/0309816810394737. S2CID 143386396 – via SAGE Journals.

[7] Broad, Robin; John Cavanagh. Development Redefined: How the Market Met its Match.

[8] Bakker, Karen (2006). "The Commons Versus the Commodity: Alter-globalization, Anti-privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South". Antipode. 39 (3): 430–455. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00534.x.

[9] Pleyers, Geoffrey (March 2009). "WSF 2009: A generation's challenge". OpenSpaceForum. Archived from the original on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2009-04-09. Pleyers, Geoffrey (December 2010). "Alter-Globalization". Polity Press.

[10] Scerri, Andy (2013). "The World Social Forum : Another World Might Be Possible". Social Movement Studies. 12 (1): 111–120. doi:10.1080/14742837.2012.711522. S2CID 146295322.

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+{{short description|Social movement}}
-{{Multiple issues|refimprove = December 2011|weasel = December 2011|POV = December 2011}}
 [[File:Manifestation anti-G8 au Havre - 21 mai 2011 - 025 v1.jpg|thumb|Alter-globalization slogans during the protests in Le Havre against the [[37th G8 summit]] in Deauville, France]]
-'''Alter-globalization''' (also known as '''alternative globalization''', '''alter-[[mundialization]]'''—from the French "altermondialisme"—or the '''[[Global Justice Movement|global justice movement]]''') is the name of a [[social movement]] that supports global cooperation and interaction, but which opposes the negative effects of [[economic globalization]], feeling that it often works to the detriment of, or does not adequately promote, human values such as [[environmental protection|environmental]] and [[global warming|climate protection]], [[economic justice]], [[labor protection]], [[protection of indigenous culture]]s and [[human rights]].
+'''Alter-globalization''' (also known as '''alter-globo''', '''alternative globalization''' or '''alter-mundialization'''—from the French alter-[[Mundialization|mondialisation]]) is a [[social movement]] whose proponents support global cooperation and interaction, but oppose what they describe as the negative effects of [[economic globalization]], considering it to often work to the detriment of, or to not adequately promote, human values such as [[environmental protection|environmental]] and [[global warming|climate protection]], [[economic justice]], [[labor protection]], [[protection of indigenous culture]]s, [[peace]] and [[civil liberties]]. The movement is related to the [[global justice movement]].
-The name may have been derived from a popular slogan of the movement: '[[Another world is possible]]', which came out of the [[World Social Forum]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hinkelammert |first=Franz Josef |authorlink= |coauthors=Ulrich Duchrow |editor= |others= |title=Property for People, Not for Profit: Alternatives to the Global Tyranny of Capital |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year= 2004|month= |publisher=Progressio |location= |language= |isbn=1-84277-479-4 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=vii  |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> "The alter-globalization movement is a cooperative movement designed to protest the direction and perceived negative economic, political, social, cultural and ecological consequences of neoliberal globalization".<ref>{{cite book |last=Krishna-Hensel|first=Sai |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Global Cooperation: Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-first Century |origdate= |year=2006 |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |month= |publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=202  |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> Many alter-globalists, unlike anti-globalists, seek to avoid the "disestablishment of local economies and disastrous humanitarian consequences". Most members of this movement shun the label "[[anti-globalization]]" as pejorative and incorrect since they actively support human activity on a global scale and do not oppose economic globalization ''per se''.
+The name may have been derived from a popular slogan of the movement, namely "another world is possible", which came out of the [[World Social Forum]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hinkelammert |first=Franz Josef |author2=Ulrich Duchrow |title=Property for People, Not for Profit: Alternatives to the Global Tyranny of Capital |url=https://archive.org/details/propertyforpeopl0000duch |year=2004 |publisher=Progressio |isbn=1-84277-479-4 |pages=vii |url-access=registration }}</ref> The alter-globalization movement is a cooperative movement designed to "protest the direction and perceived negative economic, political, social, cultural and ecological consequences of [[neoliberal]] globalization".<ref>{{cite book |last=Krishna-Hensel|first=Sai |title=Global Cooperation: Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-first Century |year=2006 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing|pages=202  }}</ref> Many alter-globalists seek to avoid the "disestablishment of local economies and disastrous humanitarian consequences". Most members of this movement shun the label "[[anti-globalization]]" as pejorative and incorrect since they actively support human activity on a global scale and do not oppose economic globalization ''per se''.
-Instead they see their movement as an alternative to what they term [[neoliberalism|neo-liberal]] globalization in which international institutions ([[World Trade Organisation]], [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]] etc.) and major corporations devote themselves to enriching the developed world while giving little or no attention to the detrimental effects of their actions on the people and environments of less developed countries, countries whose governments are often too weak or too corrupt to resist or regulate them.   This is not to be confused with [[proletarian internationalism]] as put forth by  [[communism|communists]] in that alter-globalists do not necessarily oppose the [[free market]], but a subset of free-market practices characterized by certain business attitudes and political policies that often lead to violations of human rights.
+Proponents view the movement as an alternative to what they term "neoliberal globalization" in which international institutions (the [[World Trade Organization]], [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]] and the like) and major corporations devote themselves to enriching the developed world while giving little or no attention to what critics say are the detrimental effects of their actions on the people and environments of [[Developing country|Less Developed Countries]], countries whose governments are often too weak or too corrupt to resist or regulate them. This is not to be confused with [[proletarian internationalism]] as put forth by  [[communism|communists]] in that alter-globalists do not necessarily oppose the [[free market]], but a subset of free-market practices characterized by certain business attitudes and political policies{{example needed|date=June 2018}} that they say often lead to violations of human rights.
-== Etymology ==
-The term was coined against accusations of [[nationalism]] by [[neoliberal]] proponents of  globalization, meaning a support of both [[humanism]] and [[universal value]]s but a rejection of the [[Washington consensus]] and similar neoliberal policies. The "alter-globalization" French movement was thus opposed to the "[[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe]]" on the grounds that it only advanced neoliberalism and an [[Anglo-Saxon economy|Anglo-Saxon economic model]].
-Originally developed in [[French language|French]] as ''altermondialisme'', it has been borrowed into English in the form of '''altermondialism''' or '''altermondialization'''.  It defines the stance of movements opposed to a [[neoliberal]] [[globalization]], but favorable to a globalization respectful of [[human rights]], the [[natural environment|environment]], [[national sovereignty]], and [[cultural]] diversity.
-Following the French usage of the word ''altermondialist'', the English counterpart ''alter-globalist'' may have been coined.
-The term ''alter-globalization'' is derived from the term ''anti-globalization'', which journalists and others have used to describe the movement.  Many French journalists, in particular, have since ceased using the term ''anti-globalization'' in favor of ''alter-globalization''. It is supposed to distinguish proponents of alter-globalization from different "anti-globalization" activists (those who are against ''any'' kind of globalization: [[Nationalism|nationalists]], [[Protectionism|protectionists]], [[Communitarianism|communitarians]], etc.).
 == History ==
+The 1970s saw resistance to global expansion by both government and non-government parties. U.S. Senator [[Frank Church]] was concerned with the role multinational corporations were beginning to play in global trade, and created a subcommittee that reviewed corporate practices to see if they were advancing U.S. interests or not (i.e. exporting jobs that could be kept within the United States). The results prompted some countries in the [[Global South]] (ranging from Tanzania to the Philippines) to call for rules and collective action that would raise or stabilize raw material prices, and increase Southern exports.<ref name="bh713"/>
-Economic integration via trade, financial flows, and investments had been occurring for many years, but the [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity]]) in 1999, brought significant attention to the outcry for such integration through vast media outlets, support groups and activists. Though this opposition first became highly popularized in 1999, it can be traced back prior to the 1980s when the [[Washington Consensus]] became a dominant development in thinking and policy-making.<ref name="bh713">{{cite book |last=Broad |first=Robin |authorlink= |coauthors=Zahara Heckscher |editor= |others= |title=Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation |origdate= |year=2003 |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |month=August|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=713–728  |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>
+The [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999]] brought significant attention to the outcry against neoliberal economic integration through media coverage, support groups, and activists.{{how|date=June 2018}} Though this opposition first became highly popularized in the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]], it can be traced back prior to the 1980s when the [[Washington Consensus]] became a dominant development in thinking and policy-making.<ref name="bh713">{{cite book |last=Broad |first=Robin |author2=Zahara Heckscher |title=Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation |date=August 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |pages=713–728  }}</ref>
-===Factors historically provoking economic integration and resistance===
+== Issues and activities ==
-* The Great Depression
+{{Npov section|Uncritically repeats pov of sources as fact, particularly the first one, no mention of extant criticism of means or motives, or beliefs of whether these issues are real or imagined|date=July 2024}}
-* The period of European [[colonialism]]
+Alter-globalization activists fight for better treatment of developing countries and their economies, workers' rights, fair trade, and equal human rights.<ref>Razsa, Maple.  ''Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism''.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015</ref> They oppose the [[exploitation of labor]], outsourcing of jobs to foreign nations (though some argue this is a nationalistic rather than alter-globalist motive), pollution of local environments, and harm to foreign cultures to which jobs are outsourced.
-* The early post [[World War II]] period
-* The [[1970s]], when Southern governments banded together to pose alternative rules and institutions and when popular resistance to different aspects of economic integration spread in many nations<ref name="bh713"/>
+Aspects of the movement include:
-====The period of European colonialism====
+# Attempts at an alter-globalization movement to reform policies and processes of the [[WTO]] include: "alternative principles of public accountability, the rights of people and the protection of the environment" through the theoretical framework of Robert Cox.<ref>{{cite book|last=Paterson|first=William|title=Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation|date=December 2006|url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/handle/1893/186|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110718084443/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/handle/1893/186|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-18|publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref>
+# Labor movement and [[trade union]] initiatives have begun to respond to economic and political globalisation by extending their cooperation and initiatives to the transnational level.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816810394737|title=The construction of a trans-European labour movement|first=Dan|last=Jakopovich|date=February 1, 2011|journal=Capital & Class|volume=35|issue=1|pages=63–79|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/0309816810394737|s2cid=143386396 }}</ref>
-During the late 15th century most regions of the world were self-sufficient{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}; although this led to much starvation and famine. As nations grew in power, sought to expand, and increased their wealth they forged on a mission to gain new lands. The central driving force of these nations was colonialism. Once in power in these new territories, colonists began to change the face of the economy in the area which provided them with motivation to sustain their efforts. Since they no longer had to solely rely on their own lands to produce goods, some nations began global commerce after establishing colonies in continents like Africa, Asia, the Pacific and the Middle East, the Americas and the Caribbean.
+# [[Fair trade]] initiatives, corporate codes of conduct, and social clauses as well as a return to local markets instead of relying too heavily on global markets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Broad |first=Robin |author2=John Cavanagh|title=Development Redefined: How the Market Met its Match }}</ref>
+# "Alter-globalization activists have promoted alternative water governance models through North-South red-green alliances between organized labor, environmental groups, women's groups, and indigenous groups" (spoken in response to the increase in privatization of the global [[water supply]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bakker |first=Karen |year=2006 |title=The Commons Versus the Commodity: Alter-globalization, Anti-privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South  |journal=Antipode |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages= 430–455|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00534.x }}</ref>
-Once lands were conquered the native inhabitants or others brought along as slaves grew rebellious towards their captors. This is evident in a number of slave rebellions, such as Harper's Ferry, Stono, and the [[New York Slave Insurrection of 1741|New York Burning]], and Native American attacks on European colonists on the North American continent. Over time these skirmishes gave way to social movements aimed at eliminating international trade in goods and labor, an example of which is the attempt to abolish the slave trade and the establishment of the [[First International]] Workingmen's Association (IWA).<ref name="bh713"/>
+# "The first current of the alter-globalization movement considers that instead of getting involved in a global movement and international forums, the path to social change lies through giving life to horizontal, participatory, convivial and sustainable values in daily practices, personal life and local spaces. Many urban activists cite the way that, for example, the Zapatistas in Mexico and other Latin American indigenous movements now focus on developing communities' local autonomy via participatory self-government, autonomous education systems and improving the quality of life. They appreciate too, the convivial aspect of local initiatives and their promise of small but real alternatives to corporate globalization and mass consumption."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pleyers|first=Geoffrey|date=March 2009|title=WSF 2009: A generation's challenge|journal=OpenSpaceForum|url=http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=702|access-date=2009-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122341/http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=702|archive-date=2018-09-28|url-status=dead}} {{cite journal|last=Pleyers|first=Geoffrey|date=December 2010 |title=Alter-Globalization  |journal=Polity Press}}</ref>
-====The post World War II era====
-The global economic state of post World War II called for the creation of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[World Bank]] (the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) and the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT). The International Monetary Fund's purpose was to supervise the exchange rate system whereas the World Bank’s goals were aimed at creating long term/low interest loans that aided in the 'reconstruction' of Europe and the 'development' of independent Third World countries. GATT originated from a perceived need to "oversee the reduction of tariff barriers to trade in manufactured goods".<ref name="bh713"/>
-These financial institutions allowed for the development of global private corporations as administration over trade fell. Free market systems began to grow in popularity as developing countries were required to globalize their economies instead of concentrating on creating jobs and stimulating economic growth. This allowed for private corporations to expand globally, without regard to central issues facing the home country like the environment, social structure or culture.<ref name="bh713"/>
-====The 1970s and Southern resistance====
-The 1970s saw resistance to global expansion by both government and non-government parties. Senator [[Frank Church]] was concerned with the role multinational corporations were beginning to play and created a subcommittee that reviewed corporate practices to see if they were advancing U.S. interests or not (i.e. exporting jobs that could be kept within the United States). It was through these public revelations that Southern nations around the world wanted rules to govern the global economy. More specifically, these Southern nations (ranging from Tanzania to the Philippines) wanted to raise/ stabilize raw material prices, and to increase Southern exports.<ref name="bh713"/> These nations began their movement not only with central goals but with codes of conduct as well (though non-enforceable). Thus two manifestations, one individual, and the other collective, amongst Southern nation-states, existed in their attempts to generate reform.
-==Preconditions for Alter-Globalization==
-It is suggested by some scholars, such as Iagin Russia, that the effects and growth of alter-globalization can be felt worldwide due to progress made as a result of the Internet. The Internet provides easy, free-flowing and mobile information/network organization that is in its very nature democratic; knowledge is for everyone and is perceived to be needed for further development of our modern world. Furthermore, Internet access creates the fast and easy spread of, and communication of, an organization's principles, progress, growth, opposition and development. Therefore in order to allot for the distribution of alter-globalization, the Internet has provided a means of communication that stretches beyond the limits of distance, time and space so new ideas may not only be generated but implemented as well.<ref>{{Cite web| author=Iagin Russia | title=Towards The Theory of Alter Globalism Ghost of Alter Globalization | url=http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/cuba/if/marx/documentos/22/Towards%20the%20theory%20of%20alter-globalism....pdf | work= | publisher= | date= | accessdate=2009-04-09 }}</ref>
-==Alter-Globalization as a Social Movement==
-Alter-globalization can be characterized as a social movement based on [[Charles Tilly]]’s WUNC displays. WUNC is an acronym for Worthiness, Unity, Numbers and Commitment. Alter-globalization is seen as a worthy cause because its goals aim to sustain those being afflicted by the selfish acts of global corporations and their negative effect on human value, the environment, and social justices. It also serves to unite various people around the world for a good cause: to fight for better treatment of Third World countries and their economies, workers rights, fair/equal human rights. Many are committed to the goals set forth by alter-globalization groups because of the perceived negative effects globalization is creating around the world. Examples include: the exploitation of labor, outsourcing of jobs to foreign nations (though some argue this is a nationalistic rather than alter-globalist motive), pollution of local environments, and harm to foreign cultures to which jobs are outsourced.
-Alter-globalization can be viewed as being purposeful and creating solidarity, which are two of the three incentives posited by the [[rational choice theory]] proposed by Dennis Chong. Rational choice theory focuses on the incentives of activism, stating that activism follows when the benefits to protesting outweigh the costs.  Alter-globalization allows one the opportunity to see the difference they are working towards by eliminating the negative side effects already affecting our world (i.e. environmental [[pollution]]). It also calls for solidarity amongst peer/community relations that can only be experienced by being a part of the system that causes change.
-Another type of social movement that applies to alter-globalization and our understanding of how it relates is found in collective action frames. Collective action frames provide a schemata of interpretation that allows for organization of experience into guided action. Action frames are perceived as powerful because they draw from people’s emotions, re-enforce the collective identity of the group, and create a statement from the groups' collective beliefs. Frame analysis is helpful to alter-globalization because it calls for activists to learn through their socialization and interactions with others. One of the key tasks of action frames is generating agency, or a plausible story that indicates the ability of the activists to create change. With alter-globalization every aspect of the movement suggests this ability because the goals affect the economies, environments and human relations of various countries around the world.
-===Examples of Alter-Globalization as a Movement===
-# Attempts at an alter-globalization movement to reform policies and processes of the WTO include: "alternative principles of public accountability, the rights of people and the protection of the environment" through the theoretical framework of Robert Cox.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paterson|first=William|authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalisation |origdate= |year=2006|url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/dspace/handle/1893/186
- |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |month=December|publisher=University of Stirling |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=  |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>
-# Labor movement and [[trade union]] initiatives have begun to respond to economic and political globalisation by extending their cooperation and initiatives to the transnational level.<ref>[http://cnc.sagepub.com/content/35/1/63.abstract ''The Construction of a Trans-European Labour Movement'', Capital & Class, February 2011, by Dan Jakopovich]</ref>
-# [[Fair trade]] initiatives, corporate codes of conduct, and social clauses as well as a return to local markets instead of relying too heavily on global markets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Broad |first=Robin |authorlink= |coauthors=John Cavanagh|editor= |others= |title=Development Redefined: How the Market Met its Match |origdate= |origyear=|origmonth=|url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year= |month= |publisher= |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=  |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>
-# "Alter-globalization activists have promoted alternative water governance models through North-South red-green alliances between organized labor, environmental groups, women's groups, and indigenous groups..." (spoken in response to the increase in privatization of the global [[water supply]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bakker |first=Karen |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |month= |title=The Commons Versus the Commodity : Alter-globalization, Anti-privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South  |journal=Antipode |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages= |id= |url=  |quote= }}</ref>
-# "The first current of the alter-globalization movement) considers that instead of getting involved in a global movement and international forums, the path to social change lies through giving life to horizontal, participatory, convivial and sustainable values in daily practices, personal life and local spaces. Many urban activists cite the way that, for example, the Zapatistas in Mexico and other Latin American indigenous movements now focus on developing communities' local autonomy via participatory self-government, autonomous education systems and improving the quality of life. They appreciate too, the convivial aspect of local initiatives and their promise of small but real alternatives to corporate globalization and mass consumption."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pleyers|first=Geoffrey|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2009 |month=March |title=WSF 2009: A generation's challenge  |journal=OpenSpaceForum|volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url=http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=702 |accessdate=2009-04-09 |quote= }} {{cite journal|last=Pleyers|first=Geoffrey|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2010 |month=December |title=Alter-Globalization  |journal=Polity Press|volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url= |accessdate=|quote= }}</ref>
-=== Groups ===
+=== Groups and conferences ===
+[[File:Opening walk of 2002 World Social Forum.jpg|thumb|Opening walk of 2002 [[World Social Forum]], held by participants in the movement]]
 Advocates of alter-globalization have set up an online global news network, the [[Independent Media Center]], to report on developments pertinent to the movement. Groups in favor of alter-globalization include [[ATTAC]], an international trade reform network headquartered in France.
+The largest forum for alter-globalization activity is the annual [[World Social Forum]]. The World Social Forum is intended as a democratic space organized in terms of the movement's values.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scerri|first=Andy|title=The World Social Forum : Another World Might Be Possible|journal=Social Movement Studies|year=2013|volume=12|issue=1|pages=111–120|doi=10.1080/14742837.2012.711522|s2cid=146295322}}</ref>
-=== World Social Forum ===
+== See also ==
-[[File:Opening walk of 2002 World Social Forum.jpg|thumb|Opening walk of 2002 [[World Social Forum]], held by participants in the movement]]
+{{Portal|Society}}
-The largest forum for alter-globalization activity is the annual [[World Social Forum]]. The [[World Social Forum]] is intended as a democratic space organized in terms of the movement's values.
+{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
-== See also ==
+* [[Alternative movement]]
-{{div col|2}}
 * [[Anarchism]]
-* [[Anarchist Communism]]
+* [[Anarchist communism]]
+* [[Anti-capitalism]]
 * [[Anti-globalization]]
+* [[Autonomia]]
-* [[Arundhati Roy#Activism and advocacy|Arundhati Roy]]
-* [[Capitalism]]
 * [[Communism]]
 * [[Democratic mundialization]]
 * [[Direct democracy]]
-* [[Global Citizens Movement]]
+* [[Global citizens movement]]
-* [[Global Justice Movement]]
+* [[Global justice movement]]
 * [[Horizontalidad]]
 * [[Mundialization]]
 * [[Popular sovereignty]]
 * [[Socialism]]
+* [[Socialism of the 21st century]]
 * [[Transformation of culture]]
 {{div col end}}
-==References==
+== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{reflist}}
+== Further reading ==
+* Razsa, Maple.  ''Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism''.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015
+* Graeber, David. ''Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology'', Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press,  2004
+* Klein, Naomi.  ''No Logo''. London: Fourth Estate (2010)
 == External links ==
 {{Commons category|Alter-globalisation}}
+* [https://www.academia.edu/1888623/Henrietta_L._Moore._Review_of_G._Pleyers_Alter-globalization_Polity_2011_._European_Journal_of_Sociology "Henrietta L. Moore review of "Alter-Globalization. Becoming actors in the global age"] by [https://uclouvain.academia.edu/GeoffreyPleyers "Geoffrey Pleyers"], Cambridge, Polity, 2011.
-*[http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300collect.html "The ABCs of the Global Economy"] from [[Dollars & Sense]] Magazine
+* [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300collect.html "The ABCs of the Global Economy"] from [[Dollars & Sense]] Magazine
-*[http://www.wimklerkx.nl/EN/PROJECTS/AG.html The other world] Photo-documentary on the alter-globalization movement 2003-2005.
+* [http://www.wimklerkx.nl/EN/PROJECTS/AG.html The other world] Photo-documentary on the alter-globalization movement 2003–2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121094152/http://www.wimklerkx.nl/EN/PROJECTS/AG.html Archived] from the original.
-* {{fr}} [[:fr:Altermondialisme]]
+* {{in lang|fr}} [[:fr:Altermondialisme]]
 {{Globalization|state=autocollapse}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Alter-Globalization}}
-[[Category:Anti-globalization]]
+[[Category:Alter-globalization| ]]
 [[Category:World democracy]]
 [[Category:World government]]
+[[Category:Anti-globalization movement]]
+[[da:Alter-globaliseringsbevægelsen]]
-[[bg:Алтерглобализъм]]
-[[eo:Alimondismo]]
-[[fr:Altermondialisme]]
-[[nl:Andersglobalisme]]
-[[ja:アルテルモンディアリスム]]
-[[oc:Altermondialisme]]
-[[ru:Альтерглобализм]]
-[[zh:另類全球化運動]]
-[[de:Globalisierungskritik]]