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{{Short description|North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology}}
The '''Irvingtonian North American Stage''' on the [[geologic timescale]] is the North American [[faunal stage]] according to the [[North American Land Mammal Ages]] chronology (NALMA), typically set from 1,800,000 to 300,000 years [[Before Present|BP]], a period of {{Mya|1.8-0.3|million years}}.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=processViewScale&scale_no=8 Paleobiology Database, Irvingtonian]</ref> It is usually considered to overlap the [[Lower Pleistocene]] and [[Middle Pleistocene]] epochs. The Irvingtonian is preceded by the [[Blancan]] and followed by the [[Rancholabrean]] NALMA stages.
The '''Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age''' on the [[geologic timescale]] is the North American [[faunal stage]] according to the [[North American Land Mammal Ages]] chronology (NALMA), spanning from 1.8 million – 250,000 years [[Before Present|BP]].<ref name=bell2004>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263425514_The_Blancan_Irvingtonian_and_Rancholabrean_Mammal_Ages The _Blancan, Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages] by Christopher J. Bell and Ernest L. Lundelius Jr., Anthony D. Barnosky, Russell W. Graham, Everett H. Lindsay, Dennis R. Ruez Jr., Holmes A. Semken Jr., S. David Webb, and Richard J. Zakrzewski. January 2004 in the book: Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Chapter: 7. Publisher: Columbia University Press; Editors: Michael O. Woodburne. pp274-276</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Gregory James |last2=DeSantis |first2=Larisa R. G. |date=February 2020 |title=Extinction of North American Cuvieronius (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S009483732000007X/type/journal_article |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.1017/pab.2020.7 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref> Named after an assemblage of fossils from the [[Irvington, Fremont, California|Irvington District]] of [[Fremont, California]],<ref name="Savage1951">{{smallcaps|Savage, D.E.}} (1951) Late Cenozoic vertebrates of the San Francisco Bay region, ''University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences'' 28:215-314</ref> the Irvingtonian is usually considered to overlap the [[Lower Pleistocene]] and [[Middle Pleistocene]] epochs. The Irvingtonian is preceded by the [[Blancan]] and followed by the [[Rancholabrean]] [[NALMA]] stages.

⚫
The Irvingtonian can be further divided into substages:
*Irvingtonian I - approximately 1.9 MA TO 0.85 MA
*Irvingtonian II - approximately 0.85 MA TO 0.4 MA
*Irvingtonian III - approximately 0.4 MA TO 0.25 MA<ref name=bell2004/>

The beginning of the Irvingtonian is defined by the first appearance of ''[[Mammoth|Mammuthus]]'' south of 55° N in North America, and the beginning of the succeeding Rancholabrean is defined by the first appearance of ''[[Bison]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/land-mammal-ages/irvingtonian/|title=Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age|date=2017-03-28|website=Florida Museum|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

In South America, it chronologically overlaps with the [[Uquian]] (partial), [[Ensenadan]], and [[Lujanian]] in [[South American land mammal age|South American Land Mammal Ages]].


⚫
The Irvingtonian can be further divided into the substages of:
*Cudahyan: Lower boundary source: base of Irvingtonian (approximate)
*Sappan: Upper boundary source: base of Rancholabrean (approximate)<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayInterval&interval_no=241 PaleoBiology Database substages]</ref>
==Fauna==
==Fauna==
<div float="left">
<div float="left">
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
{{col-1-of-2}}

===Notable mammals===
===Notable mammals===
'''[[Artiodactyla]]''' - even-toed ungulates
'''[[Artiodactyla]]''' - even-toed ungulates
* ''[[Platygonus]]'', peccaries
* ''[[Platygonus]]'', peccaries
* ''[[Titanotylopus]]'', camels
'''[[Carnivora]]''' - carnivores
'''[[Carnivora]]''' - carnivores
* ''[[Borophagus]]'', bone-crushing dogs
* ''[[Borophagus]]'', bone-crushing dogs
* ''[[Canis]]'', wolves
* ''[[Canis]]'', wolves
* ''[[Chasmaporthetes]]'', hyenas
* ''[[Chasmaporthetes]]'', hyenas
* [[Machairodontinae]], saber-toothed cats
*''[[Hesperocyoninae]]'', dog-like carnivores
*''[[Machairodontinae]]'', saber-toothed cats
*''[[Lynx]]'', lynxes, bobcats
*''[[Ursus (genus)|Ursus]]'', bears
'''[[Lagomorpha]]''' - lagomorphs
'''[[Lagomorpha]]''' - lagomorphs
* ''[[Hypolagus]]'', rabbits
* ''[[Hypolagus]]'', rabbits
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* ''[[Nannippus]]'', horses
* ''[[Nannippus]]'', horses
* ''[[Plesippus]]'', horses - may belong in ''[[Equus (genus)|Equus]]''
* ''[[Plesippus]]'', horses - may belong in ''[[Equus (genus)|Equus]]''
'''[[Proboscidea]]'''
'''[[Proboscidea]]''' - elephants
*''[[Elephantidae]]'', mammoths
* [[Elephantidae]], mammoths
*''[[Mammutidae]]'', mastodons
* [[Mammutidae]], mastodons
* ''[[Rhynchotherium]]'', gomphotheres
* ''[[Rhynchotherium]]'', gomphotheres
* ''[[Stegomastodon]]'', gomphotheres
* ''[[Stegomastodon]]'', gomphotheres
'''[[Rodent]]ia''' - rodents
'''[[Rodent]]ia''' - rodents
* ''[[Paenemarmota]]'', giant marmots
* ''[[Paenemarmota]]'', giant marmots

{{col-2-of-2}}
{{col-2-of-2}}


===Notable birds===
===Notable birds===
'''[[Cathartidae]]''' - New World vultures
* ''[[Sarcoramphus kernense]]'', Kern Vulture
'''[[Charadriiformes]]'''
'''[[Charadriiformes]]'''
* unknown [[Scolopacidae|scolopacid]] (archaic [[calidrid]] or [[turnstone]]?)<ref name = wetmore1937>Wetmore (1937)</ref>
* unknown [[Scolopacidae|scolopacid]] (archaic [[calidrid]] or [[turnstone]]?)<ref name = wetmore1937>Wetmore (1937)</ref>
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</div>
</div>


==References==<!-- Condor58:164. -->
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Neogene Footer}}{{Quaternary Footer}}
{{Quaternary Footer}}


[[Category:Pleistocene]]
[[Category:Irvingtonian| ]]
[[Category:Pleistocene life]]
[[Category:Calabrian (stage)]]
[[Category:Middle Pleistocene]]
[[Category:Pleistocene animals of North America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene California]]

Latest revision as of 14:36, 22 June 2024

The Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), spanning from 1.8 million – 250,000 years BP.[1][2] Named after an assemblage of fossils from the Irvington District of Fremont, California,[3] the Irvingtonian is usually considered to overlap the Lower Pleistocene and Middle Pleistocene epochs. The Irvingtonian is preceded by the Blancan and followed by the Rancholabrean NALMA stages.

The Irvingtonian can be further divided into substages:

  • Irvingtonian I - approximately 1.9 MA TO 0.85 MA
  • Irvingtonian II - approximately 0.85 MA TO 0.4 MA
  • Irvingtonian III - approximately 0.4 MA TO 0.25 MA[1]

The beginning of the Irvingtonian is defined by the first appearance of Mammuthus south of 55° N in North America, and the beginning of the succeeding Rancholabrean is defined by the first appearance of Bison.[4]

In South America, it chronologically overlaps with the Uquian (partial), Ensenadan, and Lujanian in South American Land Mammal Ages.

Fauna

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b The _Blancan, Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages by Christopher J. Bell and Ernest L. Lundelius Jr., Anthony D. Barnosky, Russell W. Graham, Everett H. Lindsay, Dennis R. Ruez Jr., Holmes A. Semken Jr., S. David Webb, and Richard J. Zakrzewski. January 2004 in the book: Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Chapter: 7. Publisher: Columbia University Press; Editors: Michael O. Woodburne. pp274-276
  2. ^ Smith, Gregory James; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (February 2020). "Extinction of North American Cuvieronius (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons". Paleobiology. 46 (1): 41–57. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.7. ISSN 0094-8373.
  3. ^ Savage, D.E. (1951) Late Cenozoic vertebrates of the San Francisco Bay region, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 28:215-314
  4. ^ "Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age". Florida Museum. 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  5. ^ a b Wetmore (1937)
  6. ^ Feduccia (1970)
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