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{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
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[[File:James Cowles Prichard.jpg|right|250px|thumb|James Cowles Prichard.]]
[[File:James Cowles Prichard.jpg|right|250px|thumb|James Cowles Prichard.]]
'''James Cowles Prichard''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (11 February 1786 – 23 December 1848) was a British [[physician]] and [[ethnologist]] with broad interests in [[biological anthropology|physical anthropology]] and [[psychiatry]]. His influential ''Researches into the Physical History of Mankind'' touched upon the subject of [[evolution]]. From 1845, Prichard served as a Medical [[Commissioner in Lunacy]]. He also introduced the term "senile [[dementia]]".<ref name=senile>Prichard J. C. 1835. ''Treatise on Insanity''. London. p. 92</ref>
'''James Cowles Prichard''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (11 February 1786 – 23 December 1848) was a British [[physician]] and [[ethnologist]] with broad interests in [[biological anthropology|physical anthropology]] and [[psychiatry]]. His influential ''Researches into the Physical History of Mankind'' touched upon the subject of [[evolution]]. From 1845, Prichard served as a Medical [[Commissioner in Lunacy]]. He also introduced the term "senile [[dementia]]".<ref name=senile>Prichard J. C. 1835. ''Treatise on Insanity''. London. p. 92</ref>


== Life ==
== Life ==
Prichard was born in [[Ross-on-Wye]], [[Herefordshire]]. His parents Thomas and Mary Prichard were [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]]:<ref name=hodgkin>{{cite journal | title=Biographical notice for Dr. J. C. Prichard | author=Thomas Hodgkin | journal=British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review | volume=3 | year=1849 | issue=6 | pages=550–559 | author-link=Thomas Hodgkin | pmid=30164870 | pmc=5199543 }}</ref> his mother was Welsh, and his father of a family who had emigrated to [[Pennsylvania]]. Within a few years of his birth in Ross, Prichard's parents moved to [[Bristol]], where his father now worked in the Quaker [[ironworks]] of Harford, Partridge and Cowles. Upon his father's retirement in 1800 he returned to Ross. As a child Prichard was educated mainly at home by tutors and his father, in a range of subjects, including modern languages and general literature.<ref name=stocking>Stocking 1973.</ref>
Prichard was born in [[Ross-on-Wye]], [[Herefordshire]]. His parents Thomas and Mary Prichard were [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]]:<ref name=hodgkin>{{cite journal | title=Biographical notice for Dr. J. C. Prichard | author=Thomas Hodgkin | journal=British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review | volume=3 | year=1849 | issue=6 | pages=550–559 | author-link=Thomas Hodgkin | pmid=30164870 | pmc=5199543 }}</ref> his mother was Welsh, and his father was of an English family who had emigrated to Pennsylvania . Within a few years of his birth in Ross, Prichard's parents moved to [[Bristol]], where his father now worked in the Quaker [[ironworks]] of Harford, Partridge and Cowles. Upon his father's retirement in 1800 he returned to Ross. As a child Prichard was educated mainly at home by tutors and his father, in a range of subjects, including modern languages and general literature.<ref name=stocking>Stocking 1973.</ref>


Rejecting his father's wish that he should join the ironworks, Prichard decided upon a medical career. Here he faced the difficulty that as a Quaker he could not become a member of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]. Therefore, he started on apprenticeships that led to the ranks of [[apothecary|apothecaries]] and surgeons, first studying under the Quaker obstetrician Dr [[Thomas Pole]] of Bristol. Apprenticeships followed to other Quaker physicians, and to [[St Thomas' Hospital]] in London. In 1805, he entered medical school at [[Edinburgh University]], where his religious affiliation was no bar. Also, the Scottish medical schools were held in esteem, having contributed greatly to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] of the previous century.
Rejecting his father's wish that he should join the ironworks, Prichard decided upon a medical career. Here he faced the difficulty that as a Quaker he could not become a member of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]. Therefore, he started on apprenticeships that led to the ranks of [[apothecary|apothecaries]] and surgeons, first studying under the Quaker obstetrician Dr [[Thomas Pole]] of Bristol. Apprenticeships followed to other Quaker physicians, and to [[St Thomas' Hospital]] in London. In 1805, he entered medical school at [[Edinburgh University]], where his religious affiliation was no bar. Also, the Scottish medical schools were held in esteem, having contributed greatly to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] of the previous century.


He took his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] at [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], his doctoral thesis of 1808 being his first attempt at the great question of his life: the origin of human varieties and races.<ref>Prichard, J. C. 1808. ''De generis humani varietate''. Edinburgh: Abernethy & Walker.</ref> Later, he read for a year at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=PRCT808JC|name=Prichard, James Cowles}}</ref> after which came a significant personal event: he left the Society of Friends to join the established [[Church of England]]. He next moved to [[St John's College, Oxford]], afterwards entering as a [[gentleman commoner]] at [[Trinity College, Oxford]], but taking no degree in either university.<ref name=stocking/>
He took his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] at [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], his doctoral thesis of 1808 being his first attempt at the great question of his life: the origin of human varieties and races.<ref>Prichard, J. C. 1808. ''De generis humani varietate''. Edinburgh: Abernethy & Walker.</ref> Later, he read for a year at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=PRCT808JC|name=Prichard, James Cowles}}</ref> after which came a significant personal event: he left the Society of Friends to join the established [[Church of England]]. He next moved to [[St John's College, Oxford]], afterwards entering as a [[gentleman commoner]] at [[Trinity College, Oxford]], but taking no degree in either university.<ref name=stocking/>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


In 1810 Prichard settled at Bristol as a physician, eventually attaining an established position at the [[Bristol Royal Infirmary|Bristol Infirmary]] (BRI) in 1816. Whilst working at the BRI, Prichard lived in the [[Red Lodge Museum, Bristol|Red Lodge]]. This was also where he wrote ''Researches into the Physical History of Man''.<ref>Roslyn HE, ''Antient Society of St Stephen's Ringers'', 1928, p.134</ref>
In 1810 Prichard settled at Bristol as a physician, eventually attaining an established position at the [[Bristol Royal Infirmary|Bristol Infirmary]] (BRI) in 1816. While working at the BRI, Prichard lived in the [[Red Lodge Museum, Bristol|Red Lodge]]. This was also where he wrote ''Researches into the Physical History of Man''.<ref>Roslyn HE, ''Antient Society of St Stephen's Ringers'', 1928, p.134</ref>


In 1845 he was made one of the three medical [[Commissioners in Lunacy]], having previously been one of the Metropolitan Commissioners,<ref>{{cite book | title=Documents on Health and Social Services, 1834 to the Present Day |location=London| editor=Brian Watkin | publisher=Methuen| year=1975 | isbn=0-416-15170-1 | page=357 }}</ref> and moved to [[London]]. He died there three years later of [[rheumatic fever]]. At the time of his death he was president of the [[Ethnological Society of London|Ethnological Society]] and a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>Prichard was elected FRS in 1826 or 1827: Royal Society records give both dates.</ref>
In 1845 he was made one of the three medical [[Commissioners in Lunacy]], having previously been one of the Metropolitan Commissioners,<ref>{{cite book | title=Documents on Health and Social Services, 1834 to the Present Day |location=London| editor=Brian Watkin | publisher=Methuen| year=1975 | isbn=0-416-15170-1 | page=357 }}</ref> and moved to [[London]]. He died there three years later of [[rheumatic fever]]. At the time of his death he was president of the [[Ethnological Society of London|Ethnological Society]] and a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}{{efn|Prichard was elected FRS in 1826 or 1827: Royal Society records give both dates.}}


== Work ==
== Work ==
In 1813 he published his ''Researches into the Physical History of Man'', in two volumes, on essentially the same themes as his dissertation in 1808. The book grew until the third edition of 1836-1847 occupied five volumes. The second to the fourth editions were published under the title ''Researches into the Physical History of Mankind''. The fourth edition was also in five volumes.<ref>1st ed.: London: Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill; and B. and H. Barry, Bristol, 1813.<br>2nd ed.: 2 vols. London: printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill, 1826<br>3rd ed.: 5 vols. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper; and J. and A. Arch, 1836-1847<br>4th ed.: 5 vols. London: Houlston and Stoneman, and J. and A. Arch (publisher varies). v. l. On the origin and dispersion of organized beings. 4th ed. 1841 -- v. 2. Physical ethnography of the African races. 3d ed. 1837 -- v. 3. History of the European nations. 3d ed. 1841 -- v. 4. History of the Asiatic nations. 3d ed. 1844 -- v. 5. History of the Oceanic and of the American nations. 1847.<br>Reissue of 1st ed.; edited and with an introductory essay by George W. Stocking, Jr. (Classics in Anthropology.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973 {{ISBN|0-226-68120-3}}.</ref>
In 1813 he published his ''Researches into the Physical History of Man'', in two volumes, on essentially the same themes as his dissertation in 1808. The book grew until the third edition of 1836–1847 occupied five volumes. The second to the fourth editions were published under the title ''Researches into the Physical History of Mankind''. The fourth edition was also in five volumes.<ref>1st ed.: London: Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill; and B. and H. Barry, Bristol, 1813.<br>2nd ed.: 2 vols. London: printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill, 1826<br>3rd ed.: 5 vols. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper; and J. and A. Arch, 1836–1847<br>4th ed.: 5 vols. London: Houlston and Stoneman, and J. and A. Arch (publisher varies). v. l. On the origin and dispersion of organized beings. 4th ed. 1841 -- v. 2. Physical ethnography of the African races. 3d ed. 1837 -- v. 3. History of the European nations. 3d ed. 1841 -- v. 4. History of the Asiatic nations. 3d ed. 1844 -- v. 5. History of the Oceanic and of the American nations. 1847.<br>Reissue of 1st ed.; edited and with an introductory essay by George W. Stocking, Jr. (Classics in Anthropology.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973 {{ISBN|0-226-68120-3}}.</ref>


The central conclusion of the work is the [[unity of the human species]], which has been acted upon by causes which have since divided it into permanent varieties or races. The work is dedicated to [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], whose five [[race (classification of human beings)|races]] of man are adopted. Prichard differed from Blumenbach and other predecessors by the principle that people should be studied by combining all available characters.
The central conclusion of the work is the [[unity of the human species]], which has been acted upon by causes which have since divided it into permanent varieties or races. The work is dedicated to [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], whose five [[race (classification of human beings)|races]] of man are adopted. Prichard differed from Blumenbach and other predecessors by the principle that people should be studied by combining all available characters.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


=== Evolution ===
=== Evolution ===
Line 28: Line 28:
Prichard indicated Africa (indirectly) as the place of human origin, in this summary passage:
Prichard indicated Africa (indirectly) as the place of human origin, in this summary passage:


:"On the whole there are many reasons which lead us to the conclusion that the primitive stock of men were probably Negroes, and I know of no argument to be set on the other side."<ref>Prichard, J. C. 1851. ''Researches into the Physical History of Mankind''. London: Houlston and Stoneman, and J. and A. Arch. vol. 5 (?), p. 238-39</ref>
:"On the whole there are many reasons which lead us to the conclusion that the primitive stock of men were probably Negroes, and I know of no argument to be set on the other side."<ref>Prichard, J. C. 1851. ''Researches into the Physical History of Mankind''. London: Houlston and Stoneman, and J. and A. Arch. vol. 5 (?), pp. 238–39</ref>


This opinion was omitted in later editions.<ref>Stocking 1973 plxv</ref> The second edition includes more developed evolutionary ideas.<ref>Morton, Leslie. 1970. ''A Medical Bibliography (Garrison & Morton): an annotated checklist of texts illustrating the history of medicine''. London: Deutsch. entry #159</ref>
This opinion was omitted in later editions.<ref>Stocking 1973 plxv</ref> The second edition includes more developed evolutionary ideas.<ref>Morton, Leslie. 1970. ''A Medical Bibliography (Garrison & Morton): an annotated checklist of texts illustrating the history of medicine''. London: Deutsch. entry #159</ref>


=== Anthropology ===
=== Anthropology ===
Prichard was influential in the early days of [[ethnology]] and [[anthropology]]. He stated that the [[Celtic languages]] are allied by language with the Slavonian, German and Pelasgian (Greek and Latin), thus forming a fourth European branch of [[Indo-European languages]]. His treatise containing Celtic compared with [[Sanskrit]] words appeared in 1831 under the title ''Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations''. An essay by [[Adolphe Pictet]], which made its author's reputation, was published independently of the earlier investigations of Prichard.<ref>Pictet, Adolphe. 1837. ''De l'affinité des langues celtiques avec le sanscrit''. Paris: Académie Française.</ref>
Prichard was influential in the early days of [[ethnology]] and [[anthropology]]. He stated that the [[Celtic languages]] are allied by language with the Slavonian, German and Pelasgian (Greek and Latin), thus forming a fourth European branch of [[Indo-European languages]]. His treatise containing Celtic compared with [[Sanskrit]] words appeared in 1831 under the title ''Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations''. An essay by [[Adolphe Pictet]], which made its author's reputation, was published independently of the earlier investigations of Prichard.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>Pictet, Adolphe. 1837. ''De l'affinité des langues celtiques avec le sanscrit''. Paris: Académie Française.</ref>


In 1843 Prichard published his ''Natural History of Man'', in which he reiterated his belief in the [[specific unity of man]], pointing out that the same inward and mental nature can be recognized in all the races.<ref>Prichard, J. C. 1843. ''The Natural History of Man, &c''. London: Baillière.</ref> Prichard was an early member of the [[Aborigines' Protection Society]].
In 1843 Prichard published his ''Natural History of Man'', in which he reiterated his belief in the [[specific unity of man]], pointing out that the same inward and mental nature can be recognized in all the races.<ref>Prichard, J. C. 1843. ''The Natural History of Man, &c''. London: Baillière.</ref> Prichard was an early member of the [[Aborigines' Protection Society]].


=== Psychiatry ===
=== Psychiatry ===
In medicine, he specialised in what is now [[psychiatry]]. In 1822 he published ''A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System''<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15353175W Open Library page]</ref> (pt. I), and in 1835 a ''Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind'', in which he advanced the theory of the existence of a distinct [[mental illness]] called [[moral insanity]]. Prichard's work was also the first definition of senile dementia in the [[English language]].<ref name=senile/> Augstein has suggested that these works were aimed at the prevalent materialist theories of mind, [[phrenology]] and [[craniology]].<ref>Hannah Franziska Augstein, "J. C. Prichard's Concept of Moral Insanity: a medical theory of the corruption of human nature", ''Medical History''; 1996, 40: 311-343; [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1037128/pdf/medhist00031-0053.pdf (PDF), at p. 316].</ref> She has also suggested that Prichard was influenced by the [[somatic school]] of German Romantic psychiatric thought, in particular [[Christian Friedrich Nasse]], and (eclectically) [[Johann Christian August Heinroth]]; this in addition to an acknowledged debt to [[Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol]].<ref>Augstein, pp. 319 and 314.</ref>
In medicine, he specialised in what is now [[psychiatry]]. In 1822 he published ''A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System''<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15353175W Open Library page]</ref> (pt. I), and in 1835 a ''Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind'', in which he advanced the theory of the existence of a distinct [[mental illness]] called [[moral insanity]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Prichard's work was also the first definition of senile dementia in the [[English language]].<ref name=senile/> Augstein has suggested that these works were aimed at the prevalent materialist theories of mind, [[phrenology]] and [[craniology]].<ref>Hannah Franziska Augstein, "J. C. Prichard's Concept of Moral Insanity: a medical theory of the corruption of human nature", ''Medical History''; 1996, 40: 311–343; [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1037128/pdf/medhist00031-0053.pdf (PDF), at p. 316].</ref> She has also suggested that Prichard was influenced by the [[somatic school]] of German Romantic psychiatric thought, in particular [[Christian Friedrich Nasse]], and (eclectically) [[Johann Christian August Heinroth]]; this in addition to an acknowledged debt to [[Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol]].<ref>Augstein, pp. 319 and 314.</ref>


In 1842, following up on moral insanity, he published ''On the Different Forms of Insanity in Relation to Jurisprudence, designed for the use of persons concerned in legal questions regarding unsoundness of mind''.<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7100432W Open Library page]</ref>
In 1842, following up on moral insanity, he published ''On the Different Forms of Insanity in Relation to Jurisprudence, designed for the use of persons concerned in legal questions regarding unsoundness of mind''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7100432W Open Library page]</ref>


=== Other works ===
=== Other works ===
Line 58: Line 58:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Notes==
;Attribution
{{Notelist}}
⚫
{{EB1911|wstitle=Prichard, James Cowles|volume=22|page=315}}


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Prichard, James Cowles}}
*Augstein, Hannah Franziska. ''James Cowles Prichard's Anthropology: remaking the science of Man in early nineteenth-century Britain''. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999. {{ISBN|90-420-0414-2}}; {{ISBN|90-420-0404-5}} (pbk)
*Augstein, Hannah Franziska. ''James Cowles Prichard's Anthropology: remaking the science of Man in early nineteenth-century Britain''. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999. {{ISBN|90-420-0414-2}}; {{ISBN|90-420-0404-5}} (pbk)
*Sera-Shriar, Efram, ''The Making of British Anthropology, 1813-1871'', London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013, pp.&nbsp;21–52.
*Sera-Shriar, Efram, ''The Making of British Anthropology, 1813-1871'', London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013, pp.&nbsp;21–52.
*''Memoir'' by [[Thomas Hodgkin|Dr Thomas Hodgkin]] (1798-1866) in ''Journal of the Ethnological Society'' (1849).
*''Memoir'' by [[Thomas Hodgkin|Dr Thomas Hodgkin]] (1798–1866) in ''Journal of the Ethnological Society'' (1849).
*''Memoir'' by [[John Addington Symonds (physician)|John Addington Symonds]], ''Journal of the Ethnological Society'' (1850).
*''Memoir'' by [[John Addington Symonds (physician)|John Addington Symonds]], ''Journal of the Ethnological Society'' (1850).
* Prichard and Symonds in ''Special Relation to Mental Science'', by [[Daniel Hack Tuke]] (1891).
* Prichard and Symonds in ''Special Relation to Mental Science'', by [[Daniel Hack Tuke]] (1891).
* [[George W. Stocking, Jr.|Stocking, George W. Jr]] 1973. "From chronology to ethnology: James Cowles Prichard and British Anthropology 1800–1850". Introduction to the reprint of ''Researches into the Physical History of Man, 1st ed 1813''. Chicago, 1973.
* [[George W. Stocking, Jr.|Stocking, George W. Jr]] 1973. "From chronology to ethnology: James Cowles Prichard and British Anthropology 1800–1850". Introduction to the reprint of ''Researches into the Physical History of Man, 1st ed 1813''. Chicago, 1973.
* [[John Addington Symonds (physician)|Symonds, John Addington]] 1871. "On the life, writings and character of the late James Cowles Prichard". In ''Miscellanies ... of Symonds'', edited by his son, London: Macmillan.
* [[John Addington Symonds (physician)|Symonds, John Addington]] 1871. "On the life, writings and character of the late James Cowles Prichard". In ''Miscellanies ... of Symonds'', edited by his son, London: Macmillan.
⚫
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Prichard, James Cowles|volume=22|page=315}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Prichard,%20James%20Cowles,%201786-1848.%22&type=author&inst= Wortks at Hathi Trust]
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Prichard,%20James%20Cowles,%201786-1848.%22&type=author&inst= Wortks at Hathi Trust]
*{{Wikisource author-inline}}
*{{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Librivox author |id=16933}}


{{Historical definitions of race}}
{{Historical definitions of race}}
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[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:British ethnologists]]
[[Category:British ethnologists]]
[[Category:19th-century British medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London]]

Latest revision as of 10:30, 3 November 2024

James Cowles Prichard.

James Cowles Prichard FRS (11 February 1786 – 23 December 1848) was a British physician and ethnologist with broad interests in physical anthropology and psychiatry. His influential Researches into the Physical History of Mankind touched upon the subject of evolution. From 1845, Prichard served as a Medical Commissioner in Lunacy. He also introduced the term "senile dementia".[1]

Life

[edit]

Prichard was born in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire. His parents Thomas and Mary Prichard were Quakers:[2] his mother was Welsh, and his father was of an English family who had emigrated to Pennsylvania . Within a few years of his birth in Ross, Prichard's parents moved to Bristol, where his father now worked in the Quaker ironworks of Harford, Partridge and Cowles. Upon his father's retirement in 1800 he returned to Ross. As a child Prichard was educated mainly at home by tutors and his father, in a range of subjects, including modern languages and general literature.[3]

Rejecting his father's wish that he should join the ironworks, Prichard decided upon a medical career. Here he faced the difficulty that as a Quaker he could not become a member of the Royal College of Physicians. Therefore, he started on apprenticeships that led to the ranks of apothecaries and surgeons, first studying under the Quaker obstetrician Dr Thomas Pole of Bristol. Apprenticeships followed to other Quaker physicians, and to St Thomas' Hospital in London. In 1805, he entered medical school at Edinburgh University, where his religious affiliation was no bar. Also, the Scottish medical schools were held in esteem, having contributed greatly to the Enlightenment of the previous century.

He took his M.D. at Edinburgh, his doctoral thesis of 1808 being his first attempt at the great question of his life: the origin of human varieties and races.[4] Later, he read for a year at Trinity College, Cambridge,[5] after which came a significant personal event: he left the Society of Friends to join the established Church of England. He next moved to St John's College, Oxford, afterwards entering as a gentleman commoner at Trinity College, Oxford, but taking no degree in either university.[3][6]

In 1810 Prichard settled at Bristol as a physician, eventually attaining an established position at the Bristol Infirmary (BRI) in 1816. While working at the BRI, Prichard lived in the Red Lodge. This was also where he wrote Researches into the Physical History of Man.[7]

In 1845 he was made one of the three medical Commissioners in Lunacy, having previously been one of the Metropolitan Commissioners,[8] and moved to London. He died there three years later of rheumatic fever. At the time of his death he was president of the Ethnological Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society.[6][a]

Work

[edit]

In 1813 he published his Researches into the Physical History of Man, in two volumes, on essentially the same themes as his dissertation in 1808. The book grew until the third edition of 1836–1847 occupied five volumes. The second to the fourth editions were published under the title Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. The fourth edition was also in five volumes.[9]

The central conclusion of the work is the unity of the human species, which has been acted upon by causes which have since divided it into permanent varieties or races. The work is dedicated to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, whose five races of man are adopted. Prichard differed from Blumenbach and other predecessors by the principle that people should be studied by combining all available characters.[6]

Evolution

[edit]

Three British men, all medically qualified and publishing between 1813 and 1819, William Lawrence, William Charles Wells and Prichard, addressed issues relevant to human evolution. All tackled the question of variation and race in humans; all agreed that these differences were heritable, but only Wells approached the idea of natural selection as a cause.

Science historian Conway Zirkle has described Prichard as an evolutionary thinker who came very close "to explaining the origin of new forms through the operation of natural selection although he never actually stated the proposition in so many words."[10]

Prichard indicated Africa (indirectly) as the place of human origin, in this summary passage:

"On the whole there are many reasons which lead us to the conclusion that the primitive stock of men were probably Negroes, and I know of no argument to be set on the other side."[11]

This opinion was omitted in later editions.[12] The second edition includes more developed evolutionary ideas.[13]

Anthropology

[edit]

Prichard was influential in the early days of ethnology and anthropology. He stated that the Celtic languages are allied by language with the Slavonian, German and Pelasgian (Greek and Latin), thus forming a fourth European branch of Indo-European languages. His treatise containing Celtic compared with Sanskrit words appeared in 1831 under the title Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations. An essay by Adolphe Pictet, which made its author's reputation, was published independently of the earlier investigations of Prichard.[6][14]

In 1843 Prichard published his Natural History of Man, in which he reiterated his belief in the specific unity of man, pointing out that the same inward and mental nature can be recognized in all the races.[15] Prichard was an early member of the Aborigines' Protection Society.

Psychiatry

[edit]

In medicine, he specialised in what is now psychiatry. In 1822 he published A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System[16] (pt. I), and in 1835 a Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind, in which he advanced the theory of the existence of a distinct mental illness called moral insanity.[6] Prichard's work was also the first definition of senile dementia in the English language.[1] Augstein has suggested that these works were aimed at the prevalent materialist theories of mind, phrenology and craniology.[17] She has also suggested that Prichard was influenced by the somatic school of German Romantic psychiatric thought, in particular Christian Friedrich Nasse, and (eclectically) Johann Christian August Heinroth; this in addition to an acknowledged debt to Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol.[18]

In 1842, following up on moral insanity, he published On the Different Forms of Insanity in Relation to Jurisprudence, designed for the use of persons concerned in legal questions regarding unsoundness of mind.[6][19]

Other works

[edit]

Among his other works were:

  • 1819: Analysis of Egyptian Mythology
  • 1829: A Review of the Doctrine of a Vital Principle
  • 1831: On the Treatment of Hemiplegia
  • 1839: On the Extinction of some Varieties of the Human Race

Family

[edit]

He married Anne Maria Estlin, daughter of John Prior Estlin and sister of John Bishop Estlin.[20] They had ten children,[21] eight of whom survived infancy, including Augustin Prichard (b. 1818, d. 1898), Constantine Estlin Prichard (b.1820), Theodore Joseph Prichard (b.1821), Illtiodus Thomas Prichard (b. 1825), Edith Prichard (b. 1829) and Albert Herman Prichard (b.1831).[22]

Archives

[edit]

Documents including medical certificates relating to James Cowles Prichard and his second son, Augustin Prichard, are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 16082) (online catalogue). Records relating to James Cowles Prichard can also be found at the Wellcome Library[23] and the Royal Geographical Society.[24]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Prichard J. C. 1835. Treatise on Insanity. London. p. 92
  2. ^ Thomas Hodgkin (1849). "Biographical notice for Dr. J. C. Prichard". British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review. 3 (6): 550–559. PMC 5199543. PMID 30164870.
  3. ^ a b Stocking 1973.
  4. ^ Prichard, J. C. 1808. De generis humani varietate. Edinburgh: Abernethy & Walker.
  5. ^ "Prichard, James Cowles (PRCT808JC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
  7. ^ Roslyn HE, Antient Society of St Stephen's Ringers, 1928, p.134
  8. ^ Brian Watkin, ed. (1975). Documents on Health and Social Services, 1834 to the Present Day. London: Methuen. p. 357. ISBN 0-416-15170-1.
  9. ^ 1st ed.: London: Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill; and B. and H. Barry, Bristol, 1813.
    2nd ed.: 2 vols. London: printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill, 1826
    3rd ed.: 5 vols. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper; and J. and A. Arch, 1836–1847
    4th ed.: 5 vols. London: Houlston and Stoneman, and J. and A. Arch (publisher varies). v. l. On the origin and dispersion of organized beings. 4th ed. 1841 -- v. 2. Physical ethnography of the African races. 3d ed. 1837 -- v. 3. History of the European nations. 3d ed. 1841 -- v. 4. History of the Asiatic nations. 3d ed. 1844 -- v. 5. History of the Oceanic and of the American nations. 1847.
    Reissue of 1st ed.; edited and with an introductory essay by George W. Stocking, Jr. (Classics in Anthropology.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973 ISBN 0-226-68120-3.
  10. ^ Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 84 (1). Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society: 71–123. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 984852.
  11. ^ Prichard, J. C. 1851. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. London: Houlston and Stoneman, and J. and A. Arch. vol. 5 (?), pp. 238–39
  12. ^ Stocking 1973 plxv
  13. ^ Morton, Leslie. 1970. A Medical Bibliography (Garrison & Morton): an annotated checklist of texts illustrating the history of medicine. London: Deutsch. entry #159
  14. ^ Pictet, Adolphe. 1837. De l'affinité des langues celtiques avec le sanscrit. Paris: Académie Française.
  15. ^ Prichard, J. C. 1843. The Natural History of Man, &c. London: Baillière.
  16. ^ Open Library page
  17. ^ Hannah Franziska Augstein, "J. C. Prichard's Concept of Moral Insanity: a medical theory of the corruption of human nature", Medical History; 1996, 40: 311–343; (PDF), at p. 316.
  18. ^ Augstein, pp. 319 and 314.
  19. ^ Open Library page
  20. ^ "Prichard, James Cowles" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  21. ^ Researches into the Physical History of Man (1973 edition), p. xviii, Google Books.
  22. ^ "beanweb genealogy page, work in progress". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  23. ^ "National Archives Discovery catalogue page, Wellcome Library". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  24. ^ "National Archives Discovery catalogue page, Royal Geographical Society". Retrieved 3 March 2016.

Notes

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  1. ^ Prichard was elected FRS in 1826 or 1827: Royal Society records give both dates.

Sources

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  • Augstein, Hannah Franziska. James Cowles Prichard's Anthropology: remaking the science of Man in early nineteenth-century Britain. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999. ISBN 90-420-0414-2; ISBN 90-420-0404-5 (pbk)
  • Sera-Shriar, Efram, The Making of British Anthropology, 1813-1871, London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013, pp. 21–52.
  • Memoir by Dr Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866) in Journal of the Ethnological Society (1849).
  • Memoir by John Addington Symonds, Journal of the Ethnological Society (1850).
  • Prichard and Symonds in Special Relation to Mental Science, by Daniel Hack Tuke (1891).
  • Stocking, George W. Jr 1973. "From chronology to ethnology: James Cowles Prichard and British Anthropology 1800–1850". Introduction to the reprint of Researches into the Physical History of Man, 1st ed 1813. Chicago, 1973.
  • Symonds, John Addington 1871. "On the life, writings and character of the late James Cowles Prichard". In Miscellanies ... of Symonds, edited by his son, London: Macmillan.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Prichard, James Cowles". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 315.
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