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#REDIRECT [[Sindhis]] |
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{{About|the socio-ethnic group of South Asia||Sindhi (disambiguation){{!}}Sindhi}} |
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{{R from move}} |
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:''Not to be confused with the [[Sindi people]].'' |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}} |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
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| group = Sindhi<br />سنڌي / सिन्धी / [[File:Sindhi khudabadi.svg|38px]] |
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| poptime='''{{circa|26 million}}''' |
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| region1={{flag|Pakistan}} |
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| pop1=51,300,000 |
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| ref1= <ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region2={{flag|India}} |
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| pop2=3,810,000 |
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| ref2=<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN Ethnologue report for India] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5msJ1wYs1?url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name%3DIN |date=18 January 2010 }}</ref> |
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| region3={{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |
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| pop3=341,000 |
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| ref3=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region4={{flag|Malaysia}} |
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| pop4=30,500 |
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| ref4=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region5={{flag|United Kingdom}} |
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| pop5=30,000 |
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| ref5=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region6={{flag|Afghanistan}} |
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| pop6=19,500 |
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| ref6=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region7={{flag|Canada}} |
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| pop7=11,500 |
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| ref7=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region8={{flag|Indonesia}} |
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| pop8=10,000 |
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| region9={{flag|United States}} |
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| pop9=9,800 |
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| ref9=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region10={{flag|Singapore}} |
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| pop10=8,800 |
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| ref10=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| region11={{flag|Hong Kong}} |
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| pop11=7,500 |
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| ref11=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC|title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia|first1=K.|last1=Kesavapany|first2=A.|last2=Mani|first3=P.|last3=Ramasamy|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|via=Google Books}}</ref> |
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| region12={{flag|Oman}} |
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| pop12=700 |
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| ref12=<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| languages = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |
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| rels = [[Islam]],<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{cite web|url=http://peoplegroups.org/|title=PeopleGroups.org|first=|last=PeopleGroups.org|publisher=}}</ref> [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]]}} |
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{{Contains Sindhi text}} |
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'''Sindhis''' ({{lang-sd|سنڌي}} <small>([[Perso-Arabic]])</small>, सिन्धी <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, [[File:Sindhi khudabadi.svg|38px]] <small>([[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]])</small>) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] who speak the [[Sindhi language]] and are native to the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]], which was previously a part of pre-[[Partition of India|partition]] [[British Raj|British India]]. Today, Sindhis are both [[India|Indian]] and Pakistani. [[Indian Sindhis]] are predominantly [[Hinduism|Hindu]], while Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]]. |
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Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by [[Sufi]] doctrines and principles.<ref>Ansari, Sarah FD. ''Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843-1947''. No. 50. Cambridge University Press, 1992.</ref> Some of the popular cultural icons are [[Raja Dahir]], [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]], [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]], [[Sachal Sarmast]] and Shambumal Tulsiani. |
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After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, most [[Sindhi Hindus]] and Sindhi [[Sikh]]s migrated to India and other parts of the world. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8% of the total population of Sindh province.<ref name="Pakistan Census Data">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Census Data|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf}}</ref> Most of them live in urban areas such as [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpur Khas]]. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in [[Pakistan]], with 100,000–150,000 living there.<ref name="Pakistan Census Data"/> |
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==History== |
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===Pre-historic period=== |
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[[File:Vintage group photo of Indian Sindh people.JPG|thumb|Vintage group photo of Indian Sindhi people]] |
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The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking [[Harappan language|languages]] of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] around 3300 BC. [[Moen-jo-Daro]] was one of the largest settlements of the Indus Valley Civilisation. |
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The Indus Valley Civilisation went into decline around the year 1700 BC for reasons that are not entirely known, though its downfall was probably precipitated by an earthquake or natural event that dried up the [[Ghaggar River]]. The [[Indo-Aryans]] are believed to have founded the [[Vedic civilisation]] that existed between the [[Sarasvati River]] and [[Ganges]] river around 1500 BC. This civilisation helped shape subsequent cultures in [[South Asia]]. |
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===Historical period=== |
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For several centuries in the first millennium B.C. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek, and Kushan rule,{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the [[Indo-Greeks]], and still later under the [[Indo-Sassanids]], as well as [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]], before the Islamic invasions between the 7th–10th century AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire. |
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Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be influenced by [[Islam]] after 632 AD. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu, and [[buddhism|Buddhist]]. After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the [[Abbasid]]s and [[Umayyid]]s. [[Islam]].<ref name="Gier">Nicholas F. Gier, ''FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES'', presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006 [http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/mm.htm]</ref> [[Habbari dynasty|Habbari]], [[Soomra Dynasty|Soomra]], [[Samma Dynasty|Samma]], [[Arghun Dynasty|Arghun]] dynasties ruled [[Sindh]]. |
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==Ethnicity/religion== |
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{{Sindhis}} |
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{{Main|Demographics of Sindh}} |
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[[File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|"The Priest King Wearing Sindhi Ajruk", [[Circa|c. 2500 BC]], in the National Museum of Pakistan.]] |
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The region received its name, Sindh, from the River Sindhu (Indus). The people living in the region are referred to as Sindhi. The terms Hindi and Hindu are derived from the word Sindh and Sindhu, as the ancient Persians pronounced "s" as "h" (e.g., sarasvati as harahvati). In the same way, Persians called the people of this region as Hindhi people, their language as Hindhi language and the region as Hindh, the name which is used for this region since ancient times, and later for the whole northern part of the Indian sub-continent today. India is also known as [[Hindustan]]. |
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The two main and highest ranked tribes of Sindh are the [[Soomro (tribe)|Soomro]] — descendants of the [[Soomro Dynasty]], who ruled [[Sindh]] during 970–1351 A.D. — and the [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]] — descendants of the [[Samma Dynasty]], who ruled [[Sindh]] during 1351–1521 A.D. These tribes belong to the same blood line. Among other [[Sindhi Rajput]]s are the Bhachos, [[Bhutto]]s, [[Bhatti]]s[[Bhanbhro]] |
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[[Mahendro]]s, Buriros, Lakha, Sahetas, [[Lohana]]s, [[Mohana (tribe)|Mohano]], [[Daher|Dahars]], Indhar, [[Chhachhar|Chachar]], Dhareja, [[Rathore]]s, Dakhan, [[Langah (tribe)|Langah]], etc. The [[Sindhi-Sipahi]] of [[Rajasthan]] and the [[Sandhai Muslims]] of [[Gujarat]] are communities of [[Sindhi Rajput]]s settled in India. Closely related to the [[Sindhi Rajput]]s are the [[Jats of Sindh]], who are found mainly in the [[Indus]] [[River delta|delta]] region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/13455764/The-People-and-the-Land-of-Sindh/ The People and the land of Sindh] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUpD1Ybn?url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/13455764/The-People-and-the-Land-of-Sindh |date=14 February 2011 }}</ref> |
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===Sindhi Muslims=== |
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[[File:Abida Parveen in concert at Oslo.jpg|thumb|[[Abida Parveen]] is a Pakistani singer of Sindhi descent and one of the foremost exponents of [[Sufi]] music.]] |
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With [[Sindh]]’s stable prosperity and its strategic geographical position, it was subject to successive conquests by foreign empires. In 712 A.D., [[Sindh]] was incorporated into the [[Caliphate]], the Islamic Empire, and became the ‘Arabian gateway’ into India (later to become known as ''Bab-ul-Islam'', the gate of Islam). |
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Muslim Sindhis tend to follow the [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] [[fiqh]] with a substantial minority being [[Shia]] [[Ithna 'ashariyah]]. [[Sufism]] has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous [[Dargah|Sufi shrines]] which dot the landscape of [[Sindh]]. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Tomb of Bhittai.jpeg|Grand mausoleum of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] built by [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] on 1762. |
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File:Shah Jahan Mosque Thatta Sindh Pakistan 5.jpg|Interior of the [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta]], built during the rule of the [[Mughal Empire]]. |
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</gallery> |
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===Sindhi Hindus=== |
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''Read also [[Sindhis in India]]'' |
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Sindh is home to some [[Hindus]]. The ratio of Hindus was higher before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947. Many Hindus are migrating to India and other parts of the world; they are regarded as a [[Decline of Hinduism in Pakistan|minority in decline]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Partition and the ‘other’ Sindhi|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/224030-Partition-and-the-other-Sindhi}}</ref> |
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{{Cquote|Before 1947 however, other than a few Gujarati speaking [[Parsees]] ([[Zorastrians]]) living in Karachi, virtually all the inhabitants were Sindhis, whether Muslim or Hindu at the time of Pakistan's [[Pakistan Movement|independence]], 75% of the population were Muslims and almost all the remaining 25% were Hindus.<ref>''The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994'', by Mehtab Ali Shah, published in 1997 by I B Tauris and Co Ltd, London PAGE 46</ref>}} |
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Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the cities before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, during which many migrated to India according to [[Ahmad Hassan Dani]]. Hindus were also spread over Sindh province. [[Dhatki language|Thari]] (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India. |
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{{Cquote|The Cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, for example, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population.<ref>Proceedings of the First Congress of Pakistan History & Culture held at the University of Islamabad, April 1973, Volume 1, University of Islamabad Press, 1975</ref>}} |
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Sindhi Hindus believe in tenets of Sikhism but are predominantly [[Sahajdhari]]. As a result, this group can be regarded as concurrently following Hinduism and Sikhism.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} |
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===Emigration=== |
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{{Main|Sindhi diaspora}} |
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The Sindhi diaspora emigrated from India and [[Sindh]] is significant. Emigration from the [[Sindh]] began before and after the 19th century, with many Sindhis settling in [[Europe]], United States and Canada with a large Sindhi population [[Middle East|Middle Eastern states]] such as the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]. A wave of emigration began in 1947 to India after the [[Partition of India|partition]]. |
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==Culture== |
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{{Main|Sindhi poetry|Sindhi music|Sindhi literature|Sindhi cuisine}} |
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===Sindhi names=== |
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{{Main|Sindhi names}} |
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Muslim Sindhi tend to have traditional [[Muslim]] first names, sometimes with localized variations. Sindhi have castes according to their professions and ancestral locations. |
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Sindhi Hindus tend to have surnames that end in '-ani' (a variant of 'anshi', derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word 'ansha', which means 'descended from'). The first part of a Sindhi Hindu surname is usually derived from the name or location of an ancestor. In northern Sindh, surnames ending in 'ja' (meaning 'of') are also common. A person's surname would consist of the name of his or her native village, followed by 'ja'. |
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<center> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Ajrak.jpg|[[Ajrak]] |
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Image:Sindhi Chabba.JPG|Sindhi Chabba |
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File:Cheti Chand Celebration in Pune.jpg|[[Cheti Chand]] |
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Image:Sindhi shoes.jpg|Sindhi [[Mojari]] |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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==See also== |
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{{columns-list|4| |
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* [[Sindhudesh]] |
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*[[Sindhi nationalism]] |
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* [[Sindhis in India]] |
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* [[Sindhi diaspora]] |
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* [[List of Sindhi people]] |
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* [[Ulhasnagar]] |
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* [[Sindhi names]] |
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* [[Sindhi Pathan]] |
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* [[Sindhi Baloch]] |
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* [[Sindhi bhagat]] |
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* [[Sindhi Memon]] |
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* [[Sindhi Rajput]] |
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* [[Sammat]] |
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* [[Sandhai Muslims]] |
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* [[Sindhi language media in Pakistan]] |
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* [[Sindhi-language media]] |
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* [[List of Sindhi-language newspapers]] |
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* [[Sindhi language]] |
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* [[Sindhi Language Authority]] |
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* [[Sindhi Adabi Board]] |
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* [[Sindhi Adabi Sangat]] |
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* [[Sindhi literature]] |
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* [[Sindhi folk tales]] |
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* [[Sindhi folklore]] |
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* [[Sindhi music]] |
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* [[List of Sindhi singers]] |
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* [[Sindhi music videos]] |
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* [[Sindhi poetry]] |
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* [[Tomb paintings of Sindh]] |
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* [[List of Sindhi festivals]] |
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* [[Sindhi culture]] |
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* [[Sindhi biryani]] |
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* [[Sindhi Camp]] |
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* [[Sindhi cap]] |
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* [[Sindhi Cultural Day]] |
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* [[Sindhi cinema]] |
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* [[Sindhi colony]] |
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* [[Sindhi cuisine]] |
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* [[Sindhi High School, Hebbal]] |
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}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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* Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, '''"Amilan-jo-Ahwal" - published in Sindhi, 1919''' |
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* '''Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) - translated into English in 2016 ("A History of the Amils")''' at [http://www.saibaba-fund.org/sindhis.html sindhis] |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.thesindhuworld.com Virtual Home of Global Sindhi Community Everything about Sindhis] |
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{{commons category|Sindhi people}} |
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* [http://sabsindhi.com/database/Mainpage SabSindhi-All About Sindhis, Music, Books, Magazines, People, Dictionary, Calendar, Keyboard] |
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* [http://www.SindhiSangat.com Sindhi Sangat: promoting & preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language.] |
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* [http://www.SindhiJagat.com Sindhi Jagat: All India Sindhi Consolidating Centre.] |
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* [http://www.dalsabzi.com/books/sindhi_surnames/sindhi_surnames.htm Sindhi Surnames Origin – Trace your roots] |
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* [http://www.thesindhi.com www.thesindhi.com] |
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* [http://www.thesindhtimes.tk www.thesindhi.com] |
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* [http://www.worldsindhicongress.org www.worldsindhicongress.org] |
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* [http://www.sanalist.org/sana/newsite/ Sindhi Association of North America] |
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* [http://www.sindhiassociationofeurope.org.uk/home/ Sindhi Association of Europe] |
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{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}} |
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{{Sindh topics}} |
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{{Sindhi nationalism}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhi People}} |
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[[Category:Sindhi people| ]] |
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[[Category:Communities]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] |
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[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:42, 25 March 2020
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- From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.