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Synthetic biology#Synthetic life

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+#Redirect [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life]]
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-The creation of '''synthetic life''' is a goal of scientists working in the fields of [[synthetic biology]] or exploring the [[origin of life]]. The term has also been used to describe recent experiments <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gibson DG, Glass JI, Lartigue C, ''et al.'' |title=Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome |journal=Science |volume= 329|issue= 5987|pages= 52–6|year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20488990 |doi=10.1126/science.1190719 |bibcode=2010Sci...329...52G}}</ref> that transferred
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-the chemically synthesized copy of a bacterial genome into a different (but closely related) bacterial host cell. However, the term '''Synthetic Life''' is usually associated to the creation of a living system "from scratch", that is from isolated building blocks. This has not yet been achieved.
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-These efforts are largely independent from the computational simulation of [[artificial life]] which is related to the discipline of [[robotics]].
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-== Synthetic biochemical life ==
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-Synthetic life is [[artificial life]] created ''[[in vitro]]'' from [[biochemical]]s and their component materials as opposed to the normally implied ''[[in silico]]'' when using the broader term "alife".
-W. Wayt Gibbs suggests that synthetic life has three major goals: "One, learn about life by building it, rather than by tearing it apart. Two, make genetic engineering worthy of its name--a discipline that continuously improves by standardizing its previous creations and recombining them to make new and more sophisticated systems. And three, stretch the boundaries of life and of machines until the two overlap to yield truly programmable organisms."<ref>{{Cite journal  | author = W. Wayte Gibbs  | title = Synthetic Life  | journal = Scientific American | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=synthetic-life|date = May 2004}}</ref>
-Synthetic life experiments attempt to either probe the origins of life, study some of the properties of life, or more ambitiously to recreate life from non-alive ([[abiotic]]) substances.  An example of synthetic life might be an attempt to create self-replicating, self-perpetuating ([[autocatalysis|autocatalytic]]) [[chemical reaction]]s to simulate possible origins for life.
-Researchers involved feel that the creation of true synthetic biochemical life is relatively close and cheap, and perhaps easier than the effort needed to place man on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3214/01.html |title=NOVA: Artificial life|accessdate=2007-01-19}}</ref>
-==Mycoplasma laboratorium controversy==
-In 2010, the team of [[Craig Venter]] replaced the genome of a natural cell with a different genome created by [[gene synthesis]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gibson DG, Glass JI, Lartigue C, ''et al.'' |title=Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome |journal=Science |volume= 329|issue= 5987|pages= 52–6|year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20488990 |doi=10.1126/science.1190719 |bibcode=2010Sci...329...52G}}</ref> creating a new bacterial strain dubbed [[Mycoplasma laboratorium]].
-In press conferences, [[Craig Venter]] described this work as the creation of "Synthetic Life". This statement was widely criticized{{who|date=June 2011}} on the grounds that:
-* the chemically synthesized genome was an almost 1:1 copy of a naturally occurring genome and
-* the recipient cell was a naturally occurring bacterium
-The Craig Venter Institute maintains the term "synthetic bacterial cell" but they also clarify "...we do not consider this to be “creating life from scratch” but rather we are creating new life out of already existing life using synthetic DNA" <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcvi.org/cms/research/projects/first-self-replicating-synthetic-bacterial-cell/faq |title=FAQ |author=Craig Venter Institute |accessdate=2011-04-24}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* Artificial related
-** [[Artificial brain]]
-** [[Artificial life]]
-** [[Simulated reality]]
-* Biology relates
-** [[Genetically modified organism]]
-** [[Non-cellular life]]
-** [[Nucleic acid analogues]]
-** [[Synthetic biology]]
-** [[Systems biology]]
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
-== External links ==
-*[http://www.che.caltech.edu/groups/fha/SyntheticLife.html Synthetic Life]
-*[http://patentvector.com/?p=21.html Prelude to Synthetic Life Forms]
-*[http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/church_venter09/church_venter09_index.html A short course on synthetic genomics. Edge Master Class 2009]
-*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHIocNOHd7A Craig Venter unveils "synthetic life"] Ted talks (Youtube)
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Synthetic Life}}
-[[Category:Synthetic biology]]
-[[Category:Genetics]]
-[[es:Vida sintética]]
-[[it:Vita sintetica]]
-[[zh:人造生命]]