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{{Short description|Tribe of Kuki people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
'''Thadou people''' are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting [[Northeast India|North-east India]]. [[Thadou language|Thadou]] is a dialect of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] family.They are the second largest in terms of population in Manipur, next to [[Meitei people|Meetei]] according to Manipur census 2011.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}.Thadou population have been reported only in India, some small population have settled in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Project|first=Joshua|title=Thadou in India|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18232/IN|access-date=2021-04-21|website=joshuaproject.net|language=en}}</ref> Thadous share a common culture with all the [[Kuki people|Chin-Kuki-Mizo]] community.
| group = Thadou people
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = lus
| image = Thadou dress.jpg
| caption = Thadou man and woman in traditional dress
| population = 229,000–313,000 in India{{sfnp|Census of India, Language|2018|pp=40, 48}}
| region1 = [[India]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| pop1 = [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]]
| languages = [[Thadou language|Thadou]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Protestantism]] ([[Baptist]]) and [[Catholicism]]; very small minority [[Judaism]] ([[Bnei Menashe]])
| related_groups = [[Zo people]] {{·}} [[Chin people|Chin]] {{·}} [[Kuki people|Kuki]] {{·}} [[Mara people|Mara]] {{·}} [[Bnei Menashe]], [[Ranglong]] {{·}} [[Mizo people|Mizo]]
}}


'''Thadou people''', also called '''Thadou Kukis''', are the [[Thadou language]]-speaking [[Kuki people]] inhabiting [[Northeast India]], [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Bangladesh]]. "Thadou" is also the name of a particular clan among the Thadou Kukis. Other clans include Haokip, Kipgen, Doungel, Hangshing, Mangvung etc.<ref>
==Religion==
{{citation |last=Shaw |first=William |title=Notes on the Thadou Kukis |year=1929 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.500398 |publisher=Government of Assam |ref={{sfnref|Shaw, Notes on the Thadou Kukis|1929}} |via=archive.org}}
A great majority of the Thadou people are [[Christians]]. [[Christianity]] among the Thadous can be traced back to an [[Anglican Church|Anglican]] named [[William Pettigrew]] who worked in [[Manipur]] as a missionary from 1894. The 100th anniversary of the Thadou people embracing Christianity was held at Motbung, [[Sadar Hills]], [[Manipur]], [[India]] on 13 December 2008 under the aegis of the Thadou Baptist Association <ref>https://thadoubaptistassociation.org Thadou Baptist Association</ref>.
</ref>{{sfnp|Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012|p=95}}{{sfnp|Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity|2012}}


==History==
== Distribution ==
According to the 2011 census of India, there are 229,340 Thadou language-speakers in the country. The vast majority of them (97.6%) are in the state of [[Manipur]].{{sfnp|Census of India, Language|2018|p=48}} Within Manipur, they make up the largest single tribe, forming about 19% of all its [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>
The Thadou people believed that Chongthu, a great Chief of the Thadous, emerged out from a cave called "Chhinlung or [[Sinlung|Shinlung]] or Khul" the location of which was believed to be somewhere in [[Central China]], whereas others claimed it to be in [[Tibet]]. (Ginzatuang 1973:5) Mc. Culloch (1857:55). Those ancestors emerging from the cave include Chongthu/Songthu, Khupngam, Vangalpa and some clansmen, leaving behind Noimangpa, Chongja and others of the group.
{{citation |title=Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif |first1=Jean |last1=Michaud |first2=Margaret Byrne |last2=Swain |first3=Meenaxi |last3=Barkataki-Ruscheweyh |edition=2nd |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2016 |isbn=9781442272798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZksDQAAQBAJ |page=244}}
</ref>
There are also significant numbers of Thadou-speakers in [[Meghalaya]] and [[Assam]].{{sfnp|Census of India, Language|2018|p=48}}


In addition, many Thadou language-speakers are also believed to list their language as "Kuki" in the census.{{sfnp|Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity|2012|pp=67–68}} The 2011 census lists 83,968 "Kuki" language-speakers, who are mostly distributed in the states of [[Nagaland]], Manipur and Assam.{{sfnp|Census of India, Language|2018|p=40}}
William Shaw's (1929) description about the origin of Thadou is recorded from collected oral traditionals. According to the Thadou narrative recorded by Shaw (1929), Noimangpa was the chief of subterranean region. Chongthu, a relative of Noimangpa, while hunting in the jungle with his dog, discovered a large cave. Chongthu, rejoiced at this discovery, gave up his hunting and went back to his village. He conjured up ideas of forming his own village on the earth. Meanwhile, Noimangpa the chief of the underworld was performing the ‘chon’ festival, in which everyone including chongja, the elder brother of Chongthu, Noimangpa’s son Chonkim participated. During this feast Chongthu started waving his sword so vigorously that he injured some of the people present, at which all were annoyed. This action of Chongthu was premeditated so that he can find an excuse to go to the upper world to form a village of his own. When Noimangpa came to know this he wanted Chongthu dead. Chongthu on hearing Noimangpa’s wrath, prepared to leave for the uninhabited earth, ‘khul’, as spoken of by the Thadous. So, Chongja and Chongthu along with the cavemen feasted before their departure. On their journey to the upper crust of the earth there was a great darkness, which lasted for seven days and seven nights, called “Thimzin” by the Thadous. They found a stone blocking their passage out and after making many attempts Chongja and party gave up and returned to Noimangpa and reported the result’. Pi Nemneh, wife of Songja, cursed Chongthu and party for leaving them at doom in ‘Khul’. It is also believed that Chongja, Noimangpa and other clansmen who were left behind are assimilated with the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] people.
[[File:Thadou men.jpg|thumb|right|A group of Thadou men]]

=== Kuki rebellion ===
[[File:Pu Khotinthang Sitlhou @ Kilkhong.jpg|thumbnail|right|A life size statue of Pu Khotinthang Sitlhou (Chief of Jampi)]]
As a mark of protest against the [[British Empire|British]] and to stop further recruitment of the Thadous and its cognate tribes in the non-combatant force at the battlefront in [[France]] in the [[First world war|First World War]] as per the appeal received from the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[London]], in his telegram dated 28 January 1917{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}, the Thadous in Manipur fought against the British in the month of December 1917. The Chief of Aisan, '''Chengjapao Doungel''', who was the "Piba" or head of the Thadou tribe, sent orders to all the leading Thadou chiefs to resist the British with force, if necessary. A very important meeting was held at Jampi Village.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} The chiefs who attended the meeting were:

#Pu '''Khotinthang Sitlhou''' alias '''Kilkhong''', Chief of Jampi
#Pu '''Khupkhotintong (Tintong) Haokip'''
#Pu '''Songchung Sitlhou''', Chief of Sangnao
#Pu '''Lunkholal Sitlhou''', Chief of Chongjang
#Pu '''Vumngul Kipgen''', Chief of Tujang
#Pu '''Lhunjangul Kipgen''', son of Vumngul Kipgen
#Pu '''Enjakhup Kholhou''', Chief of Thenjang
#Pu '''Leothang Haokip''', Chief of Goboh
#Pu '''Mangkho-on Haokip''', Chief of Tingkai
#Pu '''Heljason Haokip''', Chief of Loibol
#Pu '''Onpilen Haokip''', Chief of Joupi
#Pu '''Onpilal Haokip''', Chief of Santing
#Pu '''Jamkhokhup''', Chief of Boljang
#Pu '''Nguljahen Haokip''' of Boljang

Khotinthang Sitlhou (Kilkhong), the Chief of Jampi killed one Mithun to entertain the chiefs and "Sajam" was distributed to all the chiefs. Thus, a powerful conspiracy of the Thadou chiefs was established. And the '''Singson''' chief cut off the tail of a mithun as a mark of declaration of war against the British government on behalf of his clan. In Manipur, the rebellion spread like wild-fire, particularly in the Kuki inhabited areas – Jampi, Dulen, Sangnao, Khauchangbung and Laijang in the west; Chasat and Maokot in the east; Mombi and Lonza in the south-east and Henglep and Loikhai/Ukha in the southwest.

After many months of aggressive fight between the tenacious Thadou warriors and the mighty British force the Kuki Rebellion<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nayar|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JViGAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=kuki+uprising&q=kuki+uprising&hl=en|title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India|date=2000|publisher=United Service Institution of India|language=en}}</ref> finally came to an end on 20 May 1919, with the subjugation of the Thadous by the British Rulers. The colonial authorities recorded it as "Kuki Rebellion". however, the Thadou and its cognate tribes called it Thadou gal. Sir [[Nicholas Beatson-Bell|Nicholar Beatson Bell]], the former [[Chief Commissioner of Assam]], also said that the Kuki Rebellion, 1917–19 was confined entirely to the Thadous.

===Modern history===
Thadous<ref>are the single largest tribe in Manipur as per population census 2011.</ref> has been recognised as [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribe in India]] since 1956. The followings covered under the Amended Vide Govt. of India Ministry of Law Notification Order No. S.R.O. 2477A, dated 29 October 1956, New Delhi, India.

Thadou subgroups (clans) are as follows.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
#Guite
#Doungel
#Sitlhou
#Singsit
#Lhouvum
#Lhoujem
#Thomsong
#Singson
#Sitkil
#Chongthu
#Kipgen
#Haokip
#Chongloi
#Hangshing
#Touthang
#Lotjem
#Haolai
#Tuboi
#Misao
#Sa-um
#Khuolhou
#Mate
#Baite
#Lhungdim
#Ngailut
#Kiloung
#Insun
#Jongbe
#Lenthang
#Thangngeo
#Lhang'um
#Khongthang
#Lunkim

{{Div col end}}

==Marriage==
There are four forms of [[marriage]]s among the Thadou: ''chongmou, sahapsat, jol-lhah','kijam mang''. The latter two, sahapsat, jol-lhah', are non-ceremonial betrothal forms akin to [[elopement]]. The first of these forms involves the following elements.

#The negotiation of a bride-price between the parents of the groom and the parents of the bride (however one must note that the concept of 'bride price' mentioned here is very different from the Hindu concept of the '[[Dowry system in India|dowry system]]')
#The establishment of a date for the departure of the bride from her parents' house to that of her husband
#The sending (by the groom) of strong young men to bring the bride to her new home; ceremonial feasting and wrestling then followed
#The triumphant return of the groom's representatives with the bride

The 'sahapsat' marriage form contains only the marital negotiations between families. The "jol-lhah" marriage is resorted to in the case of a pregnancy resulting from premarital relationships. In this case, a bride-price is usually agreed upon before the cohabitation process, which begins immediately when the pregnancy is discovered. The "kijam mang" is a marital arrangement that results from the union of two parties Without the consent of the parents of either bride, groom, or both by eloping. The bride-price is settled at some point after the union takes place. Post-marital residence is patrilocal . Inheritance is exclusively through the male line, i.e., eldest son. Thadou women are the chief agents of socialisation among the Thadou society. Children are permitted a great degree of independence once they learn to walk. Little structured education is provided by the parents, thereby leaving the Thadou child to learn through experiential means.

==Literature==
Dr. G.C. Crozier along with his wife Mrs M.B. Crozier and Pu Ngulhao Thomsong worked in full co-operation to translate the [[Bible]] especially in Thadou after obtaining permission from the British and Foreign Bible Society. Pu Ngulhao earlier works included, 1: Pathen La- 1922, 2: Thukidong leh Kidonbut – 1924, 3: Pathen Thu – 1925, 4: [[John the Apostle|John]] Sut Kipana Thupha- 1925, 5: Lung Phatvet- 1930, 6: [[Epistle to the Romans|Rome]] Mite Henga [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] Lekha Thot – 1933.

The first edition of "Lekha bul:Thadou Kuki first primer" was written by Pu Ngulhao Thomsong in 1927.

Pu Longkhobel Kilong (1922) and was another native scholar of this period.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===Other sources===
== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Language: India, States and Union Territories (Table C-16) |publisher=Registrar General of India |year=2018 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Census of India, Language|2018}}}}
*Shaw, William. 1929. Notes on the Thadou kuki.
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Seilen |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |pages=89– |year=2012 |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |chapter=What Price, Twenty Years of Peace in Mizoram (1986–2006): A Kuki Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC&pg=PA89 |publisher=Bookwell |isbn=9789380574448 |ref={{sfnref|Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace|2012}}}}
*Shakespear, J. Part I, London, 1912, The Lushai Kuki Clans. Aizawl : Tribal Research Unit.
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Ngamkhohao |title=Politics of Tribe Identity with reference to the Kukis |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=64-73 |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4204259 |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity|2012}} }}
*Tribal Research Institute. 1994. The Tribes of Mizoram. (A Dissertation) Aizawl: Tribal Research Institute, Directorate of Art and Culture.
* Lieut. R. Stewart in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1857). entitled "A slight notice of the Grammar of Thadou or New Kookie language."
*The Socio-Economics Of Linguistic Identity A Case Study In The Lushai Hills. Satarupa Dattamajumdar, Ph.D.
*Lieut. R. Stewart in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1857). entitled "A slight notice of the Grammar of Thadou or New Kookie language."


==External links==
==External links==
* {{url|https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tcz}}
* {{url|https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tcz}}
* {{url|http://kukiforum.com/2004/06/the-thadous-2/}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202085337/http://www.kukiforum.com/2004/06/the-thadous-2/|date=December 2, 2021|title=The Thadous}}
* {{url|https://thadoubaptistassociation.org/en/home}}
* {{url|https://thadoubaptistassociation.org/en/home}}


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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

Latest revision as of 09:08, 26 December 2024

Thadou people
Thadou man and woman in traditional dress
Total population
229,000–313,000 in India[1]
Regions with significant populations
India, Myanmar and BangladeshManipur, Nagaland, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura
Languages
Thadou
Religion
Predominantly Protestantism (Baptist) and Catholicism; very small minority Judaism (Bnei Menashe)
Related ethnic groups
Zo people  · Chin  · Kuki  · Mara  · Bnei Menashe, Ranglong  · Mizo

Thadou people, also called Thadou Kukis, are the Thadou language-speaking Kuki people inhabiting Northeast India, Burma, Bangladesh. "Thadou" is also the name of a particular clan among the Thadou Kukis. Other clans include Haokip, Kipgen, Doungel, Hangshing, Mangvung etc.[2][3][4]

Distribution

[edit]

According to the 2011 census of India, there are 229,340 Thadou language-speakers in the country. The vast majority of them (97.6%) are in the state of Manipur.[5] Within Manipur, they make up the largest single tribe, forming about 19% of all its Scheduled Tribes.[6] There are also significant numbers of Thadou-speakers in Meghalaya and Assam.[5]

In addition, many Thadou language-speakers are also believed to list their language as "Kuki" in the census.[7] The 2011 census lists 83,968 "Kuki" language-speakers, who are mostly distributed in the states of Nagaland, Manipur and Assam.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Census of India, Language (2018), pp. 40, 48.
  2. ^ Shaw, William (1929), Notes on the Thadou Kukis, Government of Assam – via archive.org
  3. ^ Seilen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012), p. 95.
  4. ^ Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity (2012).
  5. ^ a b Census of India, Language (2018), p. 48.
  6. ^ Michaud, Jean; Swain, Margaret Byrne; Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi (2016), Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif (2nd ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, p. 244, ISBN 9781442272798
  7. ^ Ngamkhohao Haokip, Politics of Tribe Identity (2012), pp. 67–68.
  8. ^ Census of India, Language (2018), p. 40.

Bibliography

[edit]
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