Frilled lizard: Difference between revisions

Frilled lizard
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Iguania
Family:	Agamidae
Subfamily:	Amphibolurinae
Genus:	Chlamydosaurus; Gray, 1825
Species:	C. kingii
Binomial name
	Chlamydosaurus kingii; Gray, 1825
	Distribution of Chlamydosaurus kingii
Synonyms
	Clamydosaurus [sic] kingii ; Gray, 1825; Chlamydosaurus kingii ; — Gray in King, 1827 ; (nomen emendatum);

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The frilled lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii), also known commonly as the frilled agama, the frillneck lizard, the frill-necked lizard, and the frilled dragon, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea and is the only member of the genus Chlamydosaurus. Its common names refer to the large frill around its neck, which usually stays folded against the lizard's body. The frilled lizard grows to 90 cm (35 in) from head to tail tip and can weigh 600 g (1.3 lb). Males are larger and more robust than females. The lizard's body is generally grey, brown, orangish-brown, or black in colour. The frills have red, orange, yellow, or white colours.

The frilled lizard is largely arboreal, spending most of its time in trees. Its diet consists mainly of insects and other invertebrates. It is more active during the wet season, when it spends more time near or on the ground, and is less observed during the dry season, during which it seeks shade in the branches of the upper canopy. It breeds in the late dry season and early wet season. The lizard uses its frill to scare off predators and display to other individuals. The species is considered to be of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Males and females erect their frills during social encounters, which can be seen as a means of communication for the frilled neck lizard. The development of this feature has been linked to not only adaptation but also allometric relationships.^[3]

Taxonomy

British zoologist John Edward Gray described the frilled lizard in 1825 as Clamydosaurus kingii. He used a specimen collected by botanist Allan Cunningham at Careening Bay, off north-western Australia, while part of an expedition conducted by Captain Phillip Parker King in HMS Mermaid.^[4]^[5] The generic name, Chlamydosaurus, is derived from the Ancient Greek chlamydo (χλαμύς), meaning "cloaked" or "mantled", and Latin saurus (sauros), meaning "lizard".^[6] The specific name, kingii, is a Latinised form of King.^[7] It is the only species classified in its genus.^[8]

The frilled lizard is classified in the family Agamidae and the subfamily Amphibolurinae. It split from its closest living relatives around 10 million years ago based on genetic evidence.^[9] A 2017 mitochondrial DNA analysis of the species across its range revealed three lineages demarcated by the Ord River and the southeast corner of the Gulf of Carpentaria (Carpentarian Gap). One lineage ranged across Queensland and southern New Guinea and is sister to one that ranged from western Queensland to the Ord River. The ancestor of these two split from a lineage that populates the Kimberley. Frilled lizards entered southern New Guinea possibly around 17,000 years ago during a glacial cycle, when sea levels were lower and a land bridge connected the island to Cape York. The study upholds C. kingii as one species with the different populations being "shallow allopatric clades".^[10]

The following cladogram is based on Pyron and colleagues (2013).^[11]

Frilled lizard (Clamydosaurus kingi)

Gilbert's lashtail (Lophognathus gilberti)

	Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus)

	Mallee heath dragon (Amphibolurus norrisi)

Description

The frilled lizard grows to a total length of around 90 centimetres (35 in) and a head-body length of 27 cm (11 in), and weighs up to 600 g (1.3 lb).^[10]^[12]^[13] It has a particularly large and wide head; a long neck to accommodate the frill; long legs and a tail that makes most of its total length.^[8]^[12]^[14] The species is sexually dimorphic, males being larger than females^[10]^[12] and having proportionally bigger frills, heads and jaws.^[15] The corners of the frilled lizard's eyes are pointed and the rounded nostrils face away from each other and angle downwards. Most of the lizard's scales are keeled, having a ridge down the centre. From the backbone to the sides, the scales alternate between small and large.^[8]

The distinctive frill is a flap of skin that extends from the head and neck and contains several folded ridges. When fully extended, the frill is disc-shaped and can reach over four times the length of the animal's torso in diameter, or around 30 cm (12 in) across. When not extended, the frill wraps around the body,^[16]^[3]^[10] like a cape over the neck and shoulders.^[17] The frill is laterally symmetrical; the right and left sides are attached at the bottom in a V-shape, and cartilage-like connective tissue (Grey's cartilage) connects the top ends to each side of the head near the ear openings.^[14]^[16] The frill is supported by rod-like hyoid bones, and is spread out by movements of these bones, the lower jaw and Grey's cartilage.^[16] This structure mainly functions as a threat display to predators and for communication between individuals.^[3] It can also act as camouflage when folded, but this is unlikely to have been a consequence of selection pressure.^[3] The frill may be capable of working like a directional microphone, allowing them to better hear sounds directly in front of them but not around them.^[18] There is no evidence for other suggested functions, such as food storage, gliding or temperature regulation.^[3]

Frilled lizards vary between grey, brown, orangish-brown, and black dorsally, the underside being paler white or yellow. Males have a dark belly but a lighter chest. The underside and lateral sides of the species are sprinkled with dark brown markings that merge to create bands on the tail.^[8] The colours of the frills vary based on range; lizards west of the Ord River have red-coloured frills, those living between the river and the Carpentarian Gap have orange frills, and those east of the gap have yellow to white frills. New Guinean frilled lizards are yellow-frilled.^[10] The more colourful frills have white patches which may add to the display.^[19] Colouration is mainly created by carotenoids and pteridine pigments; lizards with red and orange frills have more carotenoids than those with yellow and white frills, the latter two are also lacking in pteridines.^[10]^[20] Yellow colouration has been linked to higher steroid hormones.^[20]

Distribution and habitat

The frilled lizard inhabits northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Its Australian range stretches from the Kimberley region of Western Australia east through the Top End of the Northern Territory to Queensland's Cape York Peninsula and nearby islands of Muralug, Badu, and Moa, and south to Brisbane.^[1]^[8] In New Guinea, it lives in the Trans-Fly ecosystem on both the Papua New Guinean and Indonesian sides of the island.^[1] The species mainly inhabits savannahs and sclerophyll woodlands.^[8]^[10] It prefers highly elevated areas with good soil drainage and a greater variety of tree species, mostly Eucalyptus species, and avoids lower plains with mostly Melaleuca and Pandanus trees.^[12] Frilled lizards also prefer areas with less vegetation on the ground, as they can then better spot prey from above.^[21]

Behaviour and ecology

The frilled lizard is a diurnal (daytime) and arboreal species,^[10] spending over 90% each day up in the trees. It spends as little time on the ground as possible, mostly to feed, interact socially, or to travel to a new tree. Males move around more, 69 m (75 yd) per day on average versus 23 m (25 yd) for females at Kakadu National Park.^[12] In the same area, male lizards were found to have an average home range of 1.96 ha (4.8 acres) during the dry season and 2.53 ha (6.3 acres) during the wet season; females used 0.63 ha (1.6 acres) and 0.68 ha (1.7 acres) for the wet and dry seasons, respectively.^[12]^[22] Male lizards assert their boundaries with frill displays.^[3] Frilled lizards are capable of moving bipedally and do so while hunting or to escape from predators. To keep balanced, they lean their heads far back enough, so it lines up behind the tail base.^[12]^[14]^[19]

These lizards are more active during the wet season, when they select smaller trees and are more commonly seen near the ground; during the dry season, they use larger trees and are found at greater heights.^[23] Frilled lizards do not enter torpidity during the dry season, but they can greatly reduce their energy usage and metabolic rate in response to less food and water.^[24] Body temperatures can approach 40 °C (104 °F).^[12] The species will bask vertically on the main tree trunk in the morning and near the end of the day,^[12]^[25] though in the dry season they cease basking at a lower body temperature to better maintain energy and water.^[25]^[26] When it gets hotter during day, they climb higher in the canopy for shade.^[12] Frilled lizards will use large trees and termite mounds as refuges during wildfires. After a forest is burnt, the lizards select trees with more continuous canopies.^[21]

Frilled lizards primarily feed on insects and other invertebrates, and very rarely take vertebrates. Prominent prey includes termites, ants and centipedes; termites are particularly important food during the dry season, and moth larvae become important during the wet season.^[23] Consumption of ants drops after early dry season fires but rises following fires later in the season.^[21] This species is a sit-and-wait predator: it watches for potential prey from a tree and, upon seeing it, climbs down and rushes towards it on two legs before descending on all four to grab and eat it. After feeding, it retreats back up a tree.^[12]

Frilled lizards face threats from birds of prey and larger lizards and snakes.^[12]^[19] When threatened, the species erects its frill to make itself look bigger. This display is accompanied by a gaping mouth, puffing, hissing, and tail lashes. The lizard may also flee and hide from its predators.^[19] Several species of nematode infest the gastrointestinal tract.^[27] There is at least one record of an individual dying of cryptosporidiosis.^[28]

Frilled lizards can breed during the late dry and early wet seasons.^[12] Competing males display with gaping mouths and spread frills. Fights can ensue, in which the lizards pounce and bite each other's heads.^[3] The female digs a shallow cavity to leave her eggs.^[29]^[30] They can lay multiple clutches per season, and the number of eggs in a clutch can vary from four to over 20.^[12]^[29] The incubation period can last two to four months,^[29]^[30] with milder temperatures producing more males and more extreme temperatures producing more females.^[30] Hatchlings have proportionally smaller frills than adults.^[3] Lizards grow during the wet season when food is more abundant,^[23] and males grow faster than females.^[31] Juvenile males also disperse further from their hatching area.^[32] The species reaches sexual maturity within two years; males live up to six years compared to four years for females.^[22]

Conservation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the frilled lizard as of least concern, due to its abundance and wide range, but warns that its population may be locally declining in some areas. It is a popular species in the pet trade, which may threaten some wild populations. Most pet lizards appear to come from Indonesia, as export of them is banned in Australia and Papua New Guinea.^[1] Nevertheless, the Indonesian government themselves have allocated the frilled lizard as a protected species under the Article 20 of the Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation On Types of Protected Plants and Animals.^[33] Being difficult to breed in captivity, many presumed captive bred lizards are likely to have been taken from the wild. Frilled lizards may also be threatened by feral cats,^[1] though they do not appear to be significantly affected by the invasive cane toad.^[34]

Relationship with humans

The frilled lizard is considered to be among the most iconic Australian animals along with the kangaroo and koala.^[12] Archaeological evidence indicates that frilled lizards were eaten by some indigenous peoples in ancient times.^[35] In the late 19th century, William Saville-Kent brought a live lizard to England where it was observed by fellow biologists. Another specimen was kept at a reptile display in Paris, as reptiles were becoming more popular in captivity.^[4]

Because of its unique appearance and behaviour, the creature has often been used in media. In Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, the dinosaur Dilophosaurus was portrayed with a similar neck frill that rose when attacking.^[16] Its image has been used in the 1994 LGBT-themed film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert.^[36] The species has been featured on some Australian coins.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e O'Shea, M.; Allison, A.; Tallowin, O.; Wilson, S.; Melville, J. (2017). "Chlamydosaurus kingii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T170384A21644690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T170384A21644690.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Chlamydosaurus kingii at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Shine, R (1990). "Function and evolution of the frill of the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii (Sauria: Agamidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 40 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00531.x.
^ ^a ^b Olsen, Penny (2010). Upside Down World: Early European Impressions of Australia's Curious Animals. National Library of Australia. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-642-27706-0.
^ Kent, William Saville (2017) [1897]. The Naturalist in Australia. Chapman & Hall. pp. 70–73. ISBN 978-3-337-31163-6.
^ Guyot, Arnold; Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter; et al. (1890). Johnson's Univeral Cyclopædia A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge · Volume 2. New York: A. J. Johnson. p. 64. OCLC 5392794.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cogger, Harold G. (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia (7th ed.). Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO publishing. pp. 700–701. ISBN 978-0-643-10035-0.
^ Hugall, A. F.; Foster, R.; Hutchinson, M.; Lee, M. S. Y. (2008). "Phylogeny of Australasian agamid lizards based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes: implications for morphological evolution and biogeography". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 93 (2): 343–358. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00911.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Pepper, Mitzy; Hamilton, David G.; Merkling, Thomas; Svedin, Nina; Cser, Bori; Catullo, Renee A.; Pryke, Sarah R.; Keogh, J. Scott (2017). "Phylogeographic structure across one of the largest intact tropical savannahs: Molecular and morphological analysis of Australia's iconic frilled lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii " (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 217–227. Bibcode:2017MolPE.106..217P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.002. PMID 27664346.
^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13...93P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Shine, R; Lambeck, R (1989). "Ecology of frillneck lizards, Chlamydosaurus kingii (Agamidae), in tropical Australia". Australian Wildlife Research. 16 (5): 491–500. doi:10.1071/WR9890491.
^ Frappell, Peter B.; Mortola, Jacopo P. (1998). "Passive body movement and gas exchange in the frilled lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) and goanna (Varanus gouldii)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 201 (15): 2307–2311. doi:10.1242/jeb.201.15.2307. PMID 9662501.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thompson, Graham G.; Withers, Philip C. (2005). "Shape of Western Australian dragon lizards (Agamidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 26: 73–85. doi:10.1163/1568538053693323.
^ Christian, Keith; Bedford, Gavin; Griffiths, Anthony (1995). "Frillneck lizard morphology: comparisons between sexes and sites". Journal of Herpetology. 29 (4): 576–583. doi:10.2307/1564741. JSTOR 1564741.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Montandon, Sophie A.; Fofonjka, Anamarija; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2019). "Elastic instability during branchial ectoderm development causes folding of the Chlamydosaurus erectile frill". eLife. 8: e44455. doi:10.7554/eLife.44455. PMC 6592688. PMID 31234965.
^ Wilson, S.; Swan, G. (2023). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Sixth Edition. Sydney: Reed New Holland. pp. 442–443. ISBN 978-1-92554-671-2.
^ Peacock, John; Benson, Monica A.; Greene, Nathaniel T.; Tollin, Daniel J.; Young, Bruce A. (2022). "The acoustical effect of the neck frill of the frill-necked lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 152 (1): 437. Bibcode:2022ASAJ..152..437P. doi:10.1121/10.0012221. PMID 35931550. S2CID 250592592.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Perez-Martinez, Christian A.; Riley, Julia L.; Whiting, Martin J. (2020). "Uncovering the function of an enigmatic display: antipredator behaviour in the iconic Australian frillneck lizard". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 129 (2): 425–438. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz176.
^ ^a ^b McLean, Claire A.; Lutz, Adrian; Rankin, Katrina J.; Elliot, Adam; Moussalli, Adnan; Stuart-Fox, Devi (2019). "Red carotenoids and associated gene expression explain colour variation in frillneck lizards". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1907): 20191172. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1172. PMC 6661345. PMID 31311479.
^ ^a ^b ^c Griffths, A[nthony] D.; Christian, K[eith] A. (1996). "The effects of fire on the frillneck lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) in northern Australia". Australian Journal of Ecology. 21 (4): 386–398. Bibcode:1996AusEc..21..386G. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00625.x.
^ ^a ^b Griffiths, A. D. (1999). "Demography and home range of the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii (Agamidae), in Northern Australia". Copeia. 1999 (4): 1089–1096. doi:10.2307/1447984. JSTOR 1447984.
^ ^a ^b ^c Griffiths, A. D.; Christian, K. A. (1996). "Diet and habitat use of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment". Oecologia. 106 (1): 39–48. Bibcode:1996Oecol.106...39G. doi:10.1007/BF00334405. PMID 28307155. S2CID 7046330.
^ Christian, K. A.; Griffiths, A. D.; Bedford, G. S. (1996). "Physiological ecology of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment". Oecologia. 106 (1): 49–56. Bibcode:1996Oecol.106...49C. doi:10.1007/BF00334406. JSTOR 4221230. PMID 28307156. S2CID 25400682.
^ ^a ^b Christian, K. A.; Bedford, G. S. (1995). "Seasonal changes in thermoregulation by the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii, in tropical Australia". Ecology. 76 (1): 124–132. Bibcode:1995Ecol...76..124C. doi:10.2307/1940636. JSTOR 1940636.
^ Christian, Keith; Green, Brian (1994). "Seasonal energetics and water turnover of the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii, in the wet-dry tropics of Australia". Herpetologica. 50 (3): 274–281. JSTOR 3892700.
^ Jones, H. I. (1994). "Gastrointestinal nematodes of the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii (Agamidae), with particular reference to Skrjabinoptera goldmanae (Spirurida: Physalopteridae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 42 (3): 371–377. doi:10.1071/ZO9940371.
^ Orós, Jorge; Rodríguez, José Luis; Patterson-Kane, Janet (1998). "Gastric cryptosporidiosis in a wild frilled lizard from Australia". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 34 (4): 807–810. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-34.4.807. PMID 9813853. S2CID 20958564.
^ ^a ^b ^c Griffiths, A. D. (1993). "Preliminary investigations on the reproduction of the frillneck lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii in the Northern Territory". Herpetology in Australia: A Diverse Discipline. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of NSW. pp. 127–131. ISBN 0-9599951-8-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Harlow, P. S.; Shine, R. (1999). "Temperature-dependent sex determination in the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii (Agamidae)". Herpetologica. 55 (2): 205–212. JSTOR 3893081.
^ Ujvari, Beata; Fisher, Peter; Rydell, Jens; Wahlgren, Richard; Wright, Belinda; Madsen, Thomas (2014). "Population demography of frillneck lizards (Chlamydosaurus kingii, Gray 1825) in the wet-dry tropics of Australia". Austral Ecology. 40 (1): 60–66. doi:10.1111/aec.12168.
^ Ujvari, Beata; Dowton, Mark; Madsen, Thomas (2008). "Population genetic structure, gene flow and sex-biased dispersal in frillneck lizards (Chlamydosaurus kingii)". Molecular Ecology. 17 (15): 3557–3564. Bibcode:2008MolEc..17.3557U. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03849.x. PMID 19160482. S2CID 1299295.
^ "Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/12/2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Yang Dilindungi " (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 28 December 2018 – via Mongabay.
^ Ujvari, B.; Shine, R.; Madsen, T. (2011). "Detecting the impact of invasive species on native fauna: Cane toads (Bufo marinus), frillneck lizards (Chlamydosaurus kingii) and the importance of spatial replication". Austral Ecology. 36 (2): 126–130. Bibcode:2011AusEc..36..126U. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02126.x.
^ Schrire, Carmel (1982). The Alligator Rivers: prehistory and ecology in Western Arnhem Land. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 90, 123. ISBN 0-86784-204-0.
^ Paige, Linda Rohrer (2016). "Drag queens, thorny devils and frilled lizards: "queerness" takes to the outback in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert". Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture. 16 (2).

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{Speciesbox
 | name = Frilled lizard
-| fossil_range = <!-- <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37881|title = ''Agamidae'' Gray 1827 (squamates) |website=Paleobiology database |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> -->
+| fossil_range = <!-- <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37881|title = ''Agamidae'' Gray 1827 (squamates) |website=Paleobiology database |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> -->
 | image = Frill-necked Lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) (8692622586).jpg
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |last1=O'Shea |first1=M. |last2=Allison |first2=A. |last3=Tallowin |first3=O. |last4=Wilson |first4=S. |last5=Melville |first5=J. |date=2017 |title=''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T170384A21644690 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T170384A21644690.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |last1=O'Shea |first1=M. |author1-link=Mark O'Shea (herpetologist) |last2=Allison |first2=A. |author2-link=species:Allen Allison |last3=Tallowin |first3=O. |author3-link=species:Oliver J.S. Tallowin |last4=Wilson |first4=S. |author4-link=species:Steve K. Wilson |last5=Melville |first5=J. |author5-link=Jane Melville |date=2017 |title=''Chlamydosaurus kingii '' |volume=2017 |page=e.T170384A21644690 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T170384A21644690.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
 | display_parents = 2
 | genus = Chlamydosaurus
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 | range_map = Chlamydosaurus_kingii_distribution_map.png
 | range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Chlamydosaurus kingii''
+| synonyms = *''Clamydosaurus'' [sic] ''kingii'' <br />{{small|Gray, 1825}}
+*''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' <br />{{small|— Gray ''in'' [[Phillip Parker King|King]], 1827}} <br />(''nomen emendatum'')
+| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Chlamydosaurus |species=kingii}}</ref>
 }}
-The '''frilled lizard''' ('''''Chlamydosaurus kingii'''''), also known as the '''frillneck lizard''', '''frill-necked lizard''' or '''frilled dragon''', is a [[species]] of lizard in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Agamidae]]. It is native to northern [[Australia]] and southern [[New Guinea]]. This species is the [[monotypic|only member]] of the [[genus]] '''''Chlamydosaurus'''''. Its common names come from the large [[neck frill|frill]] around its neck, which usually stays folded against the lizard's body. It reaches {{cvt|90|cm}} from head to tail and can weigh {{cvt|600|g|lb}}. Males are larger and more robust than females. The lizard's body is generally grey, brown, orangish-brown, or black in colour. The frills have red, orange, yellow, or white colours.
+The '''frilled lizard''' ('''''Chlamydosaurus kingii''')'', also known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''frilled agama''', the '''frillneck lizard''', the '''frill-necked lizard''', and the '''frilled dragon''', is a [[species]] of lizard in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Agamidae]]. The species is native to northern [[Australia]] and southern [[New Guinea]] and is the [[monotypic|only member]] of the [[genus]] '''''Chlamydosaurus'''''. Its common names refer to the large [[neck frill|frill]] around its neck, which usually stays folded against the lizard's body. The frilled lizard grows to {{cvt|90|cm}} from head to tail tip and can weigh {{cvt|600|g|lb}}. Males are larger and more robust than females. The lizard's body is generally grey, brown, orangish-brown, or black in colour. The frills have red, orange, yellow, or white colours.
+The frilled lizard is largely [[arboreal]], spending most of its time in trees. Its diet consists mainly of insects and other [[invertebrate]]s. It is more active during the [[wet season]], when it spends more time near or on the ground, and is less observed during the [[dry season]], during which it seeks shade in the branches of the upper [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]]. It breeds in the late dry season and early wet season. The lizard uses its frill to [[deimatic behaviour|scare off]] predators and [[Display (zoology)|display]] to other individuals. The species is considered to be of [[Least-concern species|least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].
+Males and females erect their frills during social encounters, which can be seen as a means of communication for the frilled neck lizard. The development of this feature has been linked to not only adaptation but also allometric relationships.<ref name=Shine90/>
-The frilled lizard is largely [[arboreal]], spending most of its time in trees. Its diet consists mainly of insects and other [[invertebrate]]s. It is more active during the [[wet season]], when it spends more time near or on the ground. It is less observed during the [[dry season]], during which it seeks shade in the branches of the upper [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]]. It breeds in the late dry season and early wet season. The lizard uses its frill to [[deimatic behaviour|scare off]] predators and [[Display (zoology)|display]] to other individuals. The species is considered to be of [[Least-concern species|least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].
 ==Taxonomy==
-British zoologist [[John Edward Gray]] described the frilled lizard in 1825 as ''Clamydosaurus kingii''. He used a specimen collected by botanist [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]] at [[Careening Bay]], off north-western Australia, while part of an expedition conducted by Captain [[Phillip Parker King]] in {{HMS|Mermaid|1817|6}}.<ref name="upside down">{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Penny|year=2010|title=Upside Down World: Early European Impressions of Australia's Curious Animals|publisher=National Library of Australia|page=196|isbn=978-0-642-27706-0}}</ref><ref name="Kent1897">{{cite book|last=Kent|first=William Saville|author-link=William Saville Kent|title=The Naturalist in Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924102032772|year=2017|publisher=Chapman & Hall|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924102032772/page/n117 70]–73|isbn=978-3-337-31163-6|orig-year=1897}}</ref> The generic name, ''Chlamydosaurus'', is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''chlamydo'' (χλαμύς), meaning "cloaked" or "mantled", and [[Latin]] ''saurus'' (''sauros''), meaning "lizard".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Guyot, Arnold|author2=Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter|author3=Johnson, A. J.|display-authors=etal|year=1890|title=Johnson's Univeral Cyclopædia A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge · Volume 2|page=64|publisher=A. J. Johnson|url={{GBurl|id=2J9GAQAAIAAJ|q=chlamydosaurus+cloak|p=64}}|oclc=5392794}}</ref> The specific name, ''kingii'', is a Latinised form of King.<ref name=EDR>{{cite book|author1=Beolens, Bo|last2=Watkins|first2=Michael|last3=Grayson|first3=Michael|year=2011|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|page=141|isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5}}</ref> It is the only species classified in its genus.<ref name=Cogger/>
+British zoologist [[John Edward Gray]] described the frilled lizard in 1825 as ''Clamydosaurus kingii''. He used a specimen collected by botanist [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]] at [[Careening Bay]], off north-western Australia, while part of an expedition conducted by Captain [[Phillip Parker King]] in {{HMS|Mermaid|1817|6}}.<ref name="upside down">{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Penny|author-link=Penny Olsen|year=2010|title=Upside Down World: Early European Impressions of Australia's Curious Animals|publisher=National Library of Australia|page=196|isbn=978-0-642-27706-0}}</ref><ref name="Kent1897">{{cite book|last=Kent|first=William Saville|author-link=William Saville Kent|title=The Naturalist in Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924102032772|year=2017|publisher=Chapman & Hall|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924102032772/page/n117 70]–73|isbn=978-3-337-31163-6|orig-year=1897}}</ref> The generic name, ''Chlamydosaurus'', is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''chlamydo'' (χλαμύς), meaning "cloaked" or "mantled", and [[Latin]] ''saurus'' (''sauros''), meaning "lizard".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Guyot, Arnold|author1-link=Arnold Henry Guyot|author2=Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter|author2-link=Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|display-authors=etal|year=1890|title=Johnson's Univeral Cyclopædia A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge · Volume 2|page=64|location=New York|publisher=A. J. Johnson|url={{GBurl|id=2J9GAQAAIAAJ|q=chlamydosaurus+cloak|p=64}}|oclc=5392794}}</ref> The specific name, ''kingii'', is a Latinised form of King.<ref name=EDR>{{cite book|author1=Beolens, Bo|author1-link=species:Bo Beolens|last2=Watkins|first2=Michael|author2-link=species:Michael Watkins|last3=Grayson|first3=Michael|author3-link=Michael Grayson|year=2011|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|page=141|isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5}}</ref> It is the only species classified in its genus.<ref name=Cogger/>
-The frilled lizard is classified in the family [[Agamidae]] and the subfamily [[Amphibolurinae]]. It [[Split (phylogenetics)|split]] from its closest living relatives around 10 million years ago based on genetic evidence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hugall|first1=A. F.|last2=Foster|first2=R.|last3=Hutchinson|first3=M.|last4=Lee|first4=M. S. Y.|year=2008|title=Phylogeny of Australasian agamid lizards based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes: implications for morphological evolution and biogeography|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=93|issue=2|pages=343–358|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00911.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2017 [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis of the species across its [[Species distribution|range]] revealed three lineages demarcated by the [[Ord River]] and the southeast corner of the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] (Carpentarian Gap). One lineage ranged across [[Queensland]] and southern [[New Guinea]] and is [[sister taxon|sister]] to one that ranged from western Queensland to the Ord River. The ancestor of these two split from a lineage that populates the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]]. Frilled lizards entered southern New Guinea possibly around 17,000 years ago during a glacial cycle, when sea levels were lower and a land bridge connected the island to [[Cape York (Queensland)|Cape York]]. The study upholds ''C. kingii'' as one species with the different populations being "shallow [[allopatric]] [[clade]]s".<ref name=pepper17>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.002|title=Phylogeographic structure across one of the largest intact tropical savannahs: Molecular and morphological analysis of Australia's iconic frilled lizard ''Chlamydosaurus kingii''|year=2017 |last1=Pepper |first1=Mitzy |last2=Hamilton |first2=David G. |last3=Merkling |first3=Thomas |last4=Svedin |first4=Nina |last5=Cser |first5=Bori |last6=Catullo |first6=Renee A. |last7=Pryke |first7=Sarah R. |last8=Keogh |first8=J. Scott |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=106 |url=https://www.fondationfyssen.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Pepper2016-MPE1.pdf |pages=217–227 |pmid=27664346 |bibcode=2017MolPE.106..217P }}</ref>
+The frilled lizard is classified in the family [[Agamidae]] and the subfamily [[Amphibolurinae]]. It [[Split (phylogenetics)|split]] from its closest living relatives around 10 million years ago based on genetic evidence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hugall|first1=A. F.|author1-link=species:Andrew F. Hugall|last2=Foster|first2=R.|author2-link=species:Ralph Foster|last3=Hutchinson|first3=M.|author3-link=species:Mark Norman Hutchinson|last4=Lee|first4=M. S. Y.|author4-link=species:Michael S.Y. Lee|year=2008|title=Phylogeny of Australasian agamid lizards based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes: implications for morphological evolution and biogeography|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=93|issue=2|pages=343–358|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00911.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2017 [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis of the species across its [[Species distribution|range]] revealed three lineages demarcated by the [[Ord River]] and the southeast corner of the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] (Carpentarian Gap). One lineage ranged across [[Queensland]] and southern [[New Guinea]] and is [[sister taxon|sister]] to one that ranged from western Queensland to the Ord River. The ancestor of these two split from a lineage that populates the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]]. Frilled lizards entered southern New Guinea possibly around 17,000 years ago during a glacial cycle, when sea levels were lower and a land bridge connected the island to [[Cape York (Queensland)|Cape York]]. The study upholds ''C. kingii'' as one species with the different populations being "shallow [[allopatric]] [[clade]]s".<ref name=pepper17>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.002|title=Phylogeographic structure across one of the largest intact tropical savannahs: Molecular and morphological analysis of Australia's iconic frilled lizard ''Chlamydosaurus kingii ''|year=2017 |last1=Pepper |first1=Mitzy |author1-link=species:Mitzy Pepper |last2=Hamilton |first2=David G. |last3=Merkling |first3=Thomas |last4=Svedin |first4=Nina |last5=Cser |first5=Bori |last6=Catullo |first6=Renee A. |author6-link=species:Renee A. Catullo |last7=Pryke |first7=Sarah R. |last8=Keogh |first8=J. Scott |author8-link=species:J. Scott Keogh |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=106 |url=https://www.fondationfyssen.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Pepper2016-MPE1.pdf |pages=217–227 |pmid=27664346 |bibcode=2017MolPE.106..217P }}</ref>
-The following [[cladogram]] is based on Pyron and colleagues (2013).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F. T.|last3=Wiens|first3=J. J.|year=2013|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|page=93|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|pmid=23627680 |pmc=3682911 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...93P }}</ref>
+The following [[cladogram]] is based on Pyron and colleagues (2013).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|author1-link=species:Robert Alexander Pyron|last2=Burbrink|first2=F. T.|author2-link=species:Frank T. Burbrink|last3=Wiens|first3=J. J.|author3-link=species:John Joseph Wiens|year=2013|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|page=93|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|pmid=23627680 |pmc=3682911 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...93P }}</ref>
 {{clade
@@ Line 45: / Line 51: @@
 ==Description==
 [[File:Frill anatomy.jpg|thumb|left|Anatomy of the frill of ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'']]
-The frilled lizard can live 10-20 years<ref name= "gb"/> and grows to a total length of around {{convert|90|cm}} and a head-body length of {{cvt|27|cm}}, and weighs up to {{cvt|600|g|lb}}.<ref name=pepper17/><ref name=Shine1989/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frappell|first1=P. B.|last2=Mortola|first2=J. P.|year=1998|title=Passive body movement and gas exchange in the frilled lizard (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'') and goanna (''Varanus gouldii'')|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=201|issue=15|pages=2307–2311|doi=10.1242/jeb.201.15.2307|pmid=9662501 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It has a particularly large and wide head; a long neck to accommodate the [[neck frill|frill]]; long legs and a tail that makes most of its total length.<ref name=Cogger>{{cite book|last=Cogger|first=Harold G.|year=2014|title=Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia|publisher=CSIRO publishing|edition=7th|pages=700–701|isbn=978-0-643-10035-0}}</ref><ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Thompson2005>{{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=G. G.|last2=Withers|first2=P. C.|year=2005|title=Shape of Western Australian dragon lizards (Agamidae)|journal=Amphibia-Reptilia|volume=26|pages=73–85|doi=10.1163/1568538053693323 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/amre/26/1/article-p73_11.xml?language=en|doi-access=free}}</ref> The species is [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], males being larger than females<ref name=pepper17/><ref name=Shine1989/> and having proportionally bigger frills, heads and jaws.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K|last2=Bedford|first2=G|last3=Griffiths|first3=A|year=1995|title=Frillneck lizard morphology: comparisons between sexes and sites|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=29|issue=4|pages=576–583|doi=10.2307/1564741|jstor=1564741}}</ref> The corners of the frilled lizard's eyes are pointed and the rounded nostrils face away from each other and angle downwards. Most of the lizard's [[reptile scale|scales]] are [[Keeled scales|keeled]], having a ridge down the centre. From the backbone to the sides, the scales alternate between small and large.<ref name=Cogger/>
+The frilled lizard grows to a total length of around {{convert|90|cm}} and a head-body length of {{cvt|27|cm}}, and weighs up to {{cvt|600|g|lb}}.<ref name=pepper17/><ref name=Shine1989/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frappell|first1=Peter B.|last2=Mortola|first2=Jacopo P.|year=1998|title=Passive body movement and gas exchange in the frilled lizard (''Chlamydosaurus kingii)'' and goanna (''Varanus gouldii)''|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=201|issue=15|pages=2307–2311|doi=10.1242/jeb.201.15.2307|pmid=9662501 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It has a particularly large and wide head; a long neck to accommodate the [[neck frill|frill]]; long legs and a tail that makes most of its total length.<ref name=Cogger>{{cite book|last=Cogger|first=Harold G.|author-link=Harold Cogger|year=2014|title=Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia|location=Clayton, Victoria, Australia|publisher=CSIRO publishing|edition=7th|pages=700–701|isbn=978-0-643-10035-0}}</ref><ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Thompson2005>{{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Graham G.|last2=Withers|first2=Philip C.|year=2005|title=Shape of Western Australian dragon lizards (Agamidae)|journal=Amphibia-Reptilia|volume=26|pages=73–85|doi=10.1163/1568538053693323 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/amre/26/1/article-p73_11.xml?language=en|doi-access=free}}</ref> The species is [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], males being larger than females<ref name=pepper17/><ref name=Shine1989/> and having proportionally bigger frills, heads and jaws.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=Keith|last2=Bedford|first2=Gavin|last3=Griffiths|first3=Anthony|year=1995|title=Frillneck lizard morphology: comparisons between sexes and sites|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=29|issue=4|pages=576–583|doi=10.2307/1564741|jstor=1564741}}</ref> The corners of the frilled lizard's eyes are pointed and the rounded nostrils face away from each other and angle downwards. Most of the lizard's [[reptile scale|scales]] are [[Keeled scales|keeled]], having a ridge down the centre. From the backbone to the sides, the scales alternate between small and large.<ref name=Cogger/>
-The distinctive frill is a flap of skin that extends from the head and neck and contains several folded ridges. When fully extended, the frill is disc-shaped and can reach over four times the length of the animal's torso in diameter. Otherwise it wraps around the body.<ref name=Montandon/><ref name=Shine90/> The frill is laterally symmetrical; the right and left sides are attached at the bottom in a V-shape, and cartilage-like connective tissue (Grey's cartilage) connects the top ends to each side of the head near the ear openings.<ref name=Thompson2005/><ref name=Montandon>{{cite journal|last1=Montandon|first1=S. A.|last2=Fofonjka|first2=A|last3=Milinkovitch|first3=M. C.|year=2019|title=Elastic instability during branchial ectoderm development causes folding of the ''Chlamydosaurus'' erectile frill|journal=eLife|volume=8|page=e44455|doi=10.7554/eLife.44455|pmid=31234965 |pmc=6592688 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The frill is supported by rod-like [[hyoid bone]]s, and is spread out by movements of these bones, the lower jaw and Grey's cartilage.<ref name=Montandon/> This structure mainly functions as a [[deimatic behaviour|threat display]] to predators and for communication between individuals. It can expand to about twelve inches across when it is frightened.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pepper |first1=Mitzy |last2=Hamilton |first2=David G. |last3=Merkling |first3=Thomas |last4=Svedin |first4=Nina |last5=Cser |first5=Bori |last6=Catullo |first6=Renee A. |last7=Pryke |first7=Sarah R. |last8=Keogh |first8=J. Scott |date=January 2017 |title=Phylogeographic structure across one of the largest intact tropical savannahs: Molecular and morphological analysis of Australia's iconic frilled lizard Chlamydosaurus kingii |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790316302275 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=106 |pages=217–227 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.002|pmid=27664346 |bibcode=2017MolPE.106..217P }}</ref> It can also act as camouflage when folded, but this is unlikely to have been a consequence of [[selection pressure]].<ref name=Shine90/> The frill may be capable of working like a [[Microphone#Unidirectional|directional microphone]], allowing them to better hear sounds directly in front of them but not around them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peacock|first1=J|last2=Benson|first2=M. A.|last3=Greene|first3=N. T.|last4=Tollin|first4=D. J.|last5=Young|first5=B. A.|year=2022|title=The acoustical effect of the neck frill of the frill-necked lizard (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'')|journal= The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=152|issue=1|page=437|doi=10.1121/10.0012221|pmid=35931550|bibcode=2022ASAJ..152..437P|s2cid=250592592}}</ref> There is no evidence for other suggested functions, such as food storage, gliding or temperature regulation.<ref name=Shine90>{{cite journal | last = Shine | first = R | title = Function and evolution of the frill of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Sauria: Agamidae) | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–20 | year = 1990 | language = en | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00531.x }}</ref>
+The distinctive frill is a flap of skin that extends from the head and neck and contains several folded ridges. When fully extended, the frill is disc-shaped and can reach over four times the length of the animal's torso in diameter, or around {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} across. When not extended, the frill wraps around the body,<ref name=Montandon/><ref name=Shine90/><ref name=pepper17/> like a cape over the neck and shoulders.<ref>Wilson, S.; [[species:Gerry Swan|Swan, G.]] (2023). ''A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Sixth Edition''. Sydney: Reed New Holland. pp. 442–443. {{ISBN|978-1-92554-671-2}}.</ref> The frill is laterally symmetrical; the right and left sides are attached at the bottom in a V-shape, and cartilage-like connective tissue (Grey's cartilage) connects the top ends to each side of the head near the ear openings.<ref name=Thompson2005/><ref name=Montandon>{{cite journal|last1=Montandon|first1=Sophie A.|last2=Fofonjka|first2=Anamarija|last3=Milinkovitch|first3=Michel C.|year=2019|title=Elastic instability during branchial ectoderm development causes folding of the ''Chlamydosaurus'' erectile frill|journal=eLife|volume=8|page=e44455|doi=10.7554/eLife.44455|pmid=31234965 |pmc=6592688 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The frill is supported by rod-like [[hyoid bone]]s, and is spread out by movements of these bones, the lower jaw and Grey's cartilage.<ref name=Montandon/> This structure mainly functions as a [[deimatic behaviour|threat display]] to predators and for communication between individuals.<ref name=Shine90/> It can also act as camouflage when folded, but this is unlikely to have been a consequence of [[selection pressure]].<ref name=Shine90/> The frill may be capable of working like a [[Microphone#Unidirectional|directional microphone]], allowing them to better hear sounds directly in front of them but not around them.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peacock|first1=John|last2=Benson|first2=Monica A.|last3=Greene|first3=Nathaniel T.|last4=Tollin|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Young|first5=Bruce A.|year=2022|title=The acoustical effect of the neck frill of the frill-necked lizard (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'')|journal= The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=152|issue=1|page=437|doi=10.1121/10.0012221|pmid=35931550|bibcode=2022ASAJ..152..437P|s2cid=250592592}}</ref> There is no evidence for other suggested functions, such as food storage, gliding or temperature regulation.<ref name=Shine90>{{cite journal | last = Shine | first = R | title = Function and evolution of the frill of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Sauria: Agamidae) | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–20 | year = 1990 | language = en | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00531.x }}</ref>
 [[File:Le Bugue - Aquarium du Périgord noir - Lézard à collerette - 001.jpg|thumb|right|A frilled lizard in a reptile display (frill folded)]]
-Frilled lizards vary between grey, brown, orangish-brown, and black dorsally, the underside being paler white or yellow. Males have a dark belly but a lighter chest. The underside and lateral sides of the species are sprinkled with dark brown markings that merge to create bands on the tail.<ref name=Cogger/> The colours of the frills vary based on range; lizards west of the Ord River have red-coloured frills, those living between the river and the Carpentarian Gap have orange frills, and those east of the gap have yellow to white frills. New Guinean frilled lizards are yellow-frilled.<ref name=pepper17/> The more colourful frills have white patches which may add to the display.<ref name=antipredator/> Colouration is mainly created by [[carotenoid]]s and [[pteridine]] pigments; lizards with red and orange frills have more carotenoids than those with yellow and white frills, the latter two are also lacking in pteridines.<ref name=pepper17/><ref name=McLean2019/> Yellow colouration has been linked to higher steroid hormones.<ref name=McLean2019>{{cite journal|last1=McLean|first1=C. A.|last2=Lutz|first2=A.|last3=Rankin|first3=K. J.|last4=Elliot|first4=A.|last5=Moussalli|first5=A.|last6=Stuart-Fox|first6=D.|year=2019|title=Red carotenoids and associated gene expression explain colour variation in frillneck lizards|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=286|issue=1907|page=20191172|doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1172|pmid=31311479 |pmc=6661345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Among western lizards, the amount of red or orange colouring correlates with success in display competitions between males of similar size.<ref name=Hamilton2013>{{Cite journal|last1=Hamilton|first1=D.G.|last2=Martin|first2=J. W.|last3=Pryke|first3=S.R.|year= 2013|title=Fiery frills: carotenoid-based coloration predicts contest success in frillneck lizards|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=1138–1149|doi=10.1093/beheco/art041|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+Frilled lizards vary between grey, brown, orangish-brown, and black dorsally, the underside being paler white or yellow. Males have a dark belly but a lighter chest. The underside and lateral sides of the species are sprinkled with dark brown markings that merge to create bands on the tail.<ref name=Cogger/> The colours of the frills vary based on range; lizards west of the Ord River have red-coloured frills, those living between the river and the Carpentarian Gap have orange frills, and those east of the gap have yellow to white frills. New Guinean frilled lizards are yellow-frilled.<ref name=pepper17/> The more colourful frills have white patches which may add to the display.<ref name=antipredator/> Colouration is mainly created by [[carotenoid]]s and [[pteridine]] pigments; lizards with red and orange frills have more carotenoids than those with yellow and white frills, the latter two are also lacking in pteridines.<ref name=pepper17/><ref name=McLean2019/> Yellow colouration has been linked to higher steroid hormones.<ref name=McLean2019>{{cite journal|last1=McLean|first1=Claire A.|author1-link=species:Claire A. McLean|last2=Lutz|first2=Adrian|last3=Rankin|first3=Katrina J.|last4=Elliot|first4=Adam|last5=Moussalli|first5=Adnan|author5-link=species:Adnan Moussalli|last6=Stuart-Fox|first6=Devi|author6-link=species:Devi Stuart-Fox|year=2019|title=Red carotenoids and associated gene expression explain colour variation in frillneck lizards|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=286|issue=1907|page=20191172|doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1172|pmid=31311479 |pmc=6661345 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-The frilled lizard inhabits northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Its Australian range stretches from the Kimberley region of [[Western Australia]] east through the [[Top End]] of the [[Northern Territory]] to Queensland's [[Cape York Peninsula]] and nearby islands of [[Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)|Muralug]], [[Badu Island|Badu]], and [[Moa Island (Queensland)|Moa]], and south to [[Brisbane]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/><ref name=Cogger/> In New Guinea, it lives in the [[Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands|Trans-Fly ecosystem]] on both the [[Papua New Guinean]] and [[Indonesia]]n sides of the island.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> The species mainly inhabits [[savanna]]hs and [[sclerophyll]] woodlands.<ref name="Cogger" /><ref name="pepper17" /> It prefers highly elevated areas with good soil drainage and a greater variety of tree species, mostly ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' species, and avoids lower plains with mostly ''[[Melaleuca]]'' and ''[[Pandanus]]'' trees.<ref name=Shine1989>{{cite journal|last1=Shine|first1=R|last2=Lambeck|first2=R|year=1989|title=Ecology of frillneck lizards, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), in tropical Australia|journal=Australian Wildlife Research|volume=16|issue=5|pages=491–500|doi=10.1071/WR9890491}}</ref> Frilled lizards also prefer areas with less vegetation on the ground, as they can then better spot prey from above.<ref name=fire/> They live in trees most of the time except when they come down after it rains or to forage for food.<ref name=gb>{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=George |date=1875 |title=Notes on the Chlamydosaurus or frilled lizard of Queensland (Chlamydosaurus kingii, gray), and the discovery of a fossil species on the Darling Downs, Queensland.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/nkni9101 |journal=Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania |pages=56–58 |doi=10.26749/nkni9101 |issn=0080-4703}}</ref>
+The frilled lizard inhabits northern Australia and southern New Guinea. Its Australian range stretches from the Kimberley region of [[Western Australia]] east through the [[Top End]] of the [[Northern Territory]] to Queensland's [[Cape York Peninsula]] and nearby islands of [[Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)|Muralug]], [[Badu Island|Badu]], and [[Moa Island (Queensland)|Moa]], and south to [[Brisbane]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/><ref name=Cogger/> In New Guinea, it lives in the [[Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands|Trans-Fly ecosystem]] on both the [[Papua New Guinean]] and [[Indonesia]]n sides of the island.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> The species mainly inhabits [[savanna]]hs and [[sclerophyll]] woodlands.<ref name="Cogger" /><ref name="pepper17" /> It prefers highly elevated areas with good soil drainage and a greater variety of tree species, mostly ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' species, and avoids lower plains with mostly ''[[Melaleuca]]'' and ''[[Pandanus]]'' trees.<ref name=Shine1989>{{cite journal|last1=Shine|first1=R|author1-link=Richard Shine|last2=Lambeck|first2=R|year=1989|title=Ecology of frillneck lizards, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), in tropical Australia|journal=Australian Wildlife Research|volume=16|issue=5|pages=491–500|doi=10.1071/WR9890491}}</ref> Frilled lizards also prefer areas with less vegetation on the ground, as they can then better spot prey from above.<ref name=fire/>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
 [[File:frilly.jpg|thumb|right|Frilled lizard in natural environment, showing camouflage]]
-The frilled lizard is a [[Diurnality|diurnal]] (daytime) and [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] species,<ref name=pepper17/> spending over 90% each day up in the trees. It spends as little time on the ground as possible, mostly to feed, interact socially, or to travel to a new tree. Males move around more, {{cvt|69|m|yd}} per day on average versus {{cvt|23|m|yd}} for females at [[Kakadu National Park]].<ref name=Shine1989/> In the same area, male lizards were found to have an average [[home range]] of {{cvt|1.96|ha}} during the [[dry season]] and {{cvt|2.53|ha}} during the [[wet season]]; females used {{cvt|0.63|ha}} and {{cvt|0.68|ha}} for the wet and dry seasons, respectively.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Griffiths1999>{{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=A. D.|year=1999|title=Demography and home range of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), in Northern Australia|journal=Copeia|volume=1999 |issue=4|pages=1089–1096|doi=10.2307/1447984 |jstor=1447984}}</ref> Male lizards assert their boundaries with frill displays.<ref name=Shine90/> Frilled lizards are capable of moving [[bipedalism|bipedally]] and do so while hunting or to escape from predators. To keep balanced, they lean their heads far back enough, so it lines up behind the tail base.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Thompson2005/><ref name=antipredator>{{cite journal|last1=Perez-Martinez|first1=C. A.|last2=Riley|first2=J. L.|last3=Whiting|first3=M. J.|year=2020|title=Uncovering the function of an enigmatic display: antipredator behaviour in the iconic Australian frillneck lizard|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=129|issue=2|pages=425–438|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blz176}}</ref>
+The frilled lizard is a [[Diurnality|diurnal]] (daytime) and [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] species,<ref name=pepper17/> spending over 90% each day up in the trees. It spends as little time on the ground as possible, mostly to feed, interact socially, or to travel to a new tree. Males move around more, {{cvt|69|m|yd}} per day on average versus {{cvt|23|m|yd}} for females at [[Kakadu National Park]].<ref name=Shine1989/> In the same area, male lizards were found to have an average [[home range]] of {{cvt|1.96|ha}} during the [[dry season]] and {{cvt|2.53|ha}} during the [[wet season]]; females used {{cvt|0.63|ha}} and {{cvt|0.68|ha}} for the wet and dry seasons, respectively.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Griffiths1999>{{cite journal|last=Griffiths|first=A. D.|year=1999|title=Demography and home range of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), in Northern Australia|journal=Copeia|volume=1999 |issue=4|pages=1089–1096|doi=10.2307/1447984 |jstor=1447984}}</ref> Male lizards assert their boundaries with frill displays.<ref name=Shine90/> Frilled lizards are capable of moving [[bipedalism|bipedally]] and do so while hunting or to escape from predators. To keep balanced, they lean their heads far back enough, so it lines up behind the tail base.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Thompson2005/><ref name=antipredator>{{cite journal|last1=Perez-Martinez|first1=Christian A.|last2=Riley|first2=Julia L.|last3=Whiting|first3=Martin J.|author3-link=species:Martin J. Whiting|year=2020|title=Uncovering the function of an enigmatic display: antipredator behaviour in the iconic Australian frillneck lizard|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=129|issue=2|pages=425–438|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blz176}}</ref>
-These lizards are more active during the wet season, when they select smaller trees and are more commonly seen near the ground; during the dry season, they use larger trees and are found at greater heights.<ref name=Griffith1996>{{cite journal|last1=Griffith|first1=A. D.|last2=Christian|first2=K. A.|year=1996|title=Diet and habitat use of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment|journal=Oecologia|volume=106|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/BF00334405|pmid=28307155 |bibcode=1996Oecol.106...39G |s2cid=7046330 }}</ref> Frilled lizards do not enter [[torpor|torpidity]] during the dry season, but they can greatly reduce their energy usage and metabolic rate in response to less food and water.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K. A.|last2=Griffiths|first2=A. D.|last3=Bedford|first3=G. S.|year=1996|title=Physiological ecology of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment|journal=Oecologia|volume=106|issue=1|pages=49–56|doi=10.1007/BF00334406 |jstor=4221230|pmid=28307156 |bibcode=1996Oecol.106...49C |s2cid=25400682 }}</ref> Body temperatures can approach {{cvt|40|C|0}}.<ref name=Shine1989/> The species will [[Sunning (behaviour)|bask]] vertically on the main tree trunk in the morning and near the end of the day,<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Christian1995/> though in the dry season they cease basking at a lower body temperature to better maintain energy and water.<ref name=Christian1995>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K. A.|last2=Bedford|first2=G. S.|year=1995|title=Seasonal changes in thermoregulation by the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', in tropical Australia|journal=Ecology|volume=76|issue=1|pages=124–132|doi=10.2307/1940636|jstor=1940636 |bibcode=1995Ecol...76..124C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K|last2=Green|first2=B|year=1994|title=Seasonal energetics and water turnover of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', in the wet-dry tropics of Australia|journal=Herpetologica|volume=50|issue=3|pages=274–281|jstor=3892700}}</ref> After they reach a particular level of warmth, they apply “heat-dumping tricks” to regulate their body temperature.<ref name=fn>{{Cite journal |date=November 1923 |title=Report of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club for the Year 1922 |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=159–160 |doi=10.5962/p.338316 |issn=0008-3550|doi-access=free }}</ref> When it gets hotter during day, they climb higher in the canopy for shade.<ref name=Shine1989/> Frilled lizards will use large trees and [[termite]] mounds as refuges during [[wildfires]]. After a forest is burnt, the lizards select trees with more continuous canopies.<ref name=fire>{{cite journal|last1=Griffths|first1=A. D.|last2=Christian|first2=K. A.|year=1996|title=The effects of fire on the frillneck lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) in northern Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=386–398|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00625.x|bibcode=1996AusEc..21..386G }}</ref>
+These lizards are more active during the wet season, when they select smaller trees and are more commonly seen near the ground; during the dry season, they use larger trees and are found at greater heights.<ref name=Griffith1996>{{cite journal|last1=Griffiths|first1=A. D.|last2=Christian|first2=K. A.|year=1996|title=Diet and habitat use of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment|journal=Oecologia|volume=106|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/BF00334405|pmid=28307155 |bibcode=1996Oecol.106...39G |s2cid=7046330 }}</ref> Frilled lizards do not enter [[torpor|torpidity]] during the dry season, but they can greatly reduce their energy usage and metabolic rate in response to less food and water.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K. A.|last2=Griffiths|first2=A. D.|last3=Bedford|first3=G. S.|year=1996|title=Physiological ecology of frillneck lizards in a seasonal tropical environment|journal=Oecologia|volume=106|issue=1|pages=49–56|doi=10.1007/BF00334406 |jstor=4221230|pmid=28307156 |bibcode=1996Oecol.106...49C |s2cid=25400682 }}</ref> Body temperatures can approach {{cvt|40|C|0}}.<ref name=Shine1989/> The species will [[Sunning (behaviour)|bask]] vertically on the main tree trunk in the morning and near the end of the day,<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=Christian1995/> though in the dry season they cease basking at a lower body temperature to better maintain energy and water.<ref name=Christian1995>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=K. A.|last2=Bedford|first2=G. S.|year=1995|title=Seasonal changes in thermoregulation by the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', in tropical Australia|journal=Ecology|volume=76|issue=1|pages=124–132|doi=10.2307/1940636|jstor=1940636 |bibcode=1995Ecol...76..124C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian|first1=Keith|last2=Green|first2=Brian|year=1994|title=Seasonal energetics and water turnover of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', in the wet-dry tropics of Australia|journal=Herpetologica|volume=50|issue=3|pages=274–281|jstor=3892700}}</ref> When it gets hotter during day, they climb higher in the canopy for shade.<ref name=Shine1989/> Frilled lizards will use large trees and [[termite]] mounds as refuges during [[wildfires]]. After a forest is burnt, the lizards select trees with more continuous canopies.<ref name=fire>{{cite journal|last1=Griffths|first1=A[nthony] D.|last2=Christian|first2=K[eith] A.|year=1996|title=The effects of fire on the frillneck lizard (''Chlamydosaurus kingii)'' in northern Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=386–398|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00625.x|bibcode=1996AusEc..21..386G }}</ref>
 [[File:Frilled-lizard500.jpg|thumb|left|Frilled lizard in threat display]]
-Frilled lizards primarily feed on insects and other invertebrates, and very rarely take vertebrates. Insects, rodents, and spiders are the main prey of the frilled dragon lizard. They prefer insects like cicadas, beetles, ants, termites, moths, and butterflies. However, they have been known to eat small mammals like mice and rats and pieces of meat.<ref name=gb/> Prominent prey includes termites, [[ant]]s and [[centipede]]s; termites are particularly important food during the dry season, and [[Lepidoptera|moth]] larvae become important during the wet season.<ref name=Griffith1996/> Consumption of ants drops after early dry season fires but rises following fires later in the season.<ref name=fire/> This species is a [[sit-and-wait predator]]: it watches for potential prey from a tree and, upon seeing it, climbs down and rushes towards it on two legs before descending on all four to grab and eat it. After feeding, it retreats back up a tree.<ref name=Shine1989/>
+Frilled lizards primarily feed on insects and other invertebrates, and very rarely take vertebrates. Prominent prey includes termites, [[ant]]s and [[centipede]]s; termites are particularly important food during the dry season, and [[Lepidoptera|moth]] larvae become important during the wet season.<ref name=Griffith1996/> Consumption of ants drops after early dry season fires but rises following fires later in the season.<ref name=fire/> This species is a [[sit-and-wait predator]]: it watches for potential prey from a tree and, upon seeing it, climbs down and rushes towards it on two legs before descending on all four to grab and eat it. After feeding, it retreats back up a tree.<ref name=Shine1989/>
-Frilled lizards face threats from [[birds of prey]] and larger lizards and snakes.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=antipredator/> When threatened, the species erects its frill to make itself look bigger. This display is accompanied by a gaping mouth, puffing, hissing, and tail lashes. The lizard may also flee and hide from its predators.<ref name=antipredator/> Several species of [[nematode]] infest the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=H. I.|year=1994|title=Gastrointestinal nematodes of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), with particular reference to ''Skrjabinoptera goldmanae'' (Spirurida: Physalopteridae)|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=371–377|doi=10.1071/ZO9940371}}</ref> There is at least one record of an individual dying of [[cryptosporidiosis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Orós|first1=J|last2=Rodríguez|first2=J. L.|last3=Patterson-Kane|first3=J|year=1998|title=Gastric cryptosporidiosis in a wild frilled lizard from Australia|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=34|issue=4|pages=807–810|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-34.4.807|pmid=9813853|s2cid=20958564|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+Frilled lizards face threats from [[birds of prey]] and larger lizards and snakes.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=antipredator/> When threatened, the species erects its frill to make itself look bigger. This display is accompanied by a gaping mouth, puffing, hissing, and tail lashes. The lizard may also flee and hide from its predators.<ref name=antipredator/> Several species of [[nematode]] infest the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=H. I.|year=1994|title=Gastrointestinal nematodes of the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae), with particular reference to ''Skrjabinoptera goldmanae'' (Spirurida: Physalopteridae)|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=371–377|doi=10.1071/ZO9940371}}</ref> There is at least one record of an individual dying of [[cryptosporidiosis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Orós|first1=Jorge|last2=Rodríguez|first2=José Luis|author2-link=species:José Luis Rodríguez-Hernández|last3=Patterson-Kane|first3=Janet|year=1998|title=Gastric cryptosporidiosis in a wild frilled lizard from Australia|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=34|issue=4|pages=807–810|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-34.4.807|pmid=9813853|s2cid=20958564|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Frilled lizards can breed during the late dry and early wet seasons.<ref name=Shine1989/> Competing males display with gaping mouths and spread frills. Fights can ensue, in which the lizards pounce and bite each other's heads.<ref name=Shine90/> The female digs a shallow cavity to leave her eggs.<ref name=reproduction/><ref name=sex-determination>{{cite journal|last1=Harlow|first1=P|last2=Shine|first2=R|year=1999|title=Temperature-dependent sex determination in the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae)|journal=Herpetologica|volume=55|issue=2|pages=205–212|jstor=3893081}}</ref> They can lay multiple [[Clutch (eggs)|clutches]] per season, and the number of eggs in a clutch can vary from four to over 20.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=reproduction>{{cite book|last1=Griffiths|first1=A. D.|year=1993|contribution=Preliminary investigations on the reproduction of the frillneck lizard ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' in the Northern Territory|title=Herpetology in Australia: A Diverse Discipline|publisher=Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of NSW|pages=127–131|isbn=0-9599951-8-8}}</ref>The size of their clutches correlates with the size of their bodies. The smaller their body, the fewer eggs in their clutch.<ref name=fn/> The incubation period can last two to four months,<ref name=reproduction/><ref name=sex-determination/> with milder temperatures producing more males and more extreme temperatures producing more females.<ref name=sex-determination/> Hatchlings have proportionally smaller frills than adults.<ref name=Shine90/> Lizards grow during the wet season when food is more abundant,<ref name=Griffith1996/> and males grow faster than females.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=B|last2=Fisher|first2=P|last3=Rydell|first3=J|last4=Wahlgren|first4=R|last5=Wright|first5=B|last6=Madsen|first6=T|year=2014|title=Population demography of frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', Gray 1825) in the wet-dry tropics of Australia|journal=Austral Ecology|volume=40|issue=1|pages=60–66|doi=10.1111/aec.12168}}</ref> Juvenile males also disperse further from their hatching area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=B|last2=Dowton|first2=M|last3=Madsen|first3=T|year=2008|title=Population genetic structure, gene flow and sex-biased dispersal in frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'')|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=17|issue=15|pages=3557–3564|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03849.x|pmid=19160482|s2cid=1299295|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008MolEc..17.3557U}}</ref> The species reaches sexual maturity within two years; males live up to six years compared to four years for females.<ref name=Griffiths1999/>
+Frilled lizards can breed during the late dry and early wet seasons.<ref name=Shine1989/> Competing males display with gaping mouths and spread frills. Fights can ensue, in which the lizards pounce and bite each other's heads.<ref name=Shine90/> The female digs a shallow cavity to leave her eggs.<ref name=reproduction/><ref name=sex-determination>{{cite journal|last1=Harlow|first1=P. S.|author1-link=species:Peter S. Harlow|last2=Shine|first2=R.|year=1999|title=Temperature-dependent sex determination in the frillneck lizard, ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' (Agamidae)|journal=Herpetologica|volume=55|issue=2|pages=205–212|jstor=3893081}}</ref> They can lay multiple [[Clutch (eggs)|clutches]] per season, and the number of eggs in a clutch can vary from four to over 20.<ref name=Shine1989/><ref name=reproduction>{{cite book|last1=Griffiths|first1=A. D.|year=1993|contribution=Preliminary investigations on the reproduction of the frillneck lizard ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'' in the Northern Territory|title=Herpetology in Australia: A Diverse Discipline|publisher=Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of NSW|pages=127–131|isbn=0-9599951-8-8}}</ref> The incubation period can last two to four months,<ref name=reproduction/><ref name=sex-determination/> with milder temperatures producing more males and more extreme temperatures producing more females.<ref name=sex-determination/> Hatchlings have proportionally smaller frills than adults.<ref name=Shine90/> Lizards grow during the wet season when food is more abundant,<ref name=Griffith1996/> and males grow faster than females.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=Beata|last2=Fisher|first2=Peter|last3=Rydell|first3=Jens|last4=Wahlgren|first4=Richard|last5=Wright|first5=Belinda|last6=Madsen|first6=Thomas|author6-link=species:Thomas Madsen|year=2014|title=Population demography of frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'', Gray 1825) in the wet-dry tropics of Australia|journal=Austral Ecology|volume=40|issue=1|pages=60–66|doi=10.1111/aec.12168}}</ref> Juvenile males also disperse further from their hatching area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=Beata|last2=Dowton|first2=Mark|last3=Madsen|first3=Thomas|year=2008|title=Population genetic structure, gene flow and sex-biased dispersal in frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'')|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=17|issue=15|pages=3557–3564|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03849.x|pmid=19160482|s2cid=1299295|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008MolEc..17.3557U }}</ref> The species reaches sexual maturity within two years; males live up to six years compared to four years for females.<ref name=Griffiths1999/>
 ==Conservation==
-The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] lists the frilled lizard as of [[Least-concern species|least concern]], due to its abundance and wide range, but warns that its population may be locally declining in some areas. It is a popular species in the pet trade, which may threaten some wild populations. Most pet lizards appear to come from Indonesia, as export of them is banned in Australia and Papua New Guinea.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> Nevertheless, the Indonesian government themselves have allocated the frilled lizard as a protected species under the Article 20 of the Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation On Types of Protected Plants and Animals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/12/2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Yang Dilindungi |url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Permen-Jenis-Satwa-dan-Tumbuhan-Dilindungi.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forestry]] |language=id |via=[[Mongabay]] |date=Dec 28, 2018}}</ref> Being difficult to breed in captivity, many presumed captive bred lizards are likely to have been taken from the wild. Frilled lizards may also be threatened by feral cats,<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> though they do not appear to be significantly affected by the invasive [[cane toad]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=B|last2=Shine|first2=R|last3=Madsen|first3=T|year=2011|title=Detecting the impact of invasive species on native fauna: Cane toads (''Bufo marinus''), frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii'') and the importance of spatial replication|journal=Austral Ecology|volume=36|issue=2|pages=126–130|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02126.x|bibcode=2011AusEc..36..126U}}</ref>
+The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] lists the frilled lizard as of [[Least-concern species|least concern]], due to its abundance and wide range, but warns that its population may be locally declining in some areas. It is a popular species in the pet trade, which may threaten some wild populations. Most pet lizards appear to come from Indonesia, as export of them is banned in Australia and Papua New Guinea.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> Nevertheless, the Indonesian government themselves have allocated the frilled lizard as a protected species under the Article 20 of the Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation On Types of Protected Plants and Animals.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/12/2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Yang Dilindungi '' |url=https://www.mongabay.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Permen-Jenis-Satwa-dan-Tumbuhan-Dilindungi.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forestry]] |language=id |via=[[Mongabay]] |date=Dec 28, 2018}}</ref> Being difficult to breed in captivity, many presumed captive bred lizards are likely to have been taken from the wild. Frilled lizards may also be threatened by feral cats,<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> though they do not appear to be significantly affected by the invasive [[cane toad]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ujvari|first1=B.|last2=Shine|first2=R.|last3=Madsen|first3=T.|year=2011|title=Detecting the impact of invasive species on native fauna: Cane toads (''Bufo marinus''), frillneck lizards (''Chlamydosaurus kingii)'' and the importance of spatial replication|journal=Austral Ecology|volume=36|issue=2|pages=126–130|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02126.x|bibcode=2011AusEc..36..126U}}</ref>
 ==Relationship with humans==
 [[File:Chlamydosaurus kingii engraving by Mr. Curtis 1827.jpg|right|thumb|Frilled lizard from ''Narrative of a Survey'' Volume 2, by [[Phillip Parker King]], 1827]]
-The frilled lizard is considered to be among the most iconic Australian animals along with the [[kangaroo]] and [[koala]].<ref name=Shine1989/> Archaeological evidence indicates that frilled lizards were eaten by some [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous peoples]] in ancient times.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schrire|first=C.|year=1982|title=The Alligator Rivers: prehistory and ecology in Western Arnhem Land|publisher=Terra Australis|pages=90, 123|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/127422|isbn=0-86784-204-0}}</ref> In the late 19th century, [[William Saville-Kent]] brought a live lizard to England where it was observed by fellow biologists. Another specimen was kept at a reptile display in Paris, as reptiles were becoming more popular in captivity.<ref name="upside down"/>
+The frilled lizard is considered to be among the most iconic Australian animals along with the [[kangaroo]] and [[koala]].<ref name=Shine1989/> Archaeological evidence indicates that frilled lizards were eaten by some [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous peoples]] in ancient times.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schrire|first=Carmel|year=1982|title=The Alligator Rivers: prehistory and ecology in Western Arnhem Land|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian National University|pages=90, 123|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/127422|isbn=0-86784-204-0}}</ref> In the late 19th century, [[William Saville-Kent]] brought a live lizard to England where it was observed by fellow biologists. Another specimen was kept at a reptile display in Paris, as reptiles were becoming more popular in captivity.<ref name="upside down"/>
-Because of its unique appearance and behaviour, the creature has often been used in media. In [[Steven Spielberg]]'s 1993 film ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', the dinosaur ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' was portrayed with a similar neck frill that rose when attacking.<ref name=Montandon/> Its image has been used in the 1994 [[LGBT]]-themed film ''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paige|first=L. R.|year=2016|title=Drag queens, thorny devils and frilled lizards: "queerness" takes to the outback in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert|journal= Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture|volume=16|issue=2|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA490983390&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=15474348&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E8fe6d20b}}</ref> The species has been featured on some Australian coins.<ref name=Shine1989/>
+Because of its unique appearance and behaviour, the creature has often been used in media. In [[Steven Spielberg]]'s 1993 film ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'', the dinosaur ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' was portrayed with a similar neck frill that rose when attacking.<ref name=Montandon/> Its image has been used in the 1994 [[LGBT]]-themed film ''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paige|first=Linda Rohrer|year=2016|title=Drag queens, thorny devils and frilled lizards: "queerness" takes to the outback in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert|journal=Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture|volume=16|issue=2|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA490983390&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=15474348&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E8fe6d20b}}</ref> The species has been featured on some Australian coins.<ref name=Shine1989/>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+==Further reading==
+*[[John Edward Gray|Gray, J. E.]] (1825). "A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some new Species". ''Annals of Philosophy. New Series'' [Series 2] '''10''': 193–217. ("''Clamydosaurus'' [sic]", new genus, p. 197; "''C. Kingii'' [sic]", new species, p. 197).
 {{Portal|Reptiles}}

Taxon identifiers
Chlamydosaurus kingii	Wikidata: Q501566 Wikispecies: Chlamydosaurus kingii AFD: Chlamydosaurus_kingii ARKive: chlamydosaurus-kingii CoL: 69WST EoL: 8828008 GBIF: 2466087 iNaturalist: 31215 IRMNG: 10369412 ITIS: 1055527 IUCN: 170384 NCBI: 103699 Observation.org: 98082 Open Tree of Life: 913427 RD: kingii ZooBank: 0653C3CB-8453-4E8B-9D71-320F95DBC55F
Chlamydosaurus	Wikidata: Q14425550 Wikispecies: Chlamydosaurus AFD: Chlamydosaurus CoL: 3NH7 EoL: 35715 GBIF: 2466086 iNaturalist: 31214 ITIS: 209045 NCBI: 103698 Paleobiology Database: 373797 ZooBank: 787F2A00-3F03-4E11-B479-A61B6F41BA28