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[[File:WISP CPE installed on a residence.JPG|thumb|right|Typical WISP [[Customer-premises equipment]] (CPE) installed on a residence.]]
[[File:WISP CPE installed on a residence.JPG|thumb|right|Typical WISP [[Customer-premises equipment]] (CPE) installed on a residence.]]


A '''wireless Internet service provider''' ('''WISP''') is an [[Internet service provider]] with a network based on [[wireless network]]ing. Technology may include commonplace [[Wi-Fi]] [[wireless mesh networking]], or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open [[33-centimeter band|900 MHz]], [[ISM band|2.4 GHz]], 4.9, 5, 24, and 60 GHz bands or licensed frequencies in the [[UHF]] band (including the [[MMDS]] frequency band), [[Local Multipoint Distribution Service|LMDS]], and other bands from 6 GHz to 80 GHz.
A '''wireless Internet service provider''' ('''WISP''') is an [[Internet service provider]] with a network based on [[wireless network]]ing. Technology may include commonplace [[Wi-Fi]] [[wireless mesh networking]], or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open [[33-centimeter band|900 MHz]], [[ISM band|2.4 GHz]], 4.9, 5, 24, and 60 GHz bands or licensed frequencies in the [[UHF]] band (including the [[MMDS]] frequency band), [[Local Multipoint Distribution Service|LMDS]], and other bands from 6 GHz to 80 GHz.


In the US, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) released Report and Order, FCC 05-56 in 2005 that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650&nbsp;MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=FCC: Wireless Services: 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service|url=http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=service_home&id=3650_3700|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> On November 14, 2007 the Commission released Public Notice (DA 07-4605) in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for licensing and registration process for the 3650-3700&nbsp;MHz band.<ref>{{cite web|title=PUBLIC NOTICE - Released: November 14, 2007|url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-07-4605A1.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref>
In the US, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) released a Report and Order, FCC 05-56 in 2005 that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650&nbsp;MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=FCC: Wireless Services: 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service|url=http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=service_home&id=3650_3700|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]|access-date=2008-03-17}}</ref> On November 14, 2007 the Commission released a Public Notice (DA 07-4605) in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for the licensing and registration process for the 3650-3700&nbsp;MHz band.<ref>{{cite web|title=PUBLIC NOTICE - Released: November 14, 2007|url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-07-4605A1.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]]|access-date=2008-03-17}}</ref>


As of July 2015, there are over 1,280 fixed wireless broadband providers operating in the US covering 51% of the US population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://broadbandnow.com/Fixed-Wireless-Providers|title=List of Fixed Wireless Broadband Providers in the US|accessdate=2015-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://broadbandnow.com/Fixed-Wireless|title=Overview ofFixed Wireless Broadband in the US|accessdate=2015-07-13}}</ref>
As of July 2015, over 2,000 [[fixed wireless]] broadband providers operate in the US, servicing nearly 4 million customers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industry Resources - Wireless Internet Service Providers Association|url=https://www.wispa.org/industry_resources.php|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.wispa.org}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
⚫
Initially, WISPs were only found in [[rural]] areas not covered by [[cable television]] or [[DSL]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A WISP with Vision|url=http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3652986|publisher=wi-fiplanet.com|access-date=2008-03-17}}</ref> There were 879 [[Wi-Fi]] based WISPs in the [[Czech Republic]] as of May 2008,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wi-Fi: Poskytovatelé bezdrátového připojení|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.internetprovsechny.cz%2Fwifi-poskytovatele.php&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|publisher=internetprovsechny.cz|access-date=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bezdrátové připojení k internetu|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bezdratovepripojeni.cz&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|publisher=bezdratovepripojeni.cz|access-date=2008-05-18}}</ref> making it the country with most [[Wi-Fi]] access points in the whole [[European Union|EU]].;<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Wi-Fi access points in Prague 1 and Prague 2 nearly doubled year-on-year|url=http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/Czech_Republic_E/2007_WiFi_survey_EN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071220205521/http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/Czech_Republic_E/2007_WiFi_survey_EN|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-12-20|publisher=[[Ernst & Young]]|access-date=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CZECH REPUBLIC|url=http://www.volweb.cz/horvitz/os-info/czech.html|publisher=volweb.cz|access-date=2008-03-17}}</ref> which was a consequence of the then de facto monopoly of the former telecom operator on fixed data networks. The providing of wireless Internet has a big potential of lower the "[[digital divide|digital gap]]" or "Internet gap" in the developing countries. [[Geekcorps]] actively help in Africa with among others wireless network building. An example of a typical WISP system is such as the one deployed by Gaiacom Wireless Networks which is based on Wi-Fi standards. The [[One Laptop per Child]] project strongly relies on good Internet connectivity, which can most likely be provided in rural areas only with satellite or wireless network Internet access. In high internet cost countries such as South Africa, prices have been drastically reduced by the government allocating spectrum to smaller WISPs, who are able to deliver high speed broadband at a much lower cost.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wireless internet service|url=http://www.wibre.co.za|publisher=wibre.co.za|access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref>
Initially, WISPs were only found in [[rural]] areas not covered by [[cable television]] or [[DSL]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A WISP with Vision|url=http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3652986|publisher=wi-fiplanet.com|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> The first WISP in the world<ref>{{cite web|title=It's a Watershed Moment for Wireless ISPs|url=http://www.aglmediagroup.com/its-a-watershed-moment-for-wireless-isps/|publisher=[[AGL Media Group]]|accessdate=2018-07-02}}</ref> was LARIAT, a non-profit rural telecommunications cooperative founded in 1992 in [[Laramie, Wyoming]]. LARIAT originally used [[WaveLAN]] equipment, manufactured by the [[NCR Corporation]], which operated on the [[900 MHz]] unlicensed radio band. LARIAT was taken private in 2003 and continues to exist as a for-profit wireless ISP.

Another early WISP was a company called Internet Office Parks in Johannesburg, South Africa that was founded by Roy Pater, Brett Airey and Attila Barath in January 1996 when they realized the South African Telco, Telkom could not keep up with the demand for dedicated Internet links for business use.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Using what was one of the first wireless LAN products available for wireless barcode scanning in stores, called [[Aironet Wireless Communications|Aironet]] (now owned by [[Cisco]]), they worked out if they ran a dedicated Telco link into the highest building in a business area or CBD they could wirelessly "cable" up all the other buildings back to this main point and would only require one link from the Telco to connect up hundreds of businesses at the same time. In turn each "satellite" building was wired up with Ethernet so each business connected into the Ethernet LAN could instantly get Internet access. Due to the immaturity of wireless technology, security issues and being forced constantly by [[Telkom SA]] (Then the government Telco in South Africa) to cease its service, the company closed its doors in Jan 1999.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

⚫
There were 879 [[Wi-Fi]] based WISPs in the [[Czech Republic]] as of May 2008,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wi-Fi: Poskytovatelé bezdrátového připojení|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.internetprovsechny.cz%2Fwifi-poskytovatele.php&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|publisher=internetprovsechny.cz|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bezdrátové připojení k internetu|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.bezdratovepripojeni.cz&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|publisher=bezdratovepripojeni.cz|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> making it the country with most [[Wi-Fi]] access points in the whole [[European Union|EU]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Wi-Fi access points in Prague 1 and Prague 2 nearly doubled year-on-year|url=http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/Czech_Republic_E/2007_WiFi_survey_EN|archive-url=https://archive.is/20071220205521/http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/Czech_Republic_E/2007_WiFi_survey_EN|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-12-20|publisher=[[Ernst & Young]]|accessdate=2008-03-17}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CZECH REPUBLIC|url=http://www.volweb.cz/horvitz/os-info/czech.html|publisher=volweb.cz|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> The providing of wireless Internet has a big potential of lowering the "digital gap" or "Internet gap" in the developing countries. [[Geekcorps]] actively help in Africa with among others wireless network building. An example of a typical WISP system is such as the one deployed by Gaiacom Wireless Networks which is based on Wi-Fi standards. The [[One Laptop per Child]] project strongly relies on good Internet connectivity, which can most likely be provided in rural areas only with satellite or wireless network Internet access. In high internet cost countries such as South Africa, prices have been drastically reduced by the government allocating spectrum to smaller WISPs, who are able to deliver high speed broadband at a much lower cost.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wireless internet service|url=http://www.wibre.co.za|publisher=wibre.co.za|accessdate=2016-01-16}}</ref>


Some WISP networks have been started in rural parts of the [[United Kingdom]], to address issues with poor broadband [[DSL]] service (bandwidth) in rural areas ("notspots"), including slow rollout of fibre based services which could improve service (usually [[Fibre to the cabinet]] to groups of rural buildings, potentially [[Fibre to the premises]] for isolated buildings). A number of these WISPs<ref>{{cite web |title=County Broadband |url=https://www.countybroadband.co.uk/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fram Broadband |url=http://www.frambroadband.com}}</ref> have been set up via the [[Community Broadband Network]], using funds from the [[European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development]]
Some WISP networks have been started in rural parts of the [[United Kingdom]], to address issues with poor broadband [[DSL]] service (bandwidth) in rural areas ("notspots"), including slow rollout of fibre based services which could improve service (usually [[Fibre to the cabinet]] to groups of rural buildings, potentially [[Fibre to the premises]] for isolated buildings). A number of these WISPs<ref>{{cite web |title=County Broadband |url=https://www.countybroadband.co.uk/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fram Broadband |url=http://www.frambroadband.com}}</ref> have been set up via the [[Community Broadband Network]], using funds from the [[European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
WISPs often offer additional services like location-based content, [[Virtual Private Network]]ing and [[Voice over IP]]. Isolated municipal ISPs and larger statewide initiatives alike are tightly focused on wireless networking.{{citation needed|reason=Not sure what this sentence has to do with anything|date=March 2016}}
WISPs often offer additional services like location-based content, [[Virtual Private Network]]ing (VPN) and [[Voice over IP]]. Isolated municipal ISPs and larger statewide initiatives alike are tightly focused on wireless networking.{{citation needed|reason=Not sure what this sentence has to do with anything|date=March 2016}}


WISPs have a large market share in rural environments where [[Cable Internet access|cable]] and [[digital subscriber line]]s are not available; further, with technology available, they can meet or beat speeds of legacy cable and telephone systems.<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/2067283/meet-wisp-the-wireless-future-of-internet-service.html "Meet WiSP"], PC World</ref> In urban environments, [[Gigabit Wireless]] links are common and provide levels of bandwidth previously only available through expensive [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] connections.<ref>[http://missionlocal.org/2014/12/forget-fiber-monkey-brains-is-bringing-high-speed-to-sf/ "Forget Fiber, Monkey Brains Will Bring SF ‘Insane’ Speeds"], MissionLocal. Retrieved 04 March 2016.</ref>
WISPs have a large market share in rural environments where [[Cable Internet access|cable]] and [[digital subscriber line]]s are not available; further, with technology available, they can meet or beat speeds of legacy cable and telephone systems.<ref>[http://www.pcworld.com/article/2067283/meet-wisp-the-wireless-future-of-internet-service.html "Meet WiSP"], PC World</ref> In urban environments, [[gigabit wireless]] links are common and provide levels of bandwidth previously only available through expensive [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] connections.<ref>[http://missionlocal.org/2014/12/forget-fiber-monkey-brains-is-bringing-high-speed-to-sf/ "Forget Fiber, Monkey Brains Will Bring SF ‘Insane’ Speeds"], MissionLocal. Retrieved 04 March 2016.</ref>


Typically, the way that a WISP operates is to order a fiber circuit to the center of the area they wish to serve. From there, the WISP will start building backhauls (gigabit wireless or fiber) to elevated points in the region, such as a radio towers, tall buildings, grain silos, or water towers. Those locations will have access points to provide service to individual customers or backhauls to other towers where they have more equipment. The WISP may also use gigabit wireless links to connect a PoP ([[Point of Presence]]) to several towers, reducing the need to pay for fiber circuits to the tower. For fixed wireless connections, a small dish or antenna is mounted to the roof of the customer's building and aligned to the WISP's nearest antenna site. When operating over the tightly limited range of the heavily populated 2.4&nbsp;GHz band, as nearly all 802.11-based WiFi providers do, it is not uncommon to also see access points mounted on light posts and customer buildings.<ref>[http://www.clearsurf.com/s/cc_images/cache_934474140.jpg "Diagram of a WISP"], Clear Surf</ref>
Typically, the way that a WISP operates is to order a fiber circuit to the center of the area they wish to serve. From there, the WISP builds backhauls (gigabit wireless or fiber) to elevated points in the region, such as radio towers, tall buildings, grain silos, or water towers. Those locations have [[Wireless Access Point|access points]] to provide service to individual customers, or backhauls to other towers where they have more equipment. The WISP may also use gigabit wireless links to connect a PoP ([[Point of Presence]]) to several towers, reducing the need to pay for fiber circuits to the tower. For fixed wireless connections, a small [[Parabolic antenna|dish]] or other antenna is mounted to the roof of the customer's building and aligned to the WISP's nearest antenna site. Where a WISP operates over the tightly limited range of the heavily populated [[2.4 GHz|2.4&nbsp;GHz band]], as nearly all [[IEEE 802.11|802.11]]-based Wi‑Fi providers do, it is not uncommon to also see access points mounted on light posts and customer buildings.


Since it is difficult for a single service provider to build an infrastructure that offers global access to its subscribers, roaming between service providers is encouraged by the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] with the protocol [[WISPr]], a set of recommendations approved by the alliance which facilitate inter-network and inter-operator roaming of Wi-Fi users. Modern wireless services have [[Lag|latency]] comparable to other terrestrial broadband networks.
[[Roaming]] between service providers is possible with the draft protocol [[WISPr]], a set of recommendations which facilitate inter-network and inter-operator roaming of Wi-Fi users.


==Technology problems==
==Technology problems==
* [[Line-of-sight propagation|Line-of-sight]] and [[non-line-of-sight propagation]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Brain |first=Marshall |url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wimax1.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "WiMAX Wireless Network" |publisher=Computer.howstuffworks.com |date=December 2, 2004 |accessdate=October 18, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Line-of-sight propagation|Line-of-sight]] and [[non-line-of-sight propagation]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Brain |first=Marshall |url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wimax1.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "WiMAX Wireless Network" |publisher=Computer.howstuffworks.com |date=December 2, 2004 |access-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Mobile broadband]]
⚫
* [[Neighborhood Internet service provider]] (NISP)
⚫
* [[Satellite Internet access]]
⚫
* [[Wireless community network]]
* [[Wireless local loop]]

===Specific entities===
* [[Airspan Networks]]
* [[Airspan Networks]]
* [[ConnectKentucky]]
* [[ConnectKentucky]]
* [[Geekcorps]]
* [[Geekcorps]]
* [[Microwave Bypass]]
* {{section link |List of United States mobile virtual network operators |Mobile broadband operators}}
* [[Motorola Canopy]]
* [[Motorola Canopy]]
⚫
* [[Radwin]]
⚫
* [[Neighborhood Internet service provider]] (NISP)
⚫
* [[Satellite Internet access]]
* [[Starry Internet]]
* [[Starry Internet]]
* [[Telrad Networks]]
* [[Telrad Networks]]
⚫
* [[TP-LINK]]
* [[Ubiquiti Networks]]
⚫
* [[Wireless local loop]]


==References==
==References==
Line 52: Line 51:
<!-- PLEASE NOTE: Links that promote a website, product, or service will be removed. This is not one person's decision, but the consensus of various editors in order to deal with excessive linkspamming actions. Please discuss your link on the talk page of this article. -->
<!-- PLEASE NOTE: Links that promote a website, product, or service will be removed. This is not one person's decision, but the consensus of various editors in order to deal with excessive linkspamming actions. Please discuss your link on the talk page of this article. -->
* [http://www.wispa.org/ WISPA] - a trade association for WISP owner/operators
* [http://www.wispa.org/ WISPA] - a trade association for WISP owner/operators
* [http://www.dslreports.com/faq/wisp Wireless ISP FAQ]

===Media===
<!-- PLEASE NOTE: Links that promote a website, product, or service will be removed. This is not one person's decision, but the consensus of various editors in order to deal with excessive linkspamming actions. Please discuss your link on the talk page of this article. -->
* [http://www.dailywireless.org/ Daily Wireless] – Wireless ISP news
* [https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2340369,00.asp Want Wireless Broadband Today? Try a WISP]
<!-- PLEASE NOTE: Links that promote a website, product, or service will be removed. This is not one person's decision, but the consensus of various editors in order to deal with excessive linkspamming actions. Please discuss your link on the talk page of this article. -->


[[Category:Wireless Internet service providers|*]]
[[Category:Wireless Internet service providers|*]]

Latest revision as of 12:26, 11 December 2024

Aspen Communication's wireless access point in Tyler, Texas
An embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 miniPCI Wi-Fi card widely used by WISPs in the Czech Republic
Typical WISP Customer-premises equipment (CPE) installed on a residence.

A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5, 24, and 60 GHz bands or licensed frequencies in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band), LMDS, and other bands from 6 GHz to 80 GHz.

In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a Report and Order, FCC 05-56 in 2005 that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations.[1] On November 14, 2007 the Commission released a Public Notice (DA 07-4605) in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for the licensing and registration process for the 3650-3700 MHz band.[2]

As of July 2015, over 2,000 fixed wireless broadband providers operate in the US, servicing nearly 4 million customers.[3]

History

[edit]

Initially, WISPs were only found in rural areas not covered by cable television or DSL.[4] There were 879 Wi-Fi based WISPs in the Czech Republic as of May 2008,[5][6] making it the country with most Wi-Fi access points in the whole EU.;[7][8] which was a consequence of the then de facto monopoly of the former telecom operator on fixed data networks. The providing of wireless Internet has a big potential of lower the "digital gap" or "Internet gap" in the developing countries. Geekcorps actively help in Africa with among others wireless network building. An example of a typical WISP system is such as the one deployed by Gaiacom Wireless Networks which is based on Wi-Fi standards. The One Laptop per Child project strongly relies on good Internet connectivity, which can most likely be provided in rural areas only with satellite or wireless network Internet access. In high internet cost countries such as South Africa, prices have been drastically reduced by the government allocating spectrum to smaller WISPs, who are able to deliver high speed broadband at a much lower cost.[9]

Some WISP networks have been started in rural parts of the United Kingdom, to address issues with poor broadband DSL service (bandwidth) in rural areas ("notspots"), including slow rollout of fibre based services which could improve service (usually Fibre to the cabinet to groups of rural buildings, potentially Fibre to the premises for isolated buildings). A number of these WISPs[10][11] have been set up via the Community Broadband Network, using funds from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development

Overview

[edit]

WISPs often offer additional services like location-based content, Virtual Private Networking (VPN) and Voice over IP. Isolated municipal ISPs and larger statewide initiatives alike are tightly focused on wireless networking.[citation needed]

WISPs have a large market share in rural environments where cable and digital subscriber lines are not available; further, with technology available, they can meet or beat speeds of legacy cable and telephone systems.[12] In urban environments, gigabit wireless links are common and provide levels of bandwidth previously only available through expensive fiber optic connections.[13]

Typically, the way that a WISP operates is to order a fiber circuit to the center of the area they wish to serve. From there, the WISP builds backhauls (gigabit wireless or fiber) to elevated points in the region, such as radio towers, tall buildings, grain silos, or water towers. Those locations have access points to provide service to individual customers, or backhauls to other towers where they have more equipment. The WISP may also use gigabit wireless links to connect a PoP (Point of Presence) to several towers, reducing the need to pay for fiber circuits to the tower. For fixed wireless connections, a small dish or other antenna is mounted to the roof of the customer's building and aligned to the WISP's nearest antenna site. Where a WISP operates over the tightly limited range of the heavily populated 2.4 GHz band, as nearly all 802.11-based Wi‑Fi providers do, it is not uncommon to also see access points mounted on light posts and customer buildings.

Roaming between service providers is possible with the draft protocol WISPr, a set of recommendations which facilitate inter-network and inter-operator roaming of Wi-Fi users.

Technology problems

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Specific entities

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FCC: Wireless Services: 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  2. ^ "PUBLIC NOTICE - Released: November 14, 2007" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  3. ^ "Industry Resources - Wireless Internet Service Providers Association". www.wispa.org. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  4. ^ "A WISP with Vision". wi-fiplanet.com. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  5. ^ "Wi-Fi: Poskytovatelé bezdrátového připojení". internetprovsechny.cz. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  6. ^ "Bezdrátové připojení k internetu". bezdratovepripojeni.cz. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
  7. ^ "Number of Wi-Fi access points in Prague 1 and Prague 2 nearly doubled year-on-year". Ernst & Young. Archived from the original on 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  8. ^ "CZECH REPUBLIC". volweb.cz. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  9. ^ "Wireless internet service". wibre.co.za. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  10. ^ "County Broadband".
  11. ^ "Fram Broadband".
  12. ^ "Meet WiSP", PC World
  13. ^ "Forget Fiber, Monkey Brains Will Bring SF ‘Insane’ Speeds", MissionLocal. Retrieved 04 March 2016.
  14. ^ Brain, Marshall (December 2, 2004). "HowStuffWorks "WiMAX Wireless Network"". Computer.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
[edit]
  • WISPA - a trade association for WISP owner/operators
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