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{{Short description|Space Shuttle mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope}}
{{Short description|1997 American crewed spaceflight to the Hubble Space Telescope}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = STS-82
| name = STS-82
| image = Hubble servicing sts-82.jpg
| names_list = [[Space Transportation System]]-82
| image_upright = 0.7
| image = STS082-703-009.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Lee and Smith install thermal blankets on ''Hubble''{{'s}} exterior during the mission's fifth and final EVA
| image_caption = The Hubble Space Telescope in Space Shuttle Discovery's Payload bay
| insignia = Sts-82-patch.png
| insignia = Sts-82-patch.png


Line 15: Line 16:
| orbits_completed = 149
| orbits_completed = 149
| distance_travelled = {{convert|3800000|mi|km|order=flip}}
| distance_travelled = {{convert|3800000|mi|km|order=flip}}
| mission_duration = 9 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes, 09 seconds
| mission_duration = 9{{nbsp}}days, 23{{nbsp}}hours, 38{{nbsp}}minutes, 9{{nbsp}}seconds
| launch_mass = {{convert|116884|kg}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|116884|kg}}
| landing_mass =
| landing_mass =
| payload_mass = {{convert|83122|kg}}
| payload_mass = {{convert|83122|kg}}


| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39A]]
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_date = {{start-date|11 February 1997, 08:55:17|timezone=yes}} UTC
| launch_date = {{start-date|February 11, 1997, 08:55:17|timezone=yes}} UTC


| landing_date = {{end-date|21 February 1997, 08:32|timezone=yes}} UTC
| landing_date = {{end-date|February 21, 1997, 08:32|timezone=yes}} UTC
| landing_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF Runway 15]]
| landing_site = Kennedy, [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF Runway 15]]


| crew_size = 7
| crew_size = 7
Line 53: Line 54:
| previous_mission = [[STS-81]]
| previous_mission = [[STS-81]]
| next_mission = [[STS-83]]
| next_mission = [[STS-83]]

| programme2 = [[Hubble Space Telescope#Servicing|Hubble Space Telescope missions]]
| previous_mission2 = [[STS-61]] ({{abbr|SM1|Servicing Mission 1}})
| next_mission2 = [[STS-103]] ({{abbr|SM3A|Servicing Mission 3A}})
}}
}}


'''STS-82''' was the 22nd flight of the [[Space Shuttle]] [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] and the 82nd mission of the [[Space Shuttle program]]. It was NASA's second mission to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], during which ''Discovery's'' crew repaired and upgraded the telescope's scientific instruments, increasing its research capabilities and achieved the highest altitude ever attained by a STS Orbiter ({{convert|335|nmi|km|adj=on}}). ''Discovery'' launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]], Florida, on 11 February 1997, returning to Earth on 21 February 1997 at Kennedy Space Center.<ref name=STS-82(82)>{{cite web|title=STS-82 (82)|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-82/mission-sts-82.html|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref>
'''STS-82''' was the 22nd flight of the [[Space Shuttle]] [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] and the 82nd mission of the [[Space Shuttle program]]. It was NASA's second mission to service the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], during which ''Discovery's'' crew repaired and upgraded the telescope's scientific instruments, increasing its research capabilities. ''Discovery'' launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]], Florida, on February 11, 1997, returning to Earth on February 21, 1997, at Kennedy Space Center.<ref name=STS-82(82)>{{cite web|title=STS-82 (82)|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-82/mission-sts-82.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=December 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829095931/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-82/mission-sts-82.html |archive-date=August 29, 2012}}</ref>


==Crew==
==Crew==
''Discovery'' was crewed by a seven person team for the STS-82 mission.<ref name="spacefacts"/>
{{Spaceflight crew
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Astronaut
|terminology = Astronaut
Line 69: Line 75:
|crew3_up = [[Joseph R. Tanner]]
|crew3_up = [[Joseph R. Tanner]]
|flights3_up = Second
|flights3_up = Second
|position4 = Mission Specialist 2
|position4 = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer
|crew4_up = [[Steven A. Hawley]]
|crew4_up = [[Steven Hawley|Steven A. Hawley]]
|flights4_up = Fourth
|flights4_up = Fourth
|position5 = Mission Specialist 3
|position5 = Mission Specialist 3
Line 81: Line 87:
|crew7_up = [[Steven L. Smith]]
|crew7_up = [[Steven L. Smith]]
|flights7_up = Second
|flights7_up = Second
|notes='''Notes:'''
⚫
}}
* Commander Bowersox had served as pilot of [[STS-61]], the first HST servicing mission.
* Hawley had previously flown on [[STS-31]], which deployed the HST.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal |last=Borsché |first=Catherine E. |date=June 2007 |title=A League of Their Own |url=https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/roundup_archive_2007_06_0.pdf |journal=Space Center Roundup |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |volume=46 |issue=6 |page=10 |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>}}


===Spacewalks===
===Spacewalks===
*'''''EVA 1''''' Lee and Smith
*'''''EVA 1''''' Lee and Smith
**Start: 14 February 1997 – 04:34 UTC
**Start: February 14, 1997 – 04:34 UTC
**End: 14 February 1997 – 11:16 UTC
**End: February 14, 1997 – 11:16 UTC
**Duration: 6 hours, 42 minutes
**Duration: 6 hours, 42 minutes
*'''''EVA 2''''' Harbaugh and Tanner
*'''''EVA 2''''' Harbaugh and Tanner
**Start: 15 February 1997 – 03:25 UTC
**Start: February 15, 1997 – 03:25 UTC
**End: 15 February 1997 – 10:52 UTC
**End: February 15, 1997 – 10:52 UTC
**Duration: 7 hours, 27 minutes
**Duration: 7 hours, 27 minutes
*'''''EVA 3''''' Lee and Smith
*'''''EVA 3''''' Lee and Smith
**Start: 16 February 1997 – 02:53 UTC
**Start: February 16, 1997 – 02:53 UTC
**End: 16 February 1997 – 10:04 UTC
**End: February 16, 1997 – 10:04 UTC
**Duration: 7 hours, 11 minutes
**Duration: 7 hours, 11 minutes
*'''''EVA 4''''' Harbaugh and Tanner
*'''''EVA 4''''' Harbaugh and Tanner
**Start: 17 February 1997 – 03:45 UTC
**Start: February 17, 1997 – 03:45 UTC
**End: 17 February 1997 – 10:19 UTC
**End: February 17, 1997 – 10:19 UTC
**Duration: 6 hours, 34 minutes
**Duration: 6 hours, 34 minutes
*'''''EVA 5''''' Lee and Smith
*'''''EVA 5''''' Lee and Smith
**Start: 18 February 1997 – 13:15 UTC
**Start: February 18, 1997 – 13:15 UTC
**End: 18 February 1997 – 18:32 UTC
**End: February 18, 1997 – 18:32 UTC
**Duration: 5 hours, 17 minutes
**Duration: 5 hours, 17 minutes

=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref name="spacefacts">{{Cite web |title=STS-82 |url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-82.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520023309/http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-80.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2018 |access-date=January 3, 2018 |publisher=Spacefacts}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=8| [[File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg|150px]]<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Bowersox
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Horowitz
|-
! 3
| Tanner
| Harbaugh
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Hawley
|-
! 5
| Harbaugh
| Tanner
|-
! 6
|colspan=2| Lee
|-
! 7
|colspan=2| Smith
⚫
|}


==Mission objectives==
==Mission objectives==
[[File:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Hubble Space Telescope repair training.jpg|thumb|Astronauts train in the [[Neutral Buoyancy Simulator]] with a mockup of the Hubble Space Telescope]]
[[File:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Hubble Space Telescope repair training.jpg|thumb|Astronauts train in the [[Neutral Buoyancy Simulator]] with a mockup of the Hubble Space Telescope]]
The STS-82 mission was the second in a series of planned servicing missions to the orbiting [[Hubble Space Telescope]] ("HST"), which had been placed in orbit on 24 April 1990 by ''Discovery'' during [[STS-31]]. The first servicing mission was done by Space Shuttle [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] on [[STS-61]]. Work performed by ''Discovery's'' crew significantly upgraded the scientific capabilities of the HST and helped to keep the telescope functioning smoothly until the next scheduled servicing missions, which were [[STS-103]] in 1999 and [[STS-109]] in 2002.<ref name=STS-82(82) />
The STS-82 mission was the second in a series of planned servicing missions to the orbiting [[Hubble Space Telescope]] ("HST"), which had been placed in orbit on April 24, 1990, by ''Discovery'' during [[STS-31]]. The first servicing mission was done by Space Shuttle [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] on [[STS-61]]. Work performed by ''Discovery's'' crew significantly upgraded the scientific capabilities of the HST and helped to keep the telescope functioning smoothly until the next scheduled servicing missions, which were [[STS-103]] in 1999 and [[STS-109]] in 2002.<ref name=STS-82(82) />


On the third day of the mission, ''Discovery's'' seven-member crew conducted the first of four spacewalks (also called [[Extra-vehicular activity|Extra-vehicular Activities]] or "EVAs") to remove two older instruments and install two new astronomy instruments, as well as perform other servicing tasks. The two older instruments being replaced were the [[Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph]] and the [[Faint Object Spectrograph]], exchanged for the [[Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph]] (STIS) and the [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer]] (NICMOS), respectively.<ref name=STS-82>{{cite web|title=Nasa - STS-82|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-82.html|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref>
On the third day of the mission, ''Discovery's'' seven-member crew conducted the first of four spacewalks (also called [[Extra-vehicular activity|Extra-vehicular Activities]] or "EVAs") to remove two older instruments and install two new astronomy instruments, as well as perform other servicing tasks. The two older instruments being replaced were the [[Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph]] and the [[Faint Object Spectrograph]], exchanged for the [[Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph]] (STIS) and the [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer]] (NICMOS), respectively.<ref name=STS-82>{{cite web|title=NASA - STS-82|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-82.html|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|access-date=December 25, 2011|archive-date=September 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909202721/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-82.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:STS-82 Discovery night landing KSC-97PC-0352.jpg | thumb|220x124px | right | alt= Space shuttle discover lands on STS-82. |
[[File:STS-82 Discovery night landing KSC-97PC-0352.jpg | thumb|220x124px | right | alt= Space shuttle discover lands on STS-82. |
STS-82 landing]]
STS-82 landing]]
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STS-82 demonstrated anew the capability of the Space Shuttle to service orbiting spacecraft. ''Discovery's'' crew completed servicing and upgrading of the Hubble Space Telescope during four planned EVAs, later performing a fifth unscheduled space walk to repair insulation on the telescope.<ref name=STS-82 />
STS-82 demonstrated anew the capability of the Space Shuttle to service orbiting spacecraft. ''Discovery's'' crew completed servicing and upgrading of the Hubble Space Telescope during four planned EVAs, later performing a fifth unscheduled space walk to repair insulation on the telescope.<ref name=STS-82 />


The Hubble Space Telescope was deployed in April 1990 during [[STS-31]]. It was designed to undergo periodic servicing and upgrading over its projected 15-year lifespan, with first servicing performed during [[STS-61]] in December 1993. Hawley, who originally deployed the telescope, operated the orbiter [[Remote Manipulator System]] arm on STS-82 to retrieve the telescope for second servicing at 3:34&nbsp;am EST, 13 Feb., and positioned it above ''Discovery's'' payload bay less than half an hour later.<ref name=STS-82 />
The Hubble Space Telescope was deployed in April 1990 during [[STS-31]]. It was designed to undergo periodic servicing and upgrading over its projected 15-year lifespan, with first servicing performed during [[STS-61]] in December 1993. Hawley, who originally deployed the telescope, operated the orbiter [[Remote Manipulator System]] arm on STS-82 to retrieve the telescope for second servicing at 3:34&nbsp;am EST, Feb 13, and positioned it above ''Discovery's'' payload bay less than half an hour later.<ref name=STS-82 />


Relying on more than 150 tools and crew aids, Lee and Smith performed EVAs 1, 3 and 5, with Harbaugh and Tanner performing EVAs 2 and 4. EVA 1 began at 11:34&nbsp;pm EST, 13 February, and lasted six hours, 42 minutes. One of Hubble's solar arrays was unexpectedly disturbed by a gust of air from ''Discovery's'' airlock when it was depressurized, but was not damaged.<ref name=STS-82 /> Lee and Smith removed two scientific instruments from Hubble, the [[Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph]] (GHRS) and [[Faint Object Spectrograph]] (FOS), and replaced them with the [[Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph]] (STIS) and [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer]] (NICMOS), respectively. STIS expected to shed further light on supermassive black holes.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} NICMOS features more capable infrared detectors and gave astronomers their first clear view of the universe at near infrared wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.5 micrometers.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
Relying on more than 150 tools and crew aids, Lee and Smith performed EVAs 1, 3 and 5, with Harbaugh and Tanner performing EVAs 2 and 4. EVA 1 began at 11:34&nbsp;pm EST, February 13, and lasted six hours, 42 minutes. One of Hubble's solar arrays was unexpectedly disturbed by a gust of air from ''Discovery's'' airlock when it was depressurized, but was not damaged.<ref name=STS-82 /> Lee and Smith removed two scientific instruments from Hubble, the [[Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph]] (GHRS) and [[Faint Object Spectrograph]] (FOS), and replaced them with the [[Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph]] (STIS) and [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer]] (NICMOS), respectively. STIS expected to shed further light on supermassive black holes.<ref name=STS-82/> NICMOS features more capable infrared detectors and gave astronomers their first clear view of the universe at near infrared wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.5 micrometers.<ref name=STS-82/>


EVA 2 began at 10:25&nbsp;pm, 14 February, and lasted seven hours, 27 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a degraded Fine Guidance Sensor and a failed Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with new spares. Also installed was a new unit called the [[Optical Control Electronics Enhancement Kit]], which further increased the capability of the Fine Guidance Sensor.<ref name=STS-82 /> During this EVA astronauts noted cracking and wear on thermal insulation on the side of HST facing sun and in the direction of travel.<ref name=STS-82 />
EVA 2 began at 10:25&nbsp;pm, February 14, and lasted seven hours, 27 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a degraded Fine Guidance Sensor and a failed Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with new spares. Also installed was a new unit called the [[Optical Control Electronics Enhancement Kit]], which further increased the capability of the Fine Guidance Sensor.<ref name=STS-82 /> During this EVA astronauts noted cracking and wear on thermal insulation on the side of HST facing sun and in the direction of travel.<ref name=STS-82 />


EVA 3 began at 9:53&nbsp;pm, 15 February, and lasted seven hours, 11 minutes. Lee and Smith removed and replaced a Data Interface Unit on Hubble, as well as a reel-to-reel Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a new digital Solid State Recorder (SSR) that allowed simultaneous recording and playback of data.<ref name=STS-82 /> Also changed out was one of four Reaction Wheel Assembly units that use spin momentum to move telescope toward a target and maintain it in a stable position. After this EVA, mission managers decided to add EVA 5 to repair the thermal insulation on HST.
EVA 3 began at 9:53&nbsp;pm, February 15, and lasted seven hours, 11 minutes. Lee and Smith removed and replaced a Data Interface Unit on Hubble, as well as a reel-to-reel Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a new digital Solid State Recorder (SSR) that allowed simultaneous recording and playback of data.<ref name=STS-82 /> Also changed out was one of four Reaction Wheel Assembly units that use spin momentum to move telescope toward a target and maintain it in a stable position. After this EVA, mission managers decided to add EVA 5 to repair the thermal insulation on HST.<ref name="spacefacts">{{cite web|title=STS-82 Discovery|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-82.htm|date=March 27, 2020|website=spacefacts.de|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=October 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075945/http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-82.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


EVA 4 began at 10:45&nbsp;pm, 16 February, and lasted six hours, 34 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a Solar Array Drive Electronics package which controls the positioning of Hubble's solar arrays. Also replaced covers over Hubble's magnetometers and placed thermal blankets of multi-layer material over two areas of degraded insulation around the light shield portion of the telescope just below the top of the observatory. Meanwhile, inside Discovery Horowitz and Lee worked on the middeck to fabricate new insulation blankets for HST.
EVA 4 began at 10:45&nbsp;pm, February 16, and lasted six hours, 34 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a Solar Array Drive Electronics package which controls the positioning of Hubble's solar arrays. Also replaced covers over Hubble's magnetometers and placed thermal blankets of multi-layer material over two areas of degraded insulation around the light shield portion of the telescope just below the top of the observatory. Meanwhile, inside Discovery Horowitz and Lee worked on the middeck to fabricate new insulation blankets for HST.<ref name="spacefacts"/>


Final space walk, EVA 5, lasted five hours, 17 minutes. Lee and Smith attached several thermal insulation blankets to three equipment compartments at the top of the Support Systems Module section of the telescope which contain key data processing, electronics and scientific instrument telemetry packages. STS-82 EVA total of 33 hours, 11 minutes is about two hours shy of total EVA time recorded on first servicing mission.
Final space walk, EVA 5, lasted five hours, 17 minutes. Lee and Smith attached several thermal insulation blankets to three equipment compartments at the top of the Support Systems Module section of the telescope which contain key data processing, electronics and scientific instrument telemetry packages. STS-82 EVA total of 33 hours, 11 minutes is about two hours shy of total EVA time recorded on first servicing mission.<ref name="spacefacts"/>


Discovery's maneuvering jets fired several times during mission to reboost telescope's orbit by eight nautical miles. Hubble was redeployed on 19 February at 1:41&nbsp;am, at the highest altitude both it, and a STS Orbiter ever reached, a {{convert|335|nmi|km|adj=on}} by {{convert|321|nmi|km|adj=on}} orbit. Initial checkout of new instruments and equipment during mission showed all were performing nominally. Calibration of the two new science instruments took place over a period of several weeks, with first images and data anticipated in about eight to ten weeks.
Discovery's maneuvering jets fired several times during the mission to reboost the telescope's orbit by eight nautical miles. Hubble was redeployed on February 19 at 1:41&nbsp;am, into a {{convert|335|nmi|km|adj=on}} by {{convert|321|nmi|km|adj=on}} orbit. Initial checkout of new instruments and equipment during mission showed all were performing nominally. Calibration of the two new science instruments took place over a period of several weeks, with first images and data anticipated in about eight to ten weeks.


== Wake-up calls ==
== Wake-up calls ==
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Gemini program]], which was first used to wake up a flight crew during [[Apollo 15]].<ref name="chronology">
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Gemini program]], which was first used to wake up a flight crew during [[Apollo 15]].<ref name="wakeup"/>

{{cite news
⚫
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="wakeup">{{cite web
⚫
| first = Colin
⚫
|title = Chronology of Wakeup Calls (STS-82 listed)
⚫
| last = Fries
⚫
|url = https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf
⚫
| title = Chronology of Wakeup Calls
⚫
|publisher = NASA
| date = 25 June 2007
|date = March 13, 2015
⚫
| publisher = NASA
⚫
|last = Fries
⚫
| url = https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf
⚫
|first = Colin
| access-date = 13 August 2007
|access-date = November 6, 2022
}}
|archive-date = June 20, 2010
⚫
</ref>
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620230459/http://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf
⚫
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="chronology" /><ref name="wakeup">
|url-status = live
{{cite web
⚫
}}</ref>
| title = STS-82 Wakeup Calls
| publisher = NASA
| date = 11 May 2009
| author = NASA
}}
</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-82/mission-sts-82.html NASA mission summary]
* [http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/servicing_mission_2.html ESA-Hubble mission summary]
* [http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/servicing_mission_2.html ESA-Hubble mission summary]
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle82.htm STS-82 Video Highlights]
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle82.htm STS-82 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051450/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle82.htm |date=April 21, 2014 }}


{{Space Shuttle Discovery}}
{{Space Shuttle Discovery}}

Latest revision as of 21:55, 8 December 2024

STS-82
The Hubble Space Telescope in Space Shuttle Discovery's Payload bay
NamesSpace Transportation System-82
Mission typeHubble servicing
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID1997-004A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.24719
Mission duration9 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes, 9 seconds
Distance travelled6,100,000 kilometres (3,800,000 mi)
Orbits completed149
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftSpace Shuttle Discovery
Launch mass116,884 kilograms (257,685 lb)
Payload mass83,122 kilograms (183,253 lb)
Crew
Crew size7
Members
Start of mission
Launch dateFebruary 11, 1997, 08:55:17 (1997-02-11UTC08:55:17Z) UTC
Launch siteKennedy, LC-39A
End of mission
Landing dateFebruary 21, 1997, 08:32 (1997-02-21UTC08:33Z) UTC
Landing siteKennedy, SLF Runway 15
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth
Perigee altitude475 kilometres (295 mi)
Apogee altitude574 kilometres (357 mi)
Inclination28.4698 degrees
Period95.2 min
Capture of Hubble
RMS capture13 February 1997, 08:34 UTC
RMS release19 February 1997, 06:41 UTC

Left to right - Front: Bowersox, Hawley, Horowitz; Back: Tanner, Harbaugh, Lee, Smith
← STS-81
STS-83 →
← STS-61 (SM1)
STS-103 (SM3A) →

STS-82 was the 22nd flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery and the 82nd mission of the Space Shuttle program. It was NASA's second mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope, during which Discovery's crew repaired and upgraded the telescope's scientific instruments, increasing its research capabilities. Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 11, 1997, returning to Earth on February 21, 1997, at Kennedy Space Center.[1]

Crew

[edit]

Discovery was crewed by a seven person team for the STS-82 mission.[2]

Position Astronaut
Commander Kenneth D. Bowersox
Fourth spaceflight
Pilot Scott J. Horowitz
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1 Joseph R. Tanner
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2
Flight Engineer 		Steven A. Hawley
Fourth spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3 Gregory J. Harbaugh
Fourth and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 4 Mark C. Lee
Fourth and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 5 Steven L. Smith
Second spaceflight
Notes:
  • Commander Bowersox had served as pilot of STS-61, the first HST servicing mission.
  • Hawley had previously flown on STS-31, which deployed the HST.[3]

Spacewalks

[edit]
  • EVA 1 Lee and Smith
    • Start: February 14, 1997 – 04:34 UTC
    • End: February 14, 1997 – 11:16 UTC
    • Duration: 6 hours, 42 minutes
  • EVA 2 Harbaugh and Tanner
    • Start: February 15, 1997 – 03:25 UTC
    • End: February 15, 1997 – 10:52 UTC
    • Duration: 7 hours, 27 minutes
  • EVA 3 Lee and Smith
    • Start: February 16, 1997 – 02:53 UTC
    • End: February 16, 1997 – 10:04 UTC
    • Duration: 7 hours, 11 minutes
  • EVA 4 Harbaugh and Tanner
    • Start: February 17, 1997 – 03:45 UTC
    • End: February 17, 1997 – 10:19 UTC
    • Duration: 6 hours, 34 minutes
  • EVA 5 Lee and Smith
    • Start: February 18, 1997 – 13:15 UTC
    • End: February 18, 1997 – 18:32 UTC
    • Duration: 5 hours, 17 minutes

Crew seat assignments

[edit]
Seat[2] Launch Landing
Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.
Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
1 Bowersox
2 Horowitz
3 Tanner Harbaugh
4 Hawley
5 Harbaugh Tanner
6 Lee
7 Smith

Mission objectives

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Astronauts train in the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator with a mockup of the Hubble Space Telescope

The STS-82 mission was the second in a series of planned servicing missions to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope ("HST"), which had been placed in orbit on April 24, 1990, by Discovery during STS-31. The first servicing mission was done by Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-61. Work performed by Discovery's crew significantly upgraded the scientific capabilities of the HST and helped to keep the telescope functioning smoothly until the next scheduled servicing missions, which were STS-103 in 1999 and STS-109 in 2002.[1]

On the third day of the mission, Discovery's seven-member crew conducted the first of four spacewalks (also called Extra-vehicular Activities or "EVAs") to remove two older instruments and install two new astronomy instruments, as well as perform other servicing tasks. The two older instruments being replaced were the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph and the Faint Object Spectrograph, exchanged for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), respectively.[4]

Space shuttle discover lands on STS-82.
STS-82 landing

In addition to installing the new instruments, astronauts replaced other existing hardware with upgrades and spares. Hubble received a refurbished Fine Guidance Sensor, an optical device used to provide pointing information for the telescope and as a scientific instrument for astrometric science.[1] The Solid State Recorder (SSR) replaced one of HST's reel-to-reel tape recorders. The SSR provides much more flexibility than a reel-to-reel recorder and can store ten times more data.[1][4] One of Hubble's four Reaction Wheel Assemblies (RWA) -- part of the telescope's Pointing Control Subsystem—was replaced with a refurbished spare.[5] The RWAs use angular momentum to move and maintain the telescope in a desired position. The wheel axes are oriented so that the telescope can provide science with only three wheels operating, if required.[1] Study of the returned mechanism provided a rare opportunity to study equipment that had undergone long-term service (7 years) in space, particularly for the effects of vacuum on lubricants which were found to be in 'excellent condition'.[5]

Mission results

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Joseph Tanner performing maintenance on the Hubble Space Telescope.

STS-82 demonstrated anew the capability of the Space Shuttle to service orbiting spacecraft. Discovery's crew completed servicing and upgrading of the Hubble Space Telescope during four planned EVAs, later performing a fifth unscheduled space walk to repair insulation on the telescope.[4]

The Hubble Space Telescope was deployed in April 1990 during STS-31. It was designed to undergo periodic servicing and upgrading over its projected 15-year lifespan, with first servicing performed during STS-61 in December 1993. Hawley, who originally deployed the telescope, operated the orbiter Remote Manipulator System arm on STS-82 to retrieve the telescope for second servicing at 3:34 am EST, Feb 13, and positioned it above Discovery's payload bay less than half an hour later.[4]

Relying on more than 150 tools and crew aids, Lee and Smith performed EVAs 1, 3 and 5, with Harbaugh and Tanner performing EVAs 2 and 4. EVA 1 began at 11:34 pm EST, February 13, and lasted six hours, 42 minutes. One of Hubble's solar arrays was unexpectedly disturbed by a gust of air from Discovery's airlock when it was depressurized, but was not damaged.[4] Lee and Smith removed two scientific instruments from Hubble, the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) and Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS), and replaced them with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), respectively. STIS expected to shed further light on supermassive black holes.[4] NICMOS features more capable infrared detectors and gave astronomers their first clear view of the universe at near infrared wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.5 micrometers.[4]

EVA 2 began at 10:25 pm, February 14, and lasted seven hours, 27 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a degraded Fine Guidance Sensor and a failed Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with new spares. Also installed was a new unit called the Optical Control Electronics Enhancement Kit, which further increased the capability of the Fine Guidance Sensor.[4] During this EVA astronauts noted cracking and wear on thermal insulation on the side of HST facing sun and in the direction of travel.[4]

EVA 3 began at 9:53 pm, February 15, and lasted seven hours, 11 minutes. Lee and Smith removed and replaced a Data Interface Unit on Hubble, as well as a reel-to-reel Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a new digital Solid State Recorder (SSR) that allowed simultaneous recording and playback of data.[4] Also changed out was one of four Reaction Wheel Assembly units that use spin momentum to move telescope toward a target and maintain it in a stable position. After this EVA, mission managers decided to add EVA 5 to repair the thermal insulation on HST.[2]

EVA 4 began at 10:45 pm, February 16, and lasted six hours, 34 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a Solar Array Drive Electronics package which controls the positioning of Hubble's solar arrays. Also replaced covers over Hubble's magnetometers and placed thermal blankets of multi-layer material over two areas of degraded insulation around the light shield portion of the telescope just below the top of the observatory. Meanwhile, inside Discovery Horowitz and Lee worked on the middeck to fabricate new insulation blankets for HST.[2]

Final space walk, EVA 5, lasted five hours, 17 minutes. Lee and Smith attached several thermal insulation blankets to three equipment compartments at the top of the Support Systems Module section of the telescope which contain key data processing, electronics and scientific instrument telemetry packages. STS-82 EVA total of 33 hours, 11 minutes is about two hours shy of total EVA time recorded on first servicing mission.[2]

Discovery's maneuvering jets fired several times during the mission to reboost the telescope's orbit by eight nautical miles. Hubble was redeployed on February 19 at 1:41 am, into a 335-nautical-mile (620 km) by 321-nautical-mile (594 km) orbit. Initial checkout of new instruments and equipment during mission showed all were performing nominally. Calibration of the two new science instruments took place over a period of several weeks, with first images and data anticipated in about eight to ten weeks.

Wake-up calls

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NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.[6]

Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[6]

Flight Day Song Artist/Composer
Day 2 "Magic Carpet Ride" Steppenwolf
Day 3 "These Are Days" 10,000 Maniacs
Day 4 "Two Princes" Spin Doctors
Day 5 "Higher Love" Steve Winwood
Day 6 "The Packerena" WMYX-FM
Day 7 "Shiny Happy People" R.E.M.
Day 8 "Dreams" The Cranberries
Day 9 "That Thing You Do" The Wonders
Day 10 "Five Hundred Miles Away From Home" Reba McEntire
Day 11 "Born to Be Wild" Steppenwolf

Summary of instruments exchange

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See also

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References

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^ a b c d e "STS-82 (82)". NASA. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e "STS-82". Spacefacts. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Cite error: The named reference "spacefacts" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ Borsché, Catherine E. (June 2007). "A League of Their Own" (PDF). Space Center Roundup. 46 (6). National Aeronautics and Space Administration: 10. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NASA - STS-82". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Carré, D. J.; Bertrand, P. A. (1999). "Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope Reaction Wheel Lubricant". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 36 (1): 109–113. Bibcode:1999JSpRo..36..109C. doi:10.2514/2.3422.
  6. ^ a b Fries, Colin (March 13, 2015). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls (STS-82 listed)" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
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