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Coordinates: 33°36′N 73°02′E / 33.600°N 73.033°E / 33.600; 73.033
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{{Short description|Direct reporting post of the Pakistan Army.}}
{{Short description|Direct reporting post of the Pakistan Army.}}
{{Infobox military installation
{{Infobox military installation
| name = General Headquarters
| name = General Headquarters
| ensign = Pakistan Army Emblem.png
| ensign = Pakistan Army Emblem.png
| ensign_size = 150px
| ensign_size = 150px
| native_name =
| native_name =
| partof = [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]]
| partof = [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]]
| location =[[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala]], [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan
| location = [[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala]], [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan
| nearest_town = <!-- used in military test site infobox -->
| nearest_town = <!-- used in military test site infobox -->
| country =
| country =
| image =
| image =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| image2 = <!--secondary image, major command emblems for airfields -->
⚫
| alt2 =
| image2 = <!--secondary image, major command emblems for airfields -->
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|33|36|N|73|02|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
⚫
| caption2 =
⚫
| gridref =
⚫
| coordinates ={{coord|33|36|N|73|02|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| gridref =
| type = [[Headquarters unit|HQ]]
| image_map =
| type =[[Headquarters unit|HQ]]
⚫
| image_mapsize =
⚫
| image_map =
⚫
| image_map_alt =
⚫
| image_mapsize =
⚫
| image_map_caption =
⚫
| image_map_alt =
⚫
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
⚫
| image_map_caption =
⚫
| pushpin_mapsize =
⚫
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan
⚫
| pushpin_map_alt =
⚫
| pushpin_mapsize =
⚫
| pushpin_map_caption =
⚫
| pushpin_map_alt =
⚫
| pushpin_relief =
⚫
| pushpin_map_caption =
⚫
| pushpin_image =
⚫
| pushpin_relief =
⚫
| pushpin_label =
⚫
| pushpin_image =
⚫
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| pushpin_marksize =
| code = <!--facility/installation code -->
| code = <!--facility/installation code -->
| site_area = <!-- area of site m2, km2 square mile etc -->
| site_area = <!-- area of site m2, km2 square mile etc -->
| floor_area =
| floor_area =
| height = <!-- height of tallest part, not above sea level -->
| height = <!-- height of tallest part, not above sea level -->
| length = <!-- for border fences or other DMZs -->
| length = <!-- for border fences or other DMZs -->
| ownership = [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]] (MoD)
| ownership = [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]] (MoD)
| operator = Secretariat-I Army
| operator = Secretariat-I Army
| controlledby = [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the General Staff]]
| controlledby = [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the General Staff]]
| open_to_public = '''No'''
| open_to_public = '''No'''
| condition =
| condition =
| site_other_label = <!-- for renaming "Other facilities" in infobox -->
| site_other_label = <!-- for renaming "Other facilities" in infobox -->
| site_other = <!-- for other sorts of facilities – radar types etc -->
| site_other = <!-- for other sorts of facilities – radar types etc -->
| website = [https://m.facebook.com/profile.php?id=419317694786818 Facebook]
| website = [https://m.facebook.com/profile.php?id=419317694786818 Facebook]
| built = {{Start date and age|1851}}<br>{{small|(By [[British Indian Army|British Army in India]])}}
| built = {{Start date and age|1851}}<br>{{small|(By [[British Indian Army]])}}
| built_for = [[:Category:National army headquarters|National Army HQ]] of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
| built_for = [[:Category:National army headquarters|National Army HQ]] of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
| builder = [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]<br>{{small|(Construction and expansion since [[1947 in Pakistan|1947]])}}
| builder = [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]<br>{{small|(Construction and expansion since [[1947 in Pakistan|1947]])}}
| architect =
| architect =
| used = <!--{{End date|1946}} -->
| used = <!--{{End date|1946}} -->
| materials =
| materials =
| fate = <!--changed from demolished parameter-->
| fate = <!--changed from demolished parameter-->
| demolished =
| demolished =
| battles =
| battles =
| events =
⚫
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt-Gen.]] [[List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army|Avais Dastgir]]
⚫
| events =
| past_commanders = <!-- past notable commander(s) -->
⚫
| current_commander =[[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt-Gen.]] [[List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army|Avais Dastgir]]
| past_commanders = <!-- past notable commander(s) -->
| garrison = <!-- such as the 25th Bombardment Group -->
| garrison = <!-- such as the 25th Bombardment Group -->
| occupants = <!-- squadrons only -->
⚫
| designations = '''Army GHQ'''<ref name="Foreign Policy, Abbas, 2023" />
| occupants = <!-- squadrons only -->
⚫
| nrhp =
⚫
| designations = '''Army GHQ'''<ref name="Foreign Policy, Abbas, 2023" />
⚫
| footnotes = <!-- catchall in case it's needed to preserve something in infobox that doesn't work in new code -->
| nrhp =
⚫
| footnotes = <!-- catchall in case it's needed to preserve something in infobox that doesn't work in new code -->
}}
}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Participates in a Wreath Laying Ceremony at the General Headquarters (16246573276).jpg|thumb|250px|right|{{small|John Kerry, then-Secretary of State, at the pavilion of the Army GHQ in 2015.}}]]
[[File:Secretary Kerry Participates in a Wreath Laying Ceremony at the General Headquarters (16246573276).jpg|thumb|250px|right|{{small|John Kerry, then-Secretary of State, at the pavilion of the Army GHQ in 2015.}}]]
The '''General Headquarters''' ([[NATO reporting name|Reporting name]]: '''Army GHQ'''{{rp|230}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, Nawaz, 2008">{{cite book |last1=Nawaz |first1=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi, Sind, Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6 |pages=655 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crossed_Swords/jKyfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ghq |access-date=30 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Shah |title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement, and Capacity Building |date=2012 |publisher=Vij Books India |isbn=978-93-81411-20-9 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/94BEMwEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCpN7kgraDAxVlh-4BHcVRB9MQre8FegQIDBAF |access-date=30 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="www.ppra.org.pk">{{cite web |title=General Headquarters (Army) |url=https://www.ppra.org.pk/dad_org.asp?orgid=521&orgname=General%20Headquarters%20(Army) |website=www.ppra.org.pk |publisher=Public Procurement Regulatory Authority |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>) is a [[NATO reporting name|direct reporting]] and a general command post<!--- Army GHQ is not the HQ of the Pakistan Armed Forces---> of the Pakistan Army, located in the [[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala]] at the vicinity of [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], adjacent to the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]] (JS HQ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1487285/an-indians-trip-into-rawalpindis-pakistan-army-headquarters/|title=What an Indian saw inside the Pakistan Army headquarters|date=December 7, 2018|website=Quartz}}</ref>
The '''General Headquarters''' (abbreviated '''Army GHQ'''{{rp|230}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, Nawaz, 2008">{{cite book |last1=Nawaz |first1=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi, Sind, Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6 |pages=655 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&q=ghq |access-date=30 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Shah |title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement, and Capacity Building |date=2012 |publisher=Vij Books India |isbn=978-93-81411-20-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94BEMwEACAAJ |access-date=30 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="www.ppra.org.pk">{{cite web |title=General Headquarters (Army) |url=https://www.ppra.org.pk/dad_org.asp?orgid=521&orgname=General%20Headquarters%20(Army) |website=www.ppra.org.pk |publisher=Public Procurement Regulatory Authority |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>) is the direct reporting and the command post <!--- Headquarters? Army GHQ is not the HQ of the Pakistan Armed Forces---> of the Pakistan Army, located in the [[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala]] at the vicinity of [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], adjacent to the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]] (JS HQ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1487285/an-indians-trip-into-rawalpindis-pakistan-army-headquarters/|title=What an Indian saw inside the Pakistan Army headquarters|date=December 7, 2018|website=Quartz}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|Second Anglo-Afghan War}}
{{Main|Second Anglo-Afghan War}}


In 1851, the [[British Army]] in [[India]] made an permanent [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|headquarter]] in Rawalpindi when [[Marquess of Dalhousie]] decided to stationed the [[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Infantry Regiment]] to protect [[British India|India]] from Afghan intervention.<ref name="L. P. Sen"/> In 1854, [[Robert Milman]] from the [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Diocese of Calcutta]] had built the city's first Garrison Church and a telegraph office.{{rp|189}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, Coughley, 2000">{{cite book |last1=Cloughley |first1=Brian |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579374-1 |pages=435 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Pakistan_Army/5UvfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=GHQ |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="L. P. Sen"/> It is also the site where Robert Milman is buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876.<ref name="L. P. Sen"/>
In 1851, the [[British Army]] in [[India]] made an permanent [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|headquarter]] in Rawalpindi when [[Marquess of Dalhousie]] decided to stationed the [[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Infantry Regiment]] to protect [[British India|India]] from Afghan intervention.<ref name="L. P. Sen"/> In 1854, [[Robert Milman]] from the [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Diocese of Calcutta]] had built the city's first Garrison Church and a telegraph office.{{rp|189}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, Coughley, 2000">{{cite book |last1=Cloughley |first1=Brian |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579374-1 |pages=435 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UvfAAAAMAAJ&q=GHQ |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="L. P. Sen"/> It is also the site where Robert Milman is buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876.<ref name="L. P. Sen"/>


On 14 August 1947, [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Frank Messervy]] decided to establish the army headquarters of the Pakistan Army at the [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]], which was also the headquarter of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] of the former [[British Indian Army]]; Gen. Messervy established it as "Army GHQ", which he derived from [[GHQ India]].<ref name="L. P. Sen">{{cite book|author=L. P. Sen|title=Slender Was the Thread|date=1 January 1994|publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=978-0861316922|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYHXmx4cOUsC&pg=PA26 |access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shreenivas Kumar">{{cite book|author=Shreenivas Kumar Sinha|title=A soldier recalls|year=1992|publisher=Spantech & Lancer|isbn=978-8170621614|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHglFDHJi78C&pg=PA86 |access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Eqbal Ahmad">{{cite book|title=The Selected Writings of Eqbal Ahmad|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231127110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPIiR6tEHqgC&pg=PA593 |author=Eqbal Ahmad|edition=1st|author2=Noam Chomsky |author3=Carollee Bengelsdorf |author4=Margaret Cerullo |access-date=4 May 2012|page=592|date=13 June 2006}}</ref> The Army's GHQ was viewed as a temporary post in Rawalpindi since its where Gen. Messervy was based in.{{rp|51}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz Iqbal |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan/cw_gduyRv5oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=GHQ |access-date=31 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Since its establishment, the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi has faced many problems in [[civil–military relations]] context and [[Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces|criticism at broader level]] since the nation's capital was based in Karachi in past, and now in Islamabad.{{rp|51}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002"/>{{rp|75}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nawaz |first1=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crossed_Swords/jKyfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=GHQ |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Until 2006, the Army GHQ's command post was based in [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]] but later moved to [[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala]], near the vicinities of the [[PAF Base Nur Khan|PAF Base Chaklala]] and the JS HQ military headquarters.<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />
On 14 August 1947, [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Frank Messervy]] decided to establish the army headquarters of the Pakistan Army at the [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]], which was also the headquarter of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] of the former [[British Indian Army]]; Gen. Messervy established it as "GHQ Pakistan", which he derived from [[GHQ India]].<ref name="L. P. Sen">{{cite book|author=L. P. Sen|title=Slender Was the Thread|date=1 January 1994|publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=978-0861316922|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYHXmx4cOUsC&pg=PA26|access-date=26 April 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Shreenivas Kumar">{{cite book|author=Shreenivas Kumar Sinha|title=A soldier recalls|year=1992|publisher=Spantech & Lancer|isbn=978-8170621614|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHglFDHJi78C&pg=PA86 |access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Eqbal Ahmad">{{cite book|title=The Selected Writings of Eqbal Ahmad|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231127110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPIiR6tEHqgC&pg=PA593 |author=Eqbal Ahmad|edition=1st|author2=Noam Chomsky |author3=Carollee Bengelsdorf |author4=Margaret Cerullo |access-date=4 May 2012|page=592|date=13 June 2006}}</ref> The Army's GHQ was viewed as a temporary post in Rawalpindi since its where Gen. Messervy was based in.{{rp|51}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz Iqbal |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=GHQ |access-date=31 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Since its establishment, the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi has faced many problems in [[civil–military relations]] context and [[Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces|criticism at broader level]] since the nation's capital was based in Karachi in past, and now in Islamabad.{{rp|51}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002"/>{{rp|75}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nawaz |first1=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&q=GHQ |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Until 2006, the Army GHQ's command post was based in [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]] but later moved to [[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala]], near the vicinities of the [[PAF Base Nur Khan|PAF Base Chaklala]] and the JS HQ military headquarters.<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />


Since 2017, the Pakistan Army has been slowly moving its headquarters to nation's capital, [[Islamabad]] to be able to merge with the air force and the navy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1379072 |title=Army to be allotted over 1,000 acres for new GHQ, other offices |author=Kashif Abbasi |publisher=[[Dawn Media Group]] |date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
Since 2017, the Pakistan Army has been slowly moving its headquarters to nation's capital, [[Islamabad]] to be able to merge with the air force and the navy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1379072 |title=Army to be allotted over 1,000 acres for new GHQ, other offices |author=Kashif Abbasi |publisher=[[Dawn Media Group]] |date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
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The Pakistan Army's GHQ is a command post of the Pakistan Army where the secretariat of the [[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the Army Staff]] functions to ensure the ceremonial and operational command of the army.{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />
The Pakistan Army's GHQ is a command post of the Pakistan Army where the secretariat of the [[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the Army Staff]] functions to ensure the ceremonial and operational command of the army.{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />


There are ten branches of the Pakistan Army that are headed by the [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|lieutenant-generals]] and multiple administrative corps that are commanded by the director-generals who are ranked at the [[Major general|major-general]].{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" /> Each of the army's branches and the director-generals of the administrative corps works under the [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the General Staff]] (CGS).<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Alam. 2012">{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Dr Shah |title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building |date=1 July 2012 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-81411-79-7 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_Army/WvapCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=chief%20of%20general%20staff |access-date=31 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The chief of general staff, who usually heads the Army GHQ Staff, reports directly to chief of army staff on daily routine basis.<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Alam. 2012"/>
There are ten branches of the Pakistan Army that are headed by the [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|lieutenant-generals]] and multiple administrative corps that are commanded by the director-generals who are ranked at the [[Major general|major-general]].{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" /> Each of the army's branches and the director-generals of the administrative corps works under the [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the General Staff]] (CGS).<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Alam. 2012">{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Dr Shah |title=Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building |date=1 July 2012 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-81411-79-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvapCQAAQBAJ&q=chief%20of%20general%20staff |access-date=31 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The chief of general staff, who usually heads the Army GHQ Staff, reports directly to chief of army staff on daily routine basis.<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, Alam. 2012"/>


===Branches of the Pakistan Army===
===Branches of the Pakistan Army===
Line 129: Line 129:
There are ten branches of the Pakistan Army that are headed by the [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|lieutenant-generals]] and multiple administrative corps that are commanded by the director-generals who are ranked at the [[Major general|major-general]].{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />
There are ten branches of the Pakistan Army that are headed by the [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|lieutenant-generals]] and multiple administrative corps that are commanded by the director-generals who are ranked at the [[Major general|major-general]].{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />


The Chief of Army Staff Secretariat is not considered as apart of the army branch but functions separately as an office of the chief of army staff.{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />
The Chief of Army Staff Secretariat is not considered as a part of the army branch but functions separately as an office of the chief of army staff.{{rp|47}}<ref name="NYU Press, Cheema, 2002" />


{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
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|sublabel2={{small|(GS Brnch.)}}
|sublabel2={{small|(GS Brnch.)}}
|2={{Clade |color=red
|2={{Clade |color=red
|1=[[Directorate|Dte.]] of Military Operations
|1=Vice-CGS(A)
|2=Corps of Military Intelligence
|2=Vice-CGS(B)
|3=Dte. Inspection and Technical Development
|3=DG Military Operations
|5=Dte. Organization and Methods
|4=DG Military Intelligence
|6=DG Defense Security Force
|5=DG Inspection and Technical Development
|7=Dte. Weapons and Equipment
|6=DG Organization and Methods
|7=DG Defense Security Force

|8=DG Weapons and Equipment


}}
}}
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|3=Director-General Perspective Planning Cell
|3=Director-General Perspective Planning Cell


}}
}}
|label3=Logistics Branch
|label3=Logistics Branch
|sublabel3={{small|(Log. Brnch.)}}
|sublabel3={{small|(Log. Brnch.)}}
|3={{Clade |state=dashed
|3={{Clade |state=dashed
|1=Dte. of Logistics
|1=Vice-CLS(A)
|2=Vice-CLS(B)
|2=[[National Logistics Corporation|National Logistics Corp]]
|3=[[Pakistan Army Corps of Service|Army Service Corps]]
|3=DG of Logistics
|4=Dte. of Budget and [[Askari Bank|Banking]]
|4=DG of [[National Logistics Corporation]]
|5=[[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Corps of EME]]
|5=Commandant [[Pakistan Army Corps of Service|Army Service Corps]]
|6=[[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps|Aviation Corps]]
|6=Dte. of Budget and [[Askari Bank|Banking]]
|7=[[Master-General of Ordnance (Pakistan)|MGO]] of [[Pakistan Army Ordnance Corps|Ordnance Corps]]
|7=Commandant [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Corps of EME]]
⚫
|8=DG of [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps|Aviation Corps]]
|9=[[Master-General of Ordnance (Pakistan)|MGO]] of [[Pakistan Army Ordnance Corps|Ordnance Corps]]
|10=DG of Supply & Transport
|11=DG of Aviation Fleet Management (DG-AFM)

}}
}}
|label4=Arms Branch
|label4=Arms Branch
|sublabel4={{small|(Arms Brnch.)}}
|sublabel4={{small|(Arms Brnch.)}}
|4={{Clade |thickness=2
|4={{Clade |thickness=2
|1=[[Infantry Branch (Pakistan Army)|Infantry Brnch.]]
|1=DG [[Infantry Branch (Pakistan Army)|Infantry Brnch.]]
|2=[[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armored Corps]]
|2=DG [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armored Corps]]
|3=[[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|Artillery]]
|3=DG [[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|Artillery]]
|4=[[Pakistan Army Air Defence Corps|Air Defence Corps]]
|4=DG [[Pakistan Army Air Defence Corps|Air Defence Corps]]
|5=[[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Engineers]]
|5=DG [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Engineers]]
|6=[[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps|Army Aviation Corps]]
|6=DG [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps|Army Aviation Corps]]
|7=Dy. DG Arms

}}
}}
|label5=Adjutant-General Branch
|label5=Adjutant-General Branch
Line 192: Line 199:
|9=Comptroller-General of Civilians
|9=Comptroller-General of Civilians
|10=Dte. Procurement-Army (P-A)
|10=Dte. Procurement-Army (P-A)
|11=Dte. Personal Administration (PA)
|11=Dte. Personal Administration (PA)



}}
}}
Line 215: Line 221:
|6=DG of [[Army Institute of Military History|Institute of Military History]]
|6=DG of [[Army Institute of Military History|Institute of Military History]]
|7=Cmdt. of [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]
|7=Cmdt. of [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]
|8=DG of Physical and Sports
|8=DG of Physical fitness and Sports
|9=Dir. of [[Pakistan Armed Forces Band|Band]]
|9=DG of [[Pakistan Armed Forces Band|Band]]
|10=DG [[Federal Government Educational Institutes]]
}}
}}
|label8=Quartermaster-General Branch
|label8=Quartermaster-General Branch
|sublabel8={{small|(QMG Brnch.)}}
|sublabel8={{small|(QMG Brnch.)}}
|8={{Clade |color=red
|8={{Clade |color=red
|1=DG of [[Cantonment (Pakistan)|Cantonments]]
|1=Deputy Quartermaster-General
|2=DG of [[Military Lands and Cantonments Department|Military Lands and Cantonments]]
|2=DG of [[Cantonment (Pakistan)|Cantonments]]
|3=DG of [[Military Lands and Cantonments Department|Military Lands and Cantonments]]
|3=DG of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Remount Veterinary and Farms|Corps of Remount Veterinary and Farms]]
|4=DG of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Remount Veterinary and Farms|Corps of Remount Veterinary and Farms]]
|4=Pres. of [[Army Welfare Trust|Welfare Trust]]
|5=Pres. of [[Army Welfare Trust|Welfare Trust]]
}}
}}
|label9=[[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer-in-Chief]] Branch
|label9=[[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer-in-Chief]] Branch
|sublabel9={{small|(E-in-C Brnch.)}}
|sublabel9={{small|(E-in-C Brnch.)}}
Line 234: Line 242:
|4=Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
|4=Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
|5=[[Surveyor General of Pakistan|Surveyor-General of Mapping Services]]
|5=[[Surveyor General of Pakistan|Surveyor-General of Mapping Services]]
|6=DG Works & Chief Engineer Army (DG CE-A)
}}
}}
|label10=Communication and Information Technology Branch
|label10=Communication and Information Technology Branch
|sublabel10={{small|(C&IT Brnch.)}}
|sublabel10={{small|(C&IT Brnch.)}}
|10={{Clade |state=dashed
|10={{Clade |state=dashed
|1=Deputy Inspector General Communication & IT
⚫
|1=DG of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]
|2=Signal Officer in Chief
|2=Dte. of Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence
|3=Dte. of Cyber Operations
|3=DG of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]
|4=DG of [[Special Communications Organization]]
|4=Dte. of Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence
|5=Dte. of Cyber Operations
|6=DG of [[Special Communications Organization]]
}}
}}
|label11=Surgeon-General Branch
|label11=Surgeon-General Branch
|sublabel11={{small|(SG Brnch.)}}
|sublabel11={{small|(SG Brnch.)}}
|11={{Clade |color=red
|11={{Clade |color=red
|1=[[Pakistan Army Medical Corps|Medical Corps]]
|1=Deputy Surgeon General
|2=[[Pakistan Army Medical Corps|Medical Corps]]
|2=DG of [[Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service|Nursing Corps]]
|3=DG Medicine
|4=DG Surgery
|5=DG of [[Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service|Nursing Corps]]
|3=IG of [[Combined Military Hospitals]]
|6=IG of [[Combined Military Hospitals]]
|4=DG of Medical Services (Inter-Services)
|7=DG of Medical Services (Inter-Services)
|5=DG of Medical Services, Azad Kashmir
|8=DG of Medical Services, Azad Kashmir
|6=DG of Medical Services, (Navy)
|9=DG of Medical Services, (Navy)
|10=Principal Army Medical College (AMC)






}}
}}
}}
}}

}}
}}


{{center|''Source:{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}} }}
{{center|''Source:''{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}} }}


==Security==
==Security==
===Incidents, breaches, and relocation efforts===
===Incidents, breaches, and relocation efforts===
⚫
[[File:Pervez Musharraf's Mercedes Benz in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|250px|right|{{small|The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] (red beret and white belt) guarding the official vehicle used by Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]]}}]]
{{Main|Operation Janbaz|2008 Lal Masjid bombing|December 2009 Rawalpindi attack|2014 Rawalpindi suicide bombing}}
⚫
In 1970s, the Army's GHQ became a focal point of massive arrests and incidents of military police's [[baton charge]] on protestors when politicians [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (in 1970) and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (in 1977) were taken into custody.{{rp|115}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, GA Khan, 2007">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Gohar Ayub |title=Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=University of Karachi, Sind, Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-547354-4 |pages=354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQduAAAAMAAJ&q=Mujib+GHQ |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Pervez Musharraf's Mercedes Benz in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|250px|right|{{small|The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] (red beret and white belt) guarding the official vehicle used by the chief of army staff, ca. 2006.}}]]
⚫
In 1970s, the Army's GHQ became a focal point of massive arrests and incidents of military police's [[baton charge]] on protestors when politicians [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (in 1970) and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (in 1977) were taken in the custody.{{rp|115}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, GA Khan, 2007">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Gohar Ayub |title=Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=University of Karachi, Sind, Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-547354-4 |pages=354 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Glimpses_Into_the_Corridors_of_Power/xQduAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Mujib+GHQ&dq=Mujib+GHQ&printsec=frontcover |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>


Due to being a significant command post of the army, the [[Pakistani Taliban|Taliban insurgents]] have repeatedly carried series of violent terrorist attacks at the premises of the GHQ, with first attack reported in 2007.<ref name="Foreign Policy, Abbas, 2023">{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Hassan |title=Deciphering the attack on Pakistan’s Army headquarters |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/11/deciphering-the-attack-on-pakistans-army-headquarters/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=Foreign Policy |agency=Foreign Policy |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=October 11, 2009}}</ref>
The [[Pakistani Taliban]] have repeatedly attacked the headquarters. The first attack took place in 2007.<ref name="Foreign Policy, Abbas, 2023">{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Hassan |title=Deciphering the attack on Pakistan's Army headquarters |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/11/deciphering-the-attack-on-pakistans-army-headquarters/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=Foreign Policy |agency=Foreign Policy |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> Others followed in 2008, resulting in [[Operation Janbaz]]; the [[2008 Lal Masjid bombing]]; the [[December 2009 Rawalpindi attack]]; and the [[2014 Rawalpindi suicide bombing]].


To prevent the Taliban's repeated infiltration and to address the issue of increase security, the Army's GHQ (together with JS HQ) has been slowly moving its command infrastructure to Islamabad to integrate with the navy and air force's headquarters that are located in much safer zones of Islamabad, the nation's capital, since 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Army to get over 1,000 acres for new General Headquarters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-army-to-get-over-1000-acres-for-new-general-headquarters/articleshow/62269761.cms |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
To prevent the Taliban's repeated infiltration and to address the issue of increase security, the headquarters, together with Joint Staff Headquarters, has been slowly moving to Islamabad to integrate with the navy and air force's headquarters that are located in much safer zones of Islamabad, since 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Army to get over 1,000 acres for new General Headquarters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-army-to-get-over-1000-acres-for-new-general-headquarters/articleshow/62269761.cms |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 December 2017}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 282: Line 296:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==Further reading==
*Cloughley, Brian (2000). ''A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections''. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;435. ISBN 978-0-19-579374-1. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
*Cloughley, Brian (2000). ''A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections''. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;435. {{ISBN|978-0-19-579374-1}}. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
*Nawaz, Shuja (2008). ''Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within''. Karachi, Sind, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;655. ISBN 978-0-19-547660-6. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
*Nawaz, Shuja (2008). ''Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within''. Karachi, Sind, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;655. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547660-6}}. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
{{Military headquarters in Pakistan}}
{{Military headquarters in Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}

Latest revision as of 23:13, 5 December 2024

General Headquarters
Part of Joint Staff Headquarters
Chaklala, Rawalpindi, Punjab in Pakistan
General Headquarters is located in Punjab, Pakistan
General Headquarters
General Headquarters
General Headquarters is located in Pakistan
General Headquarters
General Headquarters
Coordinates33°36′N 73°02′E / 33.600°N 73.033°E / 33.600; 73.033
TypeHQ
Site information
OwnerMinistry of Defense (MoD)
OperatorSecretariat-I Army
Controlled byChief of the General Staff
Open to
the public		No
WebsiteFacebook
Site history
Built1851; 173 years ago (1851)
(By British Indian Army)
Built forNational Army HQ of Pakistan Armed Forces
Built byCorps of Engineers
(Construction and expansion since 1947)
Garrison information
Current
commander		Lt-Gen. Avais Dastgir
DesignationsArmy GHQ[1]
John Kerry, then-Secretary of State, at the pavilion of the Army GHQ in 2015.

The General Headquarters (abbreviated Army GHQ: 230 [2][3][4]) is the direct reporting and the command post of the Pakistan Army, located in the Chaklala at the vicinity of Rawalpindi, adjacent to the Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ).[5]

History

[edit]
Main article: Second Anglo-Afghan War

In 1851, the British Army in India made an permanent headquarter in Rawalpindi when Marquess of Dalhousie decided to stationed the 53rd Infantry Regiment to protect India from Afghan intervention.[6] In 1854, Robert Milman from the Diocese of Calcutta had built the city's first Garrison Church and a telegraph office.: 189 [7][6] It is also the site where Robert Milman is buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876.[6]

On 14 August 1947, Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army General Frank Messervy decided to establish the army headquarters of the Pakistan Army at the Rawalpindi, which was also the headquarter of the Northern Command of the former British Indian Army; Gen. Messervy established it as "GHQ Pakistan", which he derived from GHQ India.[6][8][9] The Army's GHQ was viewed as a temporary post in Rawalpindi since its where Gen. Messervy was based in.: 51 [10] Since its establishment, the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi has faced many problems in civil–military relations context and criticism at broader level since the nation's capital was based in Karachi in past, and now in Islamabad.: 51 [10]: 75 [11] Until 2006, the Army GHQ's command post was based in Rawalpindi but later moved to Chaklala, near the vicinities of the PAF Base Chaklala and the JS HQ military headquarters.[10]

Since 2017, the Pakistan Army has been slowly moving its headquarters to nation's capital, Islamabad to be able to merge with the air force and the navy.[12]

Gates

[edit]
Gates Purpose Road
Gate No 1 General
Gate No 2 Exclusively reserved for service/ex-service personnels
Gate No 3 Exclusively reserved for families/families of martyrs
Gate No 4 Exclusively reserved for politicians/bureaucrats
Gate No 5 Exclusively reserved for foreign dignatries
Gate No 6 Exclusively reserved for patients visiting CMH/Army Museum
Gate No 7 General

Secretariat

[edit]

The Pakistan Army's GHQ is a command post of the Pakistan Army where the secretariat of the Chief of the Army Staff functions to ensure the ceremonial and operational command of the army.: 47 [10]

There are ten branches of the Pakistan Army that are headed by the lieutenant-generals and multiple administrative corps that are commanded by the director-generals who are ranked at the major-general.: 47 [10] Each of the army's branches and the director-generals of the administrative corps works under the Chief of the General Staff (CGS).[13] The chief of general staff, who usually heads the Army GHQ Staff, reports directly to chief of army staff on daily routine basis.[13]

Branches of the Pakistan Army

[edit]

There are ten branches of the Pakistan Army that are headed by the lieutenant-generals and multiple administrative corps that are commanded by the director-generals who are ranked at the major-general.: 47 [10]

The Chief of Army Staff Secretariat is not considered as a part of the army branch but functions separately as an office of the chief of army staff.: 47 [10]

Branches at the Army GHQ
Chief of Army Staff Secretariat

Personal Secretary COAS

Director-General Staff Duties

Director-General Perspective Planning Cell

(COAS Secy.)
General Staff Branch

Vice-CGS(A)

Vice-CGS(B)

DG Military Operations

DG Military Intelligence

DG Inspection and Technical Development

DG Organization and Methods

DG Defense Security Force

DG Weapons and Equipment

(GS Brnch.)
Logistics Branch

Vice-CLS(A)

Vice-CLS(B)

DG of Logistics

DG of National Logistics Corporation

Commandant Army Service Corps

Dte. of Budget and Banking

Commandant Corps of EME

DG of Aviation Corps

MGO of Ordnance Corps

DG of Supply & Transport

DG of Aviation Fleet Management (DG-AFM)

(Log. Brnch.)
Arms Branch
(Arms Brnch.)
Adjutant‑General Branch

JAG Brnch.

Welfare and Rehabilitation

Military Accounts Brnch.

Dte. Housing

Dte. Personal Service

Provost Marshal-General of MP

DG of Army National Guards

DG of Strategic Projects

Comptroller-General of Civilians

Dte. Procurement-Army (P-A)

Dte. Personal Administration (PA)

(AG Brnch.)
Military Secretary Branch

Military Secretary

(MS Brnch.)
Training and Evaluation Branch

Dte. of Human Resource Development

DG of Corps of Education

Pres. of National Defence University

Cmdt. of Military Academy

DG of Institute of Military History

Cmdt. of Command and Staff College

DG of Physical fitness and Sports

DG of Band

DG Federal Government Educational Institutes

(T&E Brnch.)
Quartermaster‑General Branch

Deputy Quartermaster-General

DG of Cantonments

DG of Military Lands and Cantonments

DG of Corps of Remount Veterinary and Farms

Pres. of Welfare Trust

(QMG Brnch.)
Engineer-in-Chief Branch

DG of Frontier Works Organization

Military Engineering Service

Corps of Engineers

Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Surveyor-General of Mapping Services

DG Works & Chief Engineer Army (DG CE-A)

(E-in-C Brnch.)
Communication and Information Technology Branch

Deputy Inspector General Communication & IT

Signal Officer in Chief

DG of Corps of Signals

Dte. of Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence

Dte. of Cyber Operations

DG of Special Communications Organization

(C&IT Brnch.)
Surgeon‑General Branch

Deputy Surgeon General

Medical Corps

DG Medicine

DG Surgery

DG of Nursing Corps

IG of Combined Military Hospitals

DG of Medical Services (Inter-Services)

DG of Medical Services, Azad Kashmir

DG of Medical Services, (Navy)

Principal Army Medical College (AMC)

(SG Brnch.)
(Source: More citations needed)
Source:

Security

[edit]

Incidents, breaches, and relocation efforts

[edit]
The Military Police (red beret and white belt) guarding the official vehicle used by Gen. Pervez Musharraf

In 1970s, the Army's GHQ became a focal point of massive arrests and incidents of military police's baton charge on protestors when politicians Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (in 1970) and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (in 1977) were taken into custody.: 115 [14]

The Pakistani Taliban have repeatedly attacked the headquarters. The first attack took place in 2007.[1] Others followed in 2008, resulting in Operation Janbaz; the 2008 Lal Masjid bombing; the December 2009 Rawalpindi attack; and the 2014 Rawalpindi suicide bombing.

To prevent the Taliban's repeated infiltration and to address the issue of increase security, the headquarters, together with Joint Staff Headquarters, has been slowly moving to Islamabad to integrate with the navy and air force's headquarters that are located in much safer zones of Islamabad, since 2017.[15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Abbas, Hassan (October 11, 2009). "Deciphering the attack on Pakistan's Army headquarters". Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  2. ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Karachi, Sind, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 655. ISBN 978-0-19-547660-6. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  3. ^ Alam, Shah (2012). Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement, and Capacity Building. Vij Books India. ISBN 978-93-81411-20-9. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  4. ^ "General Headquarters (Army)". www.ppra.org.pk. Public Procurement Regulatory Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  5. ^ "What an Indian saw inside the Pakistan Army headquarters". Quartz. December 7, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d L. P. Sen (1 January 1994). Slender Was the Thread. South Asia Books. p. 26. ISBN 978-0861316922. Retrieved 26 April 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ Cloughley, Brian (2000). A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p. 435. ISBN 978-0-19-579374-1. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  8. ^ Shreenivas Kumar Sinha (1992). A soldier recalls. Spantech & Lancer. p. 86. ISBN 978-8170621614. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  9. ^ Eqbal Ahmad; Noam Chomsky; Carollee Bengelsdorf; Margaret Cerullo (13 June 2006). The Selected Writings of Eqbal Ahmad (1st ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0231127110. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2002). The Armed Forces of Pakistan. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1633-5. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  11. ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547660-6. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  12. ^ Kashif Abbasi (2017-12-27). "Army to be allotted over 1,000 acres for new GHQ, other offices". Dawn Media Group. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
  13. ^ a b Alam, Dr Shah (1 July 2012). Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-81411-79-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  14. ^ Khan, Gohar Ayub (2007). Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power. University of Karachi, Sind, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-19-547354-4. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Pakistan Army to get over 1,000 acres for new General Headquarters". The Economic Times. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cloughley, Brian (2000). A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections. Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. p. 435. ISBN 978-0-19-579374-1. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  • Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Karachi, Sind, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 655. ISBN 978-0-19-547660-6. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
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