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{{Navbox
{{Short description|National mosque of Brunei}}
|name = Bandar Seri Begawan landmarks
{{EngvarB|date=October 2021}}
|title = [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] landmarks
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
{{Infobox religious building
|listclass = hlist
| name = Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque
| native_name = Masjid Omar Ali Saifuddien
| native_name_lang = ms
| image = Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg
| caption = The mosque in 2007
| coordinates = {{Coord|4.8894|114.9392|type:landmark_region:BN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| location = [[Pusat Bandar, Brunei|Pusat Bandar]], [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], Brunei
| tradition = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| ownership = [[Government of Brunei]]
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Brunei)|Department of Mosque Affairs]]{{Efn|Every mosque in the country is governed by the Department of Mosque Affairs of the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Brunei)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]].{{Sfn|Information Department|2009|p=4}}|name=govern}}
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect = {{br list|[[Rudolfo Nolli]]|[[Booty Edwards & Partners]]|Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III}}
| architecture_type = [[mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]-[[Islamic architecture]]
| founded_by = [[Sultan of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]]
| groundbreaking = {{date|4 February 1954}}
| completed = {{date|26 September 1958}}
| construction_cost = [[US$]]5 million<ref name=":0" />
| capacity = 3,000
| length = {{convert|225|ft|m}}
| width = {{convert|86|ft|m}}
| height_max = {{convert|52|m|ft}}
| minaret_quantity = 5
| minaret_height = {{convert|166|foot|m}}
| site_area = {{convert|5|acre|ha}}
| footnotes = <ref name="Pelita Oct 1958" /><ref name="Fish Sep 1958" />
}}


|group1 = Sports venues
'''Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque''' ({{lang-ms|Masjid Omar Ali Saifuddien}}) or unofficially named the '''Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque''' ('''SOAS Mosque'''),<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Omar Ali Saifuddien |url=http://dscapplications.com/ubdbruneiheritage/Information.php?id=1 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]]}}</ref> is a [[mosque]] in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], the [[capital city|capital]] of [[Brunei]]. [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III]], the 28th [[Sultan of Brunei]], is credited with building the mosque, thus its name.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque |url=https://www.visitsoutheastasia.travel/top-sights/sultan-omar-ali-saifuddien-mosque/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Southeast Asia Travel |language=en-US}}</ref> It is one of the two [[List of mosques in Brunei|state mosques]] ({{lang|ms|masjid negara}}), the other [[Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque]].{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021|p=12}} One of the biggest and most striking mosques in the [[Far East]], it was completed in 1958 at a cost of US$5 million.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fahlbusch |first=Erwin |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |last2=Bromiley |first2=Geoffrey William |date=1999 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2413-4 |pages=303 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Mughal architecture]] of India had a significant effect on the design.<ref name=":1" />
|list1 =
* [[Berakas Sports Complex]]
* [[Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium]]
* [[Track and Field Sports Complex, Bandar Seri Begawan|Track and Field Sports Complex]]


|group2 = Government and<br/>royal buildings
The mosque is recognisable by its gold dome that dominates the city's skyline. It is situated in the middle of a man-made lagoon with a ceremonial stone [[barge]]. The inside is decorated with rugs from Saudi Arabia and walls made of Italian marble, which exudes both grandeur and respect. The mosque is a popular tourist destination due to its [[façade]], but its main purpose is to be a place of worship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mikoley |first=Kate |title=Brunei |date=2021-12-15 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-5026-6306-1 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> It has since become the most photographed icon in the country.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hor |first=Sandip |date=2024-02-15 |title=Travel: Discover Brunei through these must-visit places. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Travel:+Discover+Brunei+through+these+must-visit+places.-a0782561091 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Khaleej Times (Dubai, United Arab Emirates)}}</ref>
|list2 =
* [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]]
* [[Istana Banderung Kayangan]]
* [[Istana Darul Hana]]
* [[Istana Darussalam]]
* [[Istana Nurul Iman]]
* [[Lapau]]
* [[Ministry of Finance Building, Brunei|Ministry of Finance Building]]
* [[Prime Minister's Office (Brunei)#Prime Minister's Office building|Prime Minister's Office]]
* [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital]]


|group3 = [[List of museums in Brunei|Museums and<br/>galleries]]
== History ==
|list3 =
According to stories, [[Rudolfo Nolli]], an Italian artist and architect, created the mosque based on an initial drawing created by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Hannah Ming Yit |title=Engaging Modern Brunei: Research on language, literature, and culture |last2=Deterding |first2=David |date=2021-02-26 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-334-721-2 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref> With the help of Sino-Malayan engineers and comprehensive architectural designs created by [[Booty Edwards & Partners|Booty and Edward Chartered Architects]],<ref name=":3" /> the construction began on 4 February 1954.{{efn|The architectural firm involved in the construction was the Malaysia-based [[Booty Edwards & Partners]], whereas the consulting firm was the Singapore-based Steen, Sehested and Partners.<ref name="Fish Sep 1958" />|name=firm}} <ref>{{Cite book |title=50 Years Historical Moments of Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, 1958-2008 |date=2008 |publisher=Ministry of Religious Affairs, Negara Brunei Darussalam |isbn=978-99917-922-0-0 |pages=103 |language=ms}}</ref> Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III provided the first concepts for the mosque designs, which draughtsman Awang Besar Sagap put down on paper. Since Padang Besar (present day Taman Haji Sir Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien) was utilised for large meetings, it was first proposed that this was the location of the mosque. For the sake of the [[Kampong Ayer]] people, the Sultan, however, requested that it be in the current location close to the [[Brunei River]].<ref name=":3" />
* [[Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum]]
* [[Brunei Energy Hub]]
* [[Brunei History Centre]]
** [[Old Lapau]]
* [[Brunei Museum]]
* [[Kampong Ayer Cultural and Tourism Gallery]]
* [[Kota Batu Archaeological Park]]
* [[Malay Technology Museum]]
* [[Royal Regalia Museum]]


|group4 = Places of worship
The construction uses 1,500 tons of concrete and 700 tons of steel, with its [[Foundation pile|foundation piles]] measuring between {{convert|80|-|120|ft|m}}.<ref name="Fish Sep 1958" /> The mosque was completed in five years, and the Sultan declared it open on 26 September 1958,<ref name=":3" /> in conjunction to his 42nd birthday celebration.<ref name="Fish Sep 1958">{{Cite web |last=Fish |first=William |title=6,000 roar their thanks as Sultan of Brunei opens mosque |date=27 September 1958 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |page=1 |via=NewspaperSG |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580927-1.2.3 |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Pelita Oct 1958">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |title=MINGGU PERAYA'AN DI-BANDAR BRUNEI, PEMBESAR2 LUAR NEGERI BERSARAM BERGEMBERA |date=1 October 1958 |newspaper=Pelita Brunei |issue=3 #16 |pages=2, 4 |language=ms |agency=Jabatan Penerangan |url=http://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/1958/1%20okt%201958.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> [[Hassan Azhari|Tan Sri Hassan Azhari]] sang the call to prayer at the mosque's opening.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidek |first=Hasbi |date=2018-10-06 |title=Hassan Azhari meninggal dunia |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/10/482623/hassan-azhari-meninggal-dunia |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Berita Harian]] |language=ms}}</ref> The mosque's barge was was inaugurated on 19 December 1967 in conjunction with the 1,400th anniversary of [[Nuzul Al-Quran]].<ref name="Pelita 13.12.1967">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=13 December 1967 |title=Pembenaan Mahligai menelan belanja $500,000.00 |url=http://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/1967/PB%2013%20Dis%201967.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021 |newspaper=Pelita Brunei |page=2 |language=ms |issue=12 #50 |agency=Jabatan Penyiaran dan Penerangan Kerajaan Brunei}}</ref>
|list4 =
* [[Ash-Shaliheen Mosque]]
* [[Pro-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Brunei)|Church of Our Lady of the Assumption]]
* [[Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque]]
* [[Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque]]


|group5 = Structures
During the construction of the Jame' Asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque in 1994, the mosque underwent alterations that including the addition of additional decorations to the main hall vault and entry ceiling.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021|p=8–9}}
|list5 =
* [[Bubungan Dua Belas]]
* [[Dermaga Diraja Bandar Seri Begawan]]
* [[Kampong Ayer]]
* [[Kianggeh Market]]
* [[Raja Ayang Mausoleum]]
* [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha Bridge]]
* [[Secretariat Building, Brunei|Secretariat Building]]
* [[Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Silver Jubilee Park]]
* [[Taman Haji Sir Muda Omar 'Ali Saifuddien]]
* [[Taman Mahkota Jubli Emas]]
* [[Tasek Lama Recreational Park]]


|group6 = Other
== Design and features ==
|list6 =
* [[Brunei International Airport]]
* [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Library]]
* [[Gadong, Brunei|Gadong]]
* [[Jong Batu]]


|below =
=== Structure ===
}}<noinclude>
The mosque's general architectural style is primarily influenced by the [[Mughal Empire]],{{Efn|The architecture of the mosque is frequently characterized as a fusion of [[Modernism (architecture)|modernism]] and Mughal architecture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=YouGuide |title=The Complete Travel Guide for Brunei |publisher=Youguide International BV |language=en |page=41}}</ref>|name=Mughal}} with elements of Islam and Brunei accented throughout the structure's [[façade]] and interior. The [[mihrab]], [[mimbar]], prayer hall and dome, [[minaret]], [[Ablution in Islam|ablution]] area, and courtyard are the six areas that make up the mosque. Each portion was purposefully designed for a certain function. Nolli created all of the architectural elements, including the pillars with their distinctive Bruneian [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]], a thick rope or ''kalat''. This pattern is a reflection of the columns in [[Lapau]]. A square fountain pool with green and yellow tiles creating a [[songket]] weave (''tenunan'') pattern can be seen outside in the courtyard on the left.<ref name=":3" />
{{navbox documentation}}

[[Category:Bandar Seri Begawan|Landmarks]]
The mosque, which measures {{Convert|225x86|ft}} and can hold 3,000 worshipers, features an area for ablution that is surrounded by ''kalat'' pillars that are evocative of historic [[Andalusia|Andalusian]] palaces. Islamic art, including [[Arabic calligraphy]], geometric patterns, floral motifs, trefoil arches, and Quranic passages, adorn the mosque's interior as visitors enter through its copper doors. The mihrab marks the direction of [[Mecca]] ([[qibla]]) and is located at the far end of the prayer hall. It is here that the imam leads the assembly in prayer. The mosque's central architectural and symbolic element, the mihrab, is adorned with gold [[Mosaic|mosaics]] and abstract floral designs. Its ceiling is a circular design with [[Quran|Quranic]] passages.<ref name=":3" />
[[Category:Brunei templates]]

</noinclude>
The mimbar, which the Sultan created, is a two-story pulpit in the mosque where the Imam gives sermons. The al-Muazzin, who invites people to prayer, uses the first step while the [[imam]] uses the second level. Together with the four lesser minarets, the {{Convert|166|foot}}-tall main minaret, the highest in the nation, represents the [[five pillars of Islam]] and amplifies the [[call to prayer]].<ref name=":3" /> The prayer hall is located beneath the {{Convert|52|m}}-tall golden dome and is decorated with handcrafted [[Axminster carpet]]s from Saudi Arabia and Belgium.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021|p=8}} There is also a second royal prayer chamber for [[House of Bolkiah|royal family members]] on the top right level that may be reached via escalator.<ref name=":3" />

The mosque's other furnishings consisted of the [[Singapore dollar|S$]]200,000 [[Italian marble]] covering its floors and columns,<ref name="Fish Sep 1958" /> [[Shanghai]] granite, English chandeliers, and stained glass, are combined. The dome's curving surface covered in a mosaic made of more than three million [[Venetian glass]] pieces is perched above the cream-coloured building. [[Anthony Burgess]] said in his memoirs that the dome was coated in [[gold leaf]], which came away in flakes as the building contracted and expanded, giving the local fishermen the impression that the gold was a gift from [[Allah]]. An elevator up the {{Convert|44|m}}-tall minaret was also built.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ledesma |first=Charles de |title=Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei |last2=Lewis |first2=Mark |last3=Savage |first3=Pauline |last4=Guides (Firm) |first4=Rough |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-094-7 |pages=586 |language=en}}</ref> The chandelier of {{convert|15|ft|m}} in diameter and weighing more than {{Convert|3|t}}; it holds 62 [[Fluorescent tube|fluorescent tubes]], with an addition of 480 tubes for the interior.<ref name="Fish Sep 1958" />

=== Mahligai and lagoon ===
Situated next to the [[Kedayan River]] and surrounded by a man-made lagoon, the mosque represents a bridge connecting the [[History of Brunei|country's past and present]]. The most famous example is the concrete re-creation of Sultan [[Bolkiah]]'s boat, a [[16th century]] ''Mahligai'' (royal barge) on the lagoon.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021|p=8}} This [[Brunei dollar|B$]]500,000 barge,<ref name="Pelita 13.12.1967" /> which has been accessible since 1967, is based on the traditional [[Longboat|longboats]] used for warfare, memorial services, and royal celebrations by the [[Borneo]]'s indigenous people. Its central [[hypostyle]] [[pavilion]], stern, and bow are designed like birds, and its roof is pyramidal. These jars are commonly found in European drawings, woodcarvings, cloth paintings, and murals. The lagoon around the mosque and its boat path are ornamented with ridges that mimic the ancient shield known as the ''kelasak''. Bruneian textile weaving patterns and royal regalia serve as the inspiration for the boat's elaborate floral and vegetal decorations. The main pavilion's finial features Sultan [[Sharif Ali]]'s royal emblem. Mosaics that imitate the vibrant hues, intricate patterns, and motifs of Brunei's [[songket]] textiles, which are highly valued and essential to royal customs, are also used to decorate the mosque's water fountain and ablution area.{{Sfn|Lopes|Mohd Hasnan|2021|p=8}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lopes |first=Rui Oliveira |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354614534_The_Expression_of_Cultural_Identity_in_Mosque_Architecture_in_Brunei_Darussalam |title=The Expression of Cultural Identity in Mosque Architecture in Brunei Darussalam |last2=Mohd Hasnan |first2=Nuriskandar |date=2021-05-31 |publisher=Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,[[ Universiti Brunei Darussalam]] |doi=10.1017/trn.2021.13 |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=researchgate.net}}
* {{Cite book |last=Information Department |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Brunei%20Today%20PDF%20Library/2009/brunei_today_june_2009.pdf |title=Brunei Today |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Prime Minister's Office (Brunei)|Prime Minister's Office]] |volume=11 (2) |location=[[Bandar Seri Begawan]]}}

{{Commons category}}

Revision as of 13:11, 3 December 2024

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