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{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name =ICAR Universal
|name =ICAR Universal
|image = ICAR Universal.jpg
|image = ICAR Universal.jpg
|caption =
|caption =
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type =Trainer aircraft
|type =Trainer aircraft
|manufacturer =[[ICAR (aircraft manufacturer)|ICAR]]
|manufacturer =[[ICAR (aircraft manufacturer)|ICAR]]
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|variants with their own articles =
|variants with their own articles =
}}
}}
|}
|}


The '''ICAR Universal''' (I.C.A.R. Universal) was a 1930s [[Romania]]n two seat monoplane trainer, touring and aerobatics aircraft.
The '''ICAR Universal''' (I.C.A.R. Universal) was a 1930s [[Romania]]n two seat monoplane trainer, touring and aerobatics aircraft.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
[[File:ICAR Universal YR-CCI.jpg|thumb|ICAR Universal YR-CCI of prince Constantin Soutzo.<ref name="YR">[http://www.thai-aviation.net/files/YR_Register.pdf YR Register], accessdate 2013-12-21</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202087.html Flight, 30 July 1936], accessdate 2013-12-21</ref>]]
[[File:ICAR Universal YR-CCI.jpg|thumb|ICAR Universal YR-CCI of prince Constantin Soutzo.<ref name="YR">[http://www.thai-aviation.net/files/YR_Register.pdf YR Register] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224085952/http://www.thai-aviation.net/files/YR_Register.pdf |date=2013-12-24 }}, accessdate 2013-12-21</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202087.html Flight, 30 July 1936], accessdate 2013-12-21</ref>]]
The Universal was designed in 1932, led by engineer Mihail Racoviță, and manufactured in 1934 in the factory of [[ICAR (aircraft manufacturer)|ICAR]] (''Īntreprinderea de construcţii aeronautice româneşti'') in [[Bucharest]]. It was modeled after the German [[BFW M.23 |Messerschmitt M.23]]b, license &mdash; produced by the ICAR. There were three variants of the aircraft. The first was a long-distance single-seater sports aircraft, powered with 150&nbsp;HP [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14]] radial engine under [[NACA cowling]], giving it a maximum speed of 180&nbsp;km/h. One such aircraft (YR-MAI) was built for Princess [[Marina Stirbey]]. In a place of a forward cockpit, there was an additional fuel tank, giving it an endurance of 6&nbsp;hours. In the late 1930s, it was converted to two-seater touring aircraft.<ref name=aviatia>[http://aviatia.cda.ro/15years.htm ''Aviatia'' magazine website]</ref>
The Universal was designed in 1932, led by engineer Mihail Racoviță, and manufactured in 1934 in the factory of [[ICAR (aircraft manufacturer)|ICAR]] (''Īntreprinderea de construcţii aeronautice româneşti'') in [[Bucharest]]. It was modeled after the German [[BFW M.23|Messerschmitt M.23]]b, license &mdash; produced by the ICAR. There were three variants of the aircraft. The first was a long-distance single-seater sports aircraft, powered with 150&nbsp;HP [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14]] radial engine under [[NACA cowling]], giving it a maximum speed of 180&nbsp;km/h. One such aircraft (YR-MAI) was built for Princess [[Marina Stirbey]]. In a place of a forward cockpit, there was an additional fuel tank, giving it an endurance of 6&nbsp;hours. In the late 1930s, it was converted to two-seater touring aircraft.<ref name=aviatia>{{Cite web |url=http://aviatia.cda.ro/15years.htm |title=''Aviatia'' magazine website |access-date=2008-04-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193817/http://aviatia.cda.ro/15years.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


[[File:ICAR Universal Acrobatic ARPA.jpg|thumb|ICAR Universal Acrobatic]]
[[File:ICAR Universal Acrobatic ARPA.jpg|thumb|ICAR Universal Acrobatic]]
A further three aircraft were built in a single-seater [[aerobatics]] variant, '''ICAR Universal Acrobatic''' (YR-ACA, YR-ACB, YR-ACC<ref name="YR"/>). They had wing span increased to 12.9&nbsp;m, and were powered by a [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14|Sh.14]]a radial engine under a NACA cowling.
A further three aircraft were built in a single-seater [[aerobatics]] variant, '''ICAR Universal Acrobatic''' (YR-ACA, YR-ACB, YR-ACC<ref name="YR"/>). They had wing span increased to 12.9&nbsp;m, and were powered by a [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14|Sh.14]]a radial engine under a NACA cowling.


[[File:Icar Universal-biloc .jpg|thumb|ICAR Universal Biloc]]
[[File:Icar Universal-biloc.jpg|thumb|ICAR Universal Biloc]]
Following the success of the single-seaters, a small series of 10 two-seat trainers was built, also known as '''ICAR Universal Biloc''' (="two-seater").<ref name=aviatia/> This variant was powered by a 150&nbsp;HP [[de Havilland Gipsy Major]] inline engine, manufactured under licence at [[Braşov]] as the IAR 4GI. They were produced in 1935-1936.
Following the success of the single-seaters, a small series of 10 two-seat trainers was built, also known as '''ICAR Universal Biloc''' (="two-seater").<ref name=aviatia/> This variant was powered by a 150&nbsp;HP [[de Havilland Gipsy Major]] inline engine, manufactured under licence at [[Braşov]] as the IAR 4GI. They were produced in 1935-1936.


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==Description==
==Description==
Low-wing cantilever [[monoplane]], with a fixed landing gear. The wings were trapezoidal with rounded tips, single-spar, plywood covered (ailerons were fabric covered). The fuselage was semi [[monocoque]], made of a wooden frame, plywood covered. Front part was covered with metal sheet. The aircraft had one or two open cockpits in tandem, each with an individual windscreen. The cockpits of the Universal Biloc had glass sides, to improve views below. Engine in front: 130&nbsp;hp [[IAR 4GI]] inline engine (Universal Biloc) or 150&nbsp;hp [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14]] radial engine, with [[NACA cowling]]. Two-blade propeller. There was a rear skid under a tail. In the aerobatics variant, the main landing gear had teardrop spats.
The Universal was a low-wing cantilever [[monoplane]], with a fixed tail-skid landing gear trapezoidal, plywood skinned wings with rounded tips and fabric coveredailerons. The fuselage was a wooden framed, plywood covered semi-[[monocoque]], with the forward fuselage covered with metal sheet. The standard aircraft had one or two open cockpits in tandem, each with an individual windscreen and the Universal Biloc had glass windows in the cockpit sides, to improve visibility below. Power was provided by a {{cvt|97|kW|0}} [[IAR 4GI]] in-line engine in the Universal Biloc, or {{cvt|110|kW|0}} [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14]] radial engine, with [[NACA cowling]], driving a two-blade fixed-pitch propeller. In the aerobatics variant, the main landing gear had teardrop spats.

==Variants==
;Universal: standard utility / sport / trainer aircraft.
;Universal Acrobatic: aerobatic competition and training aircraft.
;Universal Biloc: Trainer also used in long distance record-breaking flights.


==Operators==
==Operators==
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==Specifications ==
==Specifications ==

{{aircraft specifications|
{{Aircraft specs
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
|ref=<!-- reference -->
<!-- please answer the following questions -->
|prime units?=met
|plane or copter?=plane
<!--
|jet or prop?=prop
General characteristics
-->
|crew=1
|crew=1
|capacity=1 or 1 + 1 student/passenger
|capacity=1
|length main= 6.9 m
|length m=6.9
|length alt=22 ft 8 in
|length note=
|span main=11.9 m
|span m=11.9
|span alt=39 ft
|span note=
|height main=1.95 m
|height m=1.95
|height alt= 6 ft 4¾ in
|height note=
|area main=14.3 m²
|wing area sqm=14.3
|area alt= 154 ft²
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>-->
|empty weight main= 465 kg
|empty weight alt= 1,023 lb
|empty weight kg=465
|loaded weight main= 710 kg
|empty weight note=
|loaded weight alt=1,562 kg
|gross weight kg=710
|gross weight note=
|useful load main=
|max takeoff weight kg=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|max takeoff weight alt=
|more general=
|engine (prop)=[[Siemens-Halske Sh 14]] or [[IAR 4GI]] ([[de Havilland Gipsy Major]] built under license)
<!--
|engine (prop) alt =
Powerplant
|type of prop= 7-cylinder radial or 4-cylinder [[straight engine]] air-cooled
-->
|number of props=1
|eng1 number=1
|power main=150 or 130 hp
|eng1 name=[[Siemens-Halske Sh 14]]
|power alt=110 or 97 kW
|eng1 type=7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine
|max speed main=180 or 195 km/h
|eng1 kw=110
|max speed alt= 97 or 105 knots, 112 or 121 mph
|eng1 note=<br>
|cruise speed main= 160 km/h
:::: or {{cvt|97|kW|0}} [[IAR 4GI]] (Gipsy Major built under license)
|cruise speed alt= 86 knots, 99 mph

|stall speed main=
|prop blade number=2
|stall speed alt=
|range main=
|prop name=
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|range alt=
|prop dia note=
|ceiling main=5,500 m
<!--
|ceiling alt=18,040 ft
Performance
|climb rate main=
-->
|climb rate alt=
|max speed kmh=180-195
|loading main=
|max speed note=
|loading alt=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|power/mass main=
|cruise speed kmh=160
|power/mass alt=
|cruise speed note=
|armament=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=5500
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|disk loading kg/m2=
|disk loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=<!--</br>
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}-->
}}
}}


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*[[BFW M.23|Messerschmitt M.23]]
*[[BFW M.23|Messerschmitt M.23]]
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
*[[Miles Hawk Major]] - [[Klemm Kl 25]] - [[Yakovlev UT-2]]
*[[Miles Hawk Major]]
*[[Klemm Kl 25]]
*[[Yakovlev UT-2]]
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
|see also=<!-- other relevant information -->
|see also=<!-- other relevant information -->
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Further reading==
* Ion Gudju, Gh. Iacobescu, Ovidiu Ionescu, ''Romanian Aeronautical Constructions 1905-1974'', Bucharest: Editura Militară, 1974
* {{cite book |last=Gugju |first=Ion |title=Romanian Aeronautical Constructions 1905-1974 |location=Brasov |first2=Gheorghe |last2=Iacobescu |first3=Ovidiu |last3=Ionescu |date=1974 }}
* {{ro icon}} <!-- cmd. av. (r) eng. -->Nicolae Balotescu, <!-- col. -->Dumitru Burlacu, <!-- col. -->Dumitru N. Crăciun, <!-- mr. av. (r) -->Jean Dăscălescu, <!-- lt.-col. eng. -->[[Dumitru Dediu]], <!-- eng. av. -->Constantin Gheorghiu, <!-- physician, PhD -->Corneliu Ionescu, <!-- col., PhD -->Vasile Mocanu, <!-- cmd. av. (r) eng. --> Constantin Nicolau, <!-- cpt. cmd. (r) -->Ion Popescu-Rosetti, <!-- cpt. eng. --> [[Dumitru Prunariu]], <!-- cpt. av. (r) -->Stelian Tudose, <!-- col., PhD -->Constantin Ucrain, <!-- g-ral.-col. --> Gheorghe Zărnescu, ''Istoria Aviației Române'', Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1984
* {{cite book |last1=Balotescu |first1=Nicolae |last2=Burlacu |first2=Dumitru |last3=Crăciun |first3=Dumitru N. |last4=Dăscălescu |first4=Jean |last5=Dediu |first5=Dumitru |last6=Gheorghiu |first6=Constantin |last7=Ionescu |first7=Corneliu |last8=Mocanu |first8=Vasile |last9=Nicolau |first9=Constantin |last10=Popescu-Rosetti |first10=Ion |last11=Prunariu|first11=Dumitru |last12=Tudose |first12=Stelian |last13=Ucrain |first13=Constantin |last14=Zărnescu |first14=Gheorghe |title=Istoria Aviației Române |date=1984 |publisher=Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică |location=Bucharest}}
* Dan Antoniu, George Cicos, ''Romanian Aeronautical Constructions'', 2nd Edition, Bucharest: Editura Vivaldi, 2007, ISBN 978-973-150-002-7
* {{cite book |last1=Antoniu |first1=Dan |last2=Cicos |first2=George |title=Romanian aeronautical constructions |date=2007 |publisher=Vivaldi |isbn=978-973-150-002-7 |edition=2nd}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|ICAR Universal}}
{{commons category|ICAR Universal}}
*[http://www.airwar.ru/enc/law1/icaruniversal.html Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba site]
*[http://www.airwar.ru/enc/law1/icaruniversal.html Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba site]
*[http://www.airclub.rdsnet.ro/modules.php?file=article&name=News&sid=14 Airclub of Romania]
*[https://archive.today/20020408092106/http://www.airclub.rdsnet.ro/modules.php?file=article&name=News&sid=14 Airclub of Romania]


{{aviation lists}}
{{ICAR aircraft}}
{{ICAR aircraft}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Icar Universal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Icar Universal}}
[[Category:Romanian sport aircraft 1930–1939]]
[[Category:1930s Romanian sport aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1934]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]

Latest revision as of 10:26, 29 November 2024

ICAR Universal
Role Trainer aircraft
Manufacturer ICAR
First flight 1934
Primary user Romania
Produced 1934-1936
Number built 14[1]

The ICAR Universal (I.C.A.R. Universal) was a 1930s Romanian two seat monoplane trainer, touring and aerobatics aircraft.

Design and development

[edit]
ICAR Universal YR-CCI of prince Constantin Soutzo.[2][3]

The Universal was designed in 1932, led by engineer Mihail Racoviță, and manufactured in 1934 in the factory of ICAR (Īntreprinderea de construcţii aeronautice româneşti) in Bucharest. It was modeled after the German Messerschmitt M.23b, license — produced by the ICAR. There were three variants of the aircraft. The first was a long-distance single-seater sports aircraft, powered with 150 HP Siemens-Halske Sh 14 radial engine under NACA cowling, giving it a maximum speed of 180 km/h. One such aircraft (YR-MAI) was built for Princess Marina Stirbey. In a place of a forward cockpit, there was an additional fuel tank, giving it an endurance of 6 hours. In the late 1930s, it was converted to two-seater touring aircraft.[1]

ICAR Universal Acrobatic

A further three aircraft were built in a single-seater aerobatics variant, ICAR Universal Acrobatic (YR-ACA, YR-ACB, YR-ACC[2]). They had wing span increased to 12.9 m, and were powered by a Sh.14a radial engine under a NACA cowling.

ICAR Universal Biloc

Following the success of the single-seaters, a small series of 10 two-seat trainers was built, also known as ICAR Universal Biloc (="two-seater").[1] This variant was powered by a 150 HP de Havilland Gipsy Major inline engine, manufactured under licence at Braşov as the IAR 4GI. They were produced in 1935-1936.

Operational service

[edit]

During August–September 1936, the long-range Universal (YR-MAI) was used by Marina Stirbey for a solo flight on the Bucharest-Tallinn-Helsinki-Copenhagen-Berlin-Bucharest route.[1] Later, it was converted to two-seater.

From 1934, three Universal Acrobatics, painted red, were used in a famous Romanian prewar aerobatics team Dracii Roșii (Red Devils, pilots were Petre Ivanovici, Mihail Pantazi and Maximilian "Max" Manolescu). They performed at numerous air shows in 1934-1937. It remained the most successful aerobatics aircraft built in Romania for a long time.

Most examples of Universal Biloc were used for training. They received military serial numbers 1 to 10, painted in white, but later some were given civilian registrations. Between April 14 and May 25, 1935, military pilots Alexandru Cernescu, Mihail Pantazi, George Davidescu, Gheorghe Olteanu, Gheorghe Jienescu and Anton Stengher flew three modified Universal Bilocs (YR-ACL, YR-AEL, YR-AEY) in a flight from Bucharest to Cape Town and back (23,000 km) in 149 hours 10 minutes of flight time. Endurance of these modified aircraft was increased from 3 to 8.5 h.

Description

[edit]

The Universal was a low-wing cantilever monoplane, with a fixed tail-skid landing gear trapezoidal, plywood skinned wings with rounded tips and fabric coveredailerons. The fuselage was a wooden framed, plywood covered semi-monocoque, with the forward fuselage covered with metal sheet. The standard aircraft had one or two open cockpits in tandem, each with an individual windscreen and the Universal Biloc had glass windows in the cockpit sides, to improve visibility below. Power was provided by a 97 kW (130 hp) IAR 4GI in-line engine in the Universal Biloc, or 110 kW (148 hp) Siemens-Halske Sh 14 radial engine, with NACA cowling, driving a two-blade fixed-pitch propeller. In the aerobatics variant, the main landing gear had teardrop spats.

Variants

[edit]
Universal
standard utility / sport / trainer aircraft.
Universal Acrobatic
aerobatic competition and training aircraft.
Universal Biloc
Trainer also used in long distance record-breaking flights.

Operators

[edit]
 Romania

Specifications

[edit]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Capacity: 1
  • Length: 6.9 m (22 ft 8 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.9 m (39 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 14.3 m2 (154 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 465 kg (1,025 lb)
  • Gross weight: 710 kg (1,565 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Siemens-Halske Sh 14 7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 110 kW (150 hp)
or 97 kW (130 hp) IAR 4GI (Gipsy Major built under license)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 180–195 km/h (112–121 mph, 97–105 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph, 86 kn)
  • Service ceiling: 5,500 m (18,000 ft)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Aviatia magazine website". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  2. ^ a b YR Register Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine, accessdate 2013-12-21
  3. ^ Flight, 30 July 1936, accessdate 2013-12-21

Further reading

[edit]
  • Gugju, Ion; Iacobescu, Gheorghe; Ionescu, Ovidiu (1974). Romanian Aeronautical Constructions 1905-1974. Brasov.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Balotescu, Nicolae; Burlacu, Dumitru; Crăciun, Dumitru N.; Dăscălescu, Jean; Dediu, Dumitru; Gheorghiu, Constantin; Ionescu, Corneliu; Mocanu, Vasile; Nicolau, Constantin; Popescu-Rosetti, Ion; Prunariu, Dumitru; Tudose, Stelian; Ucrain, Constantin; Zărnescu, Gheorghe (1984). Istoria Aviației Române. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
  • Antoniu, Dan; Cicos, George (2007). Romanian aeronautical constructions (2nd ed.). Vivaldi. ISBN 978-973-150-002-7.
[edit]
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