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For the pharmaceutical company, see [[ImmunoGen]]. For other uses, see [[Immunogen (disambiguation)]].{{Short description|Antigen/epitope that induce immune response}}
An '''immunogen''' is an [[antigen]] or any substance that may be specifically bound by components of the immune system ([[antibody]], [[lymphocytes]]). The term antigen arises from its ability to induce generation of antibodies (antigen = antibody generation). Despite the fact that all antigens are recognized by specific lymphocytes or by antibodies, not every antigen can evoke an immune response. Those antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response are said to be immunogenic and are called immunogens.<ref>{{cite book|title=Janeway’s Immunobiology 8th edition|year=2012|publisher=Garland Science|author=Murphy K.|pages=717–721, 789}}</ref>
An '''immunogen''' is any substance that generates B-cell (humoral/antibody) and/or T-cell (cellular) adaptive immune responses upon exposure to a host organism.<ref>
{{Citation | title = im·mu·no·gen | quote = a substance that produces an immune response | year = 2003 | work = Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary | edition = 11th | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, USA | publisher = Merriam-Webster, Inc. }}</ref><ref name=immunopaedia>
{{cite web | title = Immunogen | date = 4 March 2015 | url = https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/glossary/immunogen/ | publisher = immunopaedia.org.za | accessdate = 2021-10-21 | quote = A substance capable of eliciting a immune response. All immunogens are antigens, but some antigen are not immunogens (e.g. haptens) | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20211021110630/https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/glossary/immunogen/ | archivedate = 2021-10-21 | url-status = live}}</ref> Immunogens that generate antibodies are called antigens ("antibody-generating").<ref name=immunopaedia /> Immunogens that generate antibodies are directly bound by host [[antibodies]] and lead to the selective expansion of antigen-specific B-cells. Immunogens that generate T-cells are indirectly bound by host T-cells after processing and presentation by host antigen-presenting cells.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigen - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/antigen |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>


⚫
An immunogen can be defined as a complete antigen which is composed of the macromolecular carrier and [[epitopes]] (determinants) that can induce immune response.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immunogen - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/immunogen |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>
An immunogen is any antigen that is capable of inducing [[humoral]] and/or [[cell-mediated immunity|cell-mediated]] [[immune response]] rather than [[immunological tolerance]]. This ability is called immunogenicity. Sometimes the term immunogen is used interchangeably with the term antigen. But only an immunogen can evoke an immune response.<ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas Of Immunology|year=2010|publisher=CRC Press|author=Cruse J.M., Lewis R.E.|page=167}}</ref>


⚫
An explicit example is a [[hapten]]. Haptens are low-molecular-weight compounds that may be bound by antibodies, but cannot elicit an immune response. Consequently, the haptens themselves are nonimmunogenic and they cannot evoke an immune response until they bind with a larger carrier immunogenic molecule. The hapten-carrier complex, unlike free hapten, can act as an immunogen and can induce an immune response.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 7th edition|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier, Ed. Gruliow R.|author1=Abbas A.K. |author2=Lichtman A.H. |author3=Pillai S. |pages=101–103, 483}}</ref>
Generally, both are substances that are capable of generating antibodies (antigen) or immune responses (immunogen).


⚫
Until 1959, the terms immunogen and antigen were not distinguished.<ref name=Webster>{{cite web|last=Medical Dictionary|first=Merriam-Webster|title=Immunogen|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunogen|access-date=2013-12-31|archive-date=2014-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101084737/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunogen|url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫
We can define an immunogen as a complete antigen which is composed of the macromolecular carrier and [[epitopes]] (determinants) that can induce immune response.<ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas Of Immunology|year=2010|publisher=CRC Press|author=Cruse J.M., Lewis R.E.|page=163}}</ref>

⚫
An explicit example is a [[hapten]]. Haptens are low-molecular-weight compounds that may be bound by antibodies, but cannot elicit an immune response. Consequently, the haptens themselves are nonimmunogenic and they cannot evoke an immune response until they bind with a larger carrier immunogenic molecule. The hapten-carrier complex, unlike free hapten, can act as an immunogen and can induce an immune response.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 7th edition|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier, Ed. Gruliow R.|author=Abbas A.K., Lichtman A.H., Pillai S.|pages=101–103, 483}}</ref>

⚫
Until 1959, the terms immunogen and antigen were not distinguished!<ref name=Webster>{{cite web |last=Medical Dictionary|first=Merriam-Webster |title=Immunogen |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immunogen}}</ref>


== Used carrier proteins ==
== Used carrier proteins ==
* '''[[Keyhole limpet hemocyanin|Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH)]]'''
* [[Keyhole limpet hemocyanin]]
:It is copper-containing respiratory protein, isolated from keyhole limpets (Megathura crenulata). Because of its evolutionary distance from mammals, high molecular weight and complex structure it is usually immunogenic in vertebrate animals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Harris J.R., Markl J.|year=1999|title=Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KHL): a biomedical review|journal=Micron|volume=30|issue=6|pages=597–623|doi=10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00036-0}}</ref>
:It is copper-containing respiratory protein, isolated from keyhole limpets (Megathura crenulata). Because of its evolutionary distance from mammals, high molecular weight and complex structure it is usually immunogenic in vertebrate animals.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Harris J.R. |author2=Markl J. |year=1999|title=Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KHL): a biomedical review|journal=Micron|volume=30|issue=6|pages=597–623|doi=10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00036-0|pmid=10544506 }}</ref>


* '''[[Keyhole limpet hemocyanin|Concholepas Concholepas Hemocyanin (CCH)]]'''
* [[Keyhole limpet hemocyanin|Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin]]
:(also Blue Carrier Immunogenic Protein) It is alternative to KLH isolated from Concholepas concholepas.It has the similar immunogenic properties as KLH but better solubility and therefore better flexibility.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Arancibia S., Del Campo M., Nova E., Salazar F., Becker M.I.|title=Enhanced structural stability of Concholepashemocyanin increases its immunogenicity and maintains its non-specific immunostimulatory effects|journal=Eur J Immunol|volume=42|issue=3|pages=688–99|year=2012|doi=10.1002/eji.201142011}}</ref>
:(also blue carrier immunogenic orotein) It is alternative to KLH isolated from Concholepas concholepas. It has the similar immunogenic properties as KLH but better solubility and therefore better flexibility.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Arancibia S. |author2=Del Campo M. |author3=Nova E. |author4=Salazar F. |author5=Becker M.I. |title=Enhanced structural stability of Concholepashemocyanin increases its immunogenicity and maintains its non-specific immunostimulatory effects|journal=Eur J Immunol|volume=42|issue=3|pages=688–99|year=2012|doi=10.1002/eji.201142011|pmid=22144228 |hdl=10533/126832|s2cid=205788372 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>


* '''[[Bovine serum albumin|Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)]]'''
* [[Bovine serum albumin]]
:It is from the blood sera of cows and has similarly immunogenic properties as KLH or CCH. The cationized form of BSA (cBSA) is highly positively charged protein with significantly increased immunogenicity. This change possesses a greater number of possible conjugated antigens to the protein.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chen J.S., Chen A., Chang L.Ch., Chang W.S.W., Lee H.S., Lin S.H., Lin Y.F.|year=2004|title= Mouse model of membranous nephopathy induced by cationic bovine serum albumin: antigen dose response relation and strain differences|journal=Nephrol Dial Transplantant|volume=19|pages=2721–2728}}</ref>
:It is from the blood sera of cows and has similarly immunogenic properties as KLH or CCH. The cationized form of BSA (cBSA) is highly positively charged protein with significantly increased immunogenicity. This change possesses a greater number of possible conjugated antigens to the protein.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Chen J.S. |author2=Chen A. |author3=Chang L.Ch. |author4=Chang W.S.W. |author5=Lee H.S. |author6=Lin S.H. |author7=Lin Y.F. |year=2004|title= Mouse model of membranous nephopathy induced by cationic bovine serum albumin: antigen dose response relation and strain differences|journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant|volume=19|issue=11 |pages=2721–2728|doi=10.1093/ndt/gfh419 |pmid=15385633 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


* '''[[Ovalbumin|Ovalbumin (OVA)]]'''
* [[Ovalbumin]]
:Also known as egg albumin, the main protein (60-75% ) found in hen egg white. OVA is being soluble in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) what enable conjugation of haptens that are not soluble in aqueous buffers. Immune response can be enhanced by using an ajuvant injected together with the immunogen.<ref>{{cite journal|author=De Silva B.S., Egodage K.L., Wilson G.S.|year=1999|title=Purified protein derivate (PPD) as an immunogen carrier elicits high antigen specificity to haptens|journal=Bioconjug Chem|pages=496–501|volume=10|issue=3|doi=10.1021/bc9800724}}</ref>
:Also known as egg albumin, OVA is the main protein (60-75%) found in hen egg white. OVA is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which enables the conjugation of haptens that are not soluble in aqueous buffers. The immune response can be enhanced using an adjuvant injected together with the immunogen.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=De Silva B.S. |author2=Egodage K.L. |author3=Wilson G.S. |year=1999|title=Purified protein derivate (PPD) as an immunogen carrier elicits high antigen specificity to haptens|journal=Bioconjug Chem|pages=496–501|volume=10|issue=3|doi=10.1021/bc9800724|pmid=10346883 }}</ref>


== Immunological adjuvants ==
== Immunological adjuvants ==
:An [[adjuvant]] (from Latin adiuvare – to help) is any substance, distinct from antigen, which enhances immune response by various mechanisms: recruiting of professional [[antigen-presenting cell]]s (APCs) to the site of antigen exposure; increasing the delivery of antigens by delayed/slow release (depot generation); immunomodulation by cytokine production (selection of Th1 or Th2 response); inducing [[T cell|T-cell]] response (prolonged exposure of peptide-MHC complexes [signal 1] and stimulation of expression of T-cell-activating co-stimulators [signal 2] on the APCs' surface) and targeting (e. g. carbohydrate adjuvants which target [[lectin]] receptors on APCs). Adjuvants have been used as additives to improve vaccine efficiency since the 1920s. Generally, administration of adjuvants is used both in experimental immunology and in clinical settings to ensure a high quality/quantity memory-enhanced antibody response, where antigens must be prepared and delivered in a fashion that maximizes production of a specific immune response. Among commonly used adjuvants are Complete and Incomplete [[Freund's adjuvant]] and solutions of [[aluminum hydroxide]] or [[aluminum phosphate]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Abbas A.K., Lichtman A.H., Pillai S.|year=2012|title=Cellular and Molecular Immunology|publisher=Elsevier|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Cox J.C., Coulter A.R.|year=1997|title=Adjuvants –a classification and review of their modes of action|journal=Vaccine|volume=15|issue=3|pages=248–256|doi=10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00183-1}}</ref>
An [[adjuvant]] (from Latin adiuvare – to help) is any substance, distinct from antigen, which enhances immune response by various mechanisms: recruiting of professional [[antigen-presenting cell]]s (APCs) to the site of antigen exposure; increasing the delivery of antigens by delayed/slow release (depot generation); immunomodulation by cytokine production (selection of Th1 or Th2 response); inducing [[T cell|T-cell]] response (prolonged exposure of peptide-MHC complexes [signal 1] and stimulation of expression of T-cell-activating co-stimulators [signal 2] on the APCs' surface) and targeting (e. g. carbohydrate adjuvants which target [[lectin]] receptors on APCs). Adjuvants have been used as additives to improve vaccine efficiency since the 1920s. Generally, administration of adjuvants is used both in experimental immunology and in clinical settings to ensure a high quality/quantity memory-enhanced antibody response, where antigens must be prepared and delivered in a fashion that maximizes production of a specific immune response. Among commonly used adjuvants are complete and incomplete [[Freund's adjuvant]] and solutions of [[aluminum hydroxide]] or [[aluminum phosphate]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Abbas A.K. |author2=Lichtman A.H. |author3=Pillai S. |year=2012|title=Cellular and Molecular Immunology|publisher=Elsevier|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Cox J.C. |author2=Coulter A.R. |year=1997|title=Adjuvants –a classification and review of their modes of action|journal=Vaccine|volume=15|issue=3|pages=248–256|doi=10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00183-1|pmid=9139482 }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{immune system}}
{{immune system}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Vaccines]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 28 November 2024

For the pharmaceutical company, see ImmunoGen. For other uses, see Immunogen (disambiguation).

An immunogen is any substance that generates B-cell (humoral/antibody) and/or T-cell (cellular) adaptive immune responses upon exposure to a host organism.[1][2] Immunogens that generate antibodies are called antigens ("antibody-generating").[2] Immunogens that generate antibodies are directly bound by host antibodies and lead to the selective expansion of antigen-specific B-cells. Immunogens that generate T-cells are indirectly bound by host T-cells after processing and presentation by host antigen-presenting cells.[3]

An immunogen can be defined as a complete antigen which is composed of the macromolecular carrier and epitopes (determinants) that can induce immune response.[4]

An explicit example is a hapten. Haptens are low-molecular-weight compounds that may be bound by antibodies, but cannot elicit an immune response. Consequently, the haptens themselves are nonimmunogenic and they cannot evoke an immune response until they bind with a larger carrier immunogenic molecule. The hapten-carrier complex, unlike free hapten, can act as an immunogen and can induce an immune response.[5]

Until 1959, the terms immunogen and antigen were not distinguished.[6]

Used carrier proteins

[edit]
It is copper-containing respiratory protein, isolated from keyhole limpets (Megathura crenulata). Because of its evolutionary distance from mammals, high molecular weight and complex structure it is usually immunogenic in vertebrate animals.[7]
(also blue carrier immunogenic orotein) It is alternative to KLH isolated from Concholepas concholepas. It has the similar immunogenic properties as KLH but better solubility and therefore better flexibility.[8]
It is from the blood sera of cows and has similarly immunogenic properties as KLH or CCH. The cationized form of BSA (cBSA) is highly positively charged protein with significantly increased immunogenicity. This change possesses a greater number of possible conjugated antigens to the protein.[9]
Also known as egg albumin, OVA is the main protein (60-75%) found in hen egg white. OVA is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which enables the conjugation of haptens that are not soluble in aqueous buffers. The immune response can be enhanced using an adjuvant injected together with the immunogen.[10]

Immunological adjuvants

[edit]

An adjuvant (from Latin adiuvare – to help) is any substance, distinct from antigen, which enhances immune response by various mechanisms: recruiting of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the site of antigen exposure; increasing the delivery of antigens by delayed/slow release (depot generation); immunomodulation by cytokine production (selection of Th1 or Th2 response); inducing T-cell response (prolonged exposure of peptide-MHC complexes [signal 1] and stimulation of expression of T-cell-activating co-stimulators [signal 2] on the APCs' surface) and targeting (e. g. carbohydrate adjuvants which target lectin receptors on APCs). Adjuvants have been used as additives to improve vaccine efficiency since the 1920s. Generally, administration of adjuvants is used both in experimental immunology and in clinical settings to ensure a high quality/quantity memory-enhanced antibody response, where antigens must be prepared and delivered in a fashion that maximizes production of a specific immune response. Among commonly used adjuvants are complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and solutions of aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate.[11][12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "im·mu·no·gen", Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003, a substance that produces an immune response
  2. ^ a b "Immunogen". immunopaedia.org.za. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-10-21. A substance capable of eliciting a immune response. All immunogens are antigens, but some antigen are not immunogens (e.g. haptens)
  3. ^ "Antigen - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  4. ^ "Immunogen - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  5. ^ Abbas A.K.; Lichtman A.H.; Pillai S. (2012). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 7th edition. Elsevier, Ed. Gruliow R. pp. 101–103, 483.
  6. ^ Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. "Immunogen". Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  7. ^ Harris J.R.; Markl J. (1999). "Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KHL): a biomedical review". Micron. 30 (6): 597–623. doi:10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00036-0. PMID 10544506.
  8. ^ Arancibia S.; Del Campo M.; Nova E.; Salazar F.; Becker M.I. (2012). "Enhanced structural stability of Concholepashemocyanin increases its immunogenicity and maintains its non-specific immunostimulatory effects". Eur J Immunol. 42 (3): 688–99. doi:10.1002/eji.201142011. hdl:10533/126832. PMID 22144228. S2CID 205788372.
  9. ^ Chen J.S.; Chen A.; Chang L.Ch.; Chang W.S.W.; Lee H.S.; Lin S.H.; Lin Y.F. (2004). "Mouse model of membranous nephopathy induced by cationic bovine serum albumin: antigen dose response relation and strain differences". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 19 (11): 2721–2728. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh419. PMID 15385633.
  10. ^ De Silva B.S.; Egodage K.L.; Wilson G.S. (1999). "Purified protein derivate (PPD) as an immunogen carrier elicits high antigen specificity to haptens". Bioconjug Chem. 10 (3): 496–501. doi:10.1021/bc9800724. PMID 10346883.
  11. ^ Abbas A.K.; Lichtman A.H.; Pillai S. (2012). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Elsevier. p. 85.
  12. ^ Cox J.C.; Coulter A.R. (1997). "Adjuvants –a classification and review of their modes of action". Vaccine. 15 (3): 248–256. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00183-1. PMID 9139482.
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