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→Early life: Maybe better to write that Rachel changed her name to Eve and not Eve to Eve :-)
 
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{{Short description|Self-proclaimed Jewish messiah}}
[[File:Ewa Frank.jpg|thumb|Eva Frank]]
[[File:Ewa Frank.jpg|thumb|Eva Frank]]
'''Eve Frank''' or '''Eva Frank''' (1754 – 1816 or 1817)<ref name="Judaica">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_06690.html Frank, Eva] article by [[Rachel Elior]] in the [[Encyclopedia Judaica]].</ref><ref name="Toldot"/> born '''Rachel Frank''' in [[Nikopol, Bulgaria|Nikopol]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (now Bulgaria),<ref name="Judaica"/> was a mystic cult leader, and the only woman to have been [[Jewish Messiah claimants|declared a Jewish messiah]]. She was the daughter of [[Jacob Frank]], the claimant to the position of [[Jewish messianism|Jewish messiah]] in the 18th century, and allegedly Sophie Ascania/[[Catherine the Great]].
'''Eve Frank''' or '''Eva Frank''' (1754 – 1816 or 1817)<ref name="Judaica">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_06690.html Frank, Eva] article by [[Rachel Elior]] in the [[Encyclopedia Judaica]].</ref><ref name="Toldot"/> born '''Rachel Frank''' in [[Nikopol, Bulgaria|Nikopol]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (now Bulgaria),<ref name="Judaica"/> was a mystic cult leader, and the only woman to have been [[Jewish Messiah claimants|declared a Jewish messiah]] according to historian Jerry Rabow. She was the daughter of [[Jacob Frank]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Eve Frank received the name of Eve in 1760 upon the [[Religious conversion|conversion]] of her family to Catholicism. For much of her life, she accompanied her father during his travels and after the death of her mother in 1770, the then 16-year-old Eve was declared to be the incarnation of the [[Shekinah]], the female aspect of God, as well as the reincarnation of the [[Virgin Mary]] and thus became the object of a devotional subcult herself near the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa|Catholic Marian shrine]] of [[Częstochowa]], with some followers keeping small statues of her in their homes.<ref>Maciejko, Paweł. ''The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement, 1755-1816.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011:170-6.</ref> According to historian [[Jerry Rabow]], she was the only woman to have been [[Jewish Messiah claimants|declared a Jewish messiah]].{{fact|date=August 2020}}
Rachel Frank received the name of Eve in 1760 upon the [[Religious conversion|conversion]] of her family to Catholicism. For much of her life, she accompanied her father during his travels and after the death of her mother in 1770, the then 16-year-old Eve was declared to be the incarnation of the [[Shekinah]], the female aspect of God, as well as the reincarnation of the [[Virgin Mary]] and thus became the object of a devotional subcult herself near the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa|Catholic Marian shrine]] of [[Częstochowa]], with some followers keeping small statues of her in their homes.<ref>Maciejko, Paweł. ''The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement, 1755-1816.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011:170-6.</ref> According to historian [[Jerry Rabow]], she was the only woman to have been [[Jewish Messiah claimants|declared a Jewish messiah]].<ref>Telushkin, Shira, ''[https://daily.jstor.org/meet-eva-frank-the-first-jewish-female-messiah/ Meet Eva Frank: The First Jewish Female Messiah]'', Jstor Daily, [[Jstor]], April 27, 2022 </ref>


Her father Jacob spread the rumor that Eve, who was often called "Eva Romanovna" at that point, was an illegitimate child of [[Catherine II of Russia]]. Father and daughter repeatedly traveled to Vienna, and succeeded in gaining the favor of the court.<ref name=Judaica />
Her father Jacob spread the rumor that Eve, who was often called "Eva Romanovna" at that point, was an illegitimate child of [[Catherine II of Russia]]. Father and daughter repeatedly traveled to Vienna, and succeeded in gaining the favor of the court.<ref name=Judaica />


==Religious leader==
==Religious leader==
Upon the death of her father in 1791, Eve became the "holy mistress" and leader of the cult. Frank and her two younger brothers, Josef and Rochus, assumed responsibility for the direction of the court. Many people continued to go up to [[Offenbach am Main]], to ''Gottes Haus'', as the believers called it.
Upon the death of her father in 1791, Eve became the "holy mistress" and leader of the cult. Eve Frank and her two younger brothers, Josef and Rochus, assumed responsibility for the direction of the court. Many people continued to go up to [[Offenbach am Main]], to ''Gottes Haus'', as the believers called it.


In 1800, the Franks sent "red letters" (in red ink) to hundreds of Jewish communities encouraging conversion to [[Frankism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brawer|first=A.|title=Galicia ve-Yehudeiha|year=1965|pages=197–275}}</ref> However, the Frank siblings had neither the stature nor the strength of personality required to keep the cult going and as time went on the number of pilgrims and supply of money diminished drastically, all the while Eve had continued to live in her accustomed luxury.
In 1800, the Franks sent "red letters" (in red ink) to hundreds of Jewish communities encouraging conversion to [[Frankism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Brawer|first=A.|title=Galicia ve-Yehudeiha|year=1965|pages=197–275}}</ref> However, the Frank siblings had neither the stature nor the strength of personality required to keep the cult going and as time went on the number of pilgrims and supply of money diminished drastically, while Eve continued to live in her accustomed luxury.


In November 1813, after the [[battle of Leipzig]], [[Tsar Alexander I]], then emperor of Russia, rode from Frankfurt to Offenbach to visit Eve.<ref name="Offenbach">[http://www.offenbach.de/offenbach/themen/unterwegs-in-offenbach/stadtinfo/stadtgeschichte/jahrestage/article/frankisten.html 1788: Ein Messias im Isenburger Schloss - die "Frankisten" in Offenbach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613142209/http://www.offenbach.de/offenbach/themen/unterwegs-in-offenbach/stadtinfo/stadtgeschichte/jahrestage/article/frankisten.html |date=2011-06-13 }}, [[Lothar R. Braun]]</ref>
In November 1813, after the [[battle of Leipzig]], [[Tsar Alexander I]], then emperor of Russia, rode from Frankfurt to Offenbach to visit Eve.<ref name="Offenbach">[http://www.offenbach.de/offenbach/themen/unterwegs-in-offenbach/stadtinfo/stadtgeschichte/jahrestage/article/frankisten.html 1788: Ein Messias im Isenburger Schloss - die "Frankisten" in Offenbach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613142209/http://www.offenbach.de/offenbach/themen/unterwegs-in-offenbach/stadtinfo/stadtgeschichte/jahrestage/article/frankisten.html|date=2011-06-13}}, [[Lothar R. Braun]]</ref>


==Death and controversy==
==Death and controversy==
She finally became heavily indebted by three million [[Baden gulden|gulden]] in 1817.<ref name="Toldot"/> It was alleged that she died in poverty in 1816,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radicaltorahthought.com/Bio%20Zvi_Frank.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=May 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116053838/http://www.radicaltorahthought.com/Bio%20Zvi_Frank.htm |archivedate=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> though she is believed to have escaped to Poland and continued to lead the community after the dismantling of the Frankist court and arrest order from the [[Duke of Hesse]].<ref name="Judaica"/><ref name="Toldot">''[http://toldot.ru/tora/articles/articles_923.html Лжемессия: Яков Франк и франкисты]'', [[Z. Rubashev]]</ref> Nonetheless, her followers continued to exist well into the middle of 19th century. Among these were the parents of [[Louis Brandeis]], the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Louis-D-Brandeis-Melvin-Urofsky/dp/0375423664 Page 4</ref>
She finally became heavily indebted by three million [[Baden gulden|gulden]] in 1817.<ref name="Toldot"/> It was alleged that she died in poverty in 1816,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radicaltorahthought.com/Bio%20Zvi_Frank.htm |title=Also: Aziz Mehmed Effendi; Sabbateanism; Shabbateanism; Shabsazviniks; Shebsel; Zevi, Shabbetai |accessdate=May 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116053838/http://www.radicaltorahthought.com/Bio%20Zvi_Frank.htm |archivedate=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> although she is believed to have escaped to Poland and continued to lead the community after the dismantling of the Frankist court and arrest order from the [[Duke of Hesse]].<ref name="Judaica"/><ref name="Toldot">''[http://toldot.com/tora/articles/articles_923.html Лжемессия: Яков Франк и франкисты]'', [[Z. Rubashev]]</ref> Nonetheless, her followers continued to exist well into the middle of the 19th century.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{JewishEncyclopedia
*{{JewishEncyclopedia
|article=Frank, Jacob and the Frankists
|article=Frank, Jacob and the Frankists
|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=305&letter=F
|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=305&letter=F
|author=[[Herman Rosenthal]] and [[S. M. Dubnow]]
|author=[[Herman Rosenthal]] and [[S. M. Dubnow]]
}}
}}
* {{JewishEncyclopedia
*{{JewishEncyclopedia
|article=Offenbach
|article=Offenbach
|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=O&search=Eve%20frank
|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=O&search=Eve%20frank
|author=[[Joseph Jacobs]] and [[Schulim Ochser]]
|author=[[Joseph Jacobs]] and [[Schulim Ochser]]
}}
}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Ewa Frank}}


{{Sabbateanism}}
{{Sabbateanism}}
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Latest revision as of 16:02, 27 November 2024

Eva Frank

Eve Frank or Eva Frank (1754 – 1816 or 1817)[1][2] born Rachel Frank in Nikopol, Ottoman Empire (now Bulgaria),[1] was a mystic cult leader, and the only woman to have been declared a Jewish messiah according to historian Jerry Rabow. She was the daughter of Jacob Frank.

Early life

[edit]

Rachel Frank received the name of Eve in 1760 upon the conversion of her family to Catholicism. For much of her life, she accompanied her father during his travels and after the death of her mother in 1770, the then 16-year-old Eve was declared to be the incarnation of the Shekinah, the female aspect of God, as well as the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary and thus became the object of a devotional subcult herself near the Catholic Marian shrine of Częstochowa, with some followers keeping small statues of her in their homes.[3] According to historian Jerry Rabow, she was the only woman to have been declared a Jewish messiah.[4]

Her father Jacob spread the rumor that Eve, who was often called "Eva Romanovna" at that point, was an illegitimate child of Catherine II of Russia. Father and daughter repeatedly traveled to Vienna, and succeeded in gaining the favor of the court.[1]

Religious leader

[edit]

Upon the death of her father in 1791, Eve became the "holy mistress" and leader of the cult. Eve Frank and her two younger brothers, Josef and Rochus, assumed responsibility for the direction of the court. Many people continued to go up to Offenbach am Main, to Gottes Haus, as the believers called it.

In 1800, the Franks sent "red letters" (in red ink) to hundreds of Jewish communities encouraging conversion to Frankism.[5] However, the Frank siblings had neither the stature nor the strength of personality required to keep the cult going and as time went on the number of pilgrims and supply of money diminished drastically, while Eve continued to live in her accustomed luxury.

In November 1813, after the battle of Leipzig, Tsar Alexander I, then emperor of Russia, rode from Frankfurt to Offenbach to visit Eve.[6]

Death and controversy

[edit]

She finally became heavily indebted by three million gulden in 1817.[2] It was alleged that she died in poverty in 1816,[7] although she is believed to have escaped to Poland and continued to lead the community after the dismantling of the Frankist court and arrest order from the Duke of Hesse.[1][2] Nonetheless, her followers continued to exist well into the middle of the 19th century.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Frank, Eva article by Rachel Elior in the Encyclopedia Judaica.
  2. ^ a b c Лжемессия: Яков Франк и франкисты, Z. Rubashev
  3. ^ Maciejko, Paweł. The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement, 1755-1816. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011:170-6.
  4. ^ Telushkin, Shira, Meet Eva Frank: The First Jewish Female Messiah, Jstor Daily, Jstor, April 27, 2022
  5. ^ Brawer, A. (1965). Galicia ve-Yehudeiha. pp. 197–275.
  6. ^ 1788: Ein Messias im Isenburger Schloss - die "Frankisten" in Offenbach Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine, Lothar R. Braun
  7. ^ "Also: Aziz Mehmed Effendi; Sabbateanism; Shabbateanism; Shabsazviniks; Shebsel; Zevi, Shabbetai". Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
[edit]
  • Media related to Ewa Frank at Wikimedia Commons
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