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Ptolemaeus son of Glaucias (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Γλαυκίου Μακεδών, romanized: Ptolemaios Glaukiou Makedon,^[1] fl. 2nd century BC)^[2] was a katochos (an unclear word roughly translatable as hermit) who lived in the Temple of Astarte in the Serapeum at Memphis, Egypt for 20 years. Many details about his life and associates, such as his younger brother Apollonius, are known thanks to the survival of an extensive archive of papyri belonging to the katochoi of the temple.^[3]

Katoche

Ptolemaeus was born in approximately 200 BC. He was the eldest of four sons of a certain Glaucias, a Macedonian lot-holder at the village of Psichis in the Heracleopolite nome.^[3]^[4] Around October 172 BC, he moved to the Serapeum of Memphis as a katochos in the Temple of Astarte, after being commanded to do so by Serapis in a dream or prophecy. The meaning of katochos is unclear, but it entailed a strict restriction against leaving the temple. In the summer of 158 BC, Ptolemaeus was joined by his adolescent brother Apollonius, who learned to read and write before joining the Ptolemaic army and later becoming a police informant.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Ptolemaeus had custody of three Egyptian girls who lived in asylia in the temple: the twins Thages and Thaous and their probable sister Tathemis. According to several petitions written by Ptolemaeus in their defense, the twins' mother and her Greek lover had sought to kill the twins' father, a friend of Ptolemaeus. Their father fled from the attack but died soon afterwards from the injuries. Their mother took possession of his property, forcing the twins to flee to the temple. There they performed the sacred funerary rites of the Apis bull, for which a pair of twins was ritually necessary to play the roles of Isis and Nephthys.^[6] Due to his katoche, Ptolemaeus relied on an agent, Harmais, and two therapeutae, Diphilos and Nikanor, who were able to leave the temple area unlike the katochoi.^[5]

Ptolemaeus wrote numerous petitions to various officials during his katoche, including Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II. He often appealed to the strategos of his nome, Dionysios, about injustices and crimes committed against him, including an occasion on which he claimed to have been nearly murdered by temple workers for being Greek.^[8] He also recorded his dreams and those of the twins, which were regarded as having prophetic significance.^[4]

The archive abruptly ends in 152 BC, Ptolemaeus' twentieth year in katoche, so it is unclear how much longer Ptolemaeus remained in katoche, and whether he was ever released from it.^[4]

References

^ "upz.1.10 = HGV UPZ 1 10 = Trismegistos 3401 = p.lond.1.45, p35". Papyri.info (in Ancient Greek). Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "Archives". www.trismegistos.org.
^ ^a ^b S. Bagnall, Roger; Deros, Peter (August 2003). "IX". The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation. Wiley. p. 278. ISBN 9781405101325. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Ptolemaios son of Glaukias, the eldest of four sons of a Macedonian military settler who died in an Egyptian rebellion in 164, is the central figure. Ptolemaios, born perhaps around 200, began in 172/1, a period of some twenty years spent entirely within the precinct of the sanctuary in a state called in katoche.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bevan, Edwyn (1927). "IX". The House of Ptolemy A History of Hellenistic Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Ares Publishers. ISBN 9780890055366.
^ ^a ^b "Reviews". Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists (49): 37–42. Retrieved 23 February 2022. After their father died, Ptolemaios' adolescent brother Apollonios came to the Sarapieion, too, and quickly learned to write there. Ptolemaios started a textile business, taking care also of the clothing needs of the temple, at least for some time. In that way, he earned a modest living. Apollonios, however, after his adolescent years, was a recluse only for a short time, and Ptolemaios arranged, through petitions to the king, that he was taken to the army in Memphis. Apollonios earned more than his brother there, but he did not last long as a soldier, and later on he became an informer of the police.
^ ^a ^b Clarysse, W.; Vandorpe, K. (2006). "A Demotic Lease of Temple Land Reused in the "Katochoi" Archive (Louvre N 2328A)". Ancient Society. 36: 1–11. doi:10.2143/AS.36.0.2017825. JSTOR 44079871 – via JSTOR.
^ Vierros, Marja (2020). "3 Idiolect in focus: Two brothers in the Memphis Sarapieion (II BCE)". Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek. De Gruyter Mouton 2021. pp. 39–74. doi:10.1515/9783110614404-003. hdl:10138/338662. ISBN 9783110614404. S2CID 234323280.
^ S. Bagnall, Roger; Derow, Peter (August 2003). "VIII". The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation. Wiley. ISBN 9781405101325. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. some of them holding stones in their hands, others sticks, and tried to force their way in, so that with this opportunity they might plunder the temple and kill me because I am a Greek, attacking me in concerted fashion.

[1] "upz.1.10 = HGV UPZ 1 10 = Trismegistos 3401 = p.lond.1.45, p35". Papyri.info (in Ancient Greek). Retrieved 25 February 2022.

[2] "Archives". www.trismegistos.org.

[d-3] S. Bagnall, Roger; Deros, Peter (August 2003). "IX". The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation. Wiley. p. 278. ISBN 9781405101325. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Ptolemaios son of Glaukias, the eldest of four sons of a Macedonian military settler who died in an Egyptian rebellion in 164, is the central figure. Ptolemaios, born perhaps around 200, began in 172/1, a period of some twenty years spent entirely within the precinct of the sanctuary in a state called in katoche.

[a-4] Bevan, Edwyn (1927). "IX". The House of Ptolemy A History of Hellenistic Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Ares Publishers. ISBN 9780890055366.

[c-5] "Reviews". Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists (49): 37–42. Retrieved 23 February 2022. After their father died, Ptolemaios' adolescent brother Apollonios came to the Sarapieion, too, and quickly learned to write there. Ptolemaios started a textile business, taking care also of the clothing needs of the temple, at least for some time. In that way, he earned a modest living. Apollonios, however, after his adolescent years, was a recluse only for a short time, and Ptolemaios arranged, through petitions to the king, that he was taken to the army in Memphis. Apollonios earned more than his brother there, but he did not last long as a soldier, and later on he became an informer of the police.

[b-6] Clarysse, W.; Vandorpe, K. (2006). "A Demotic Lease of Temple Land Reused in the "Katochoi" Archive (Louvre N 2328A)". Ancient Society. 36: 1–11. doi:10.2143/AS.36.0.2017825. JSTOR 44079871 – via JSTOR.

[7] Vierros, Marja (2020). "3 Idiolect in focus: Two brothers in the Memphis Sarapieion (II BCE)". Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek. De Gruyter Mouton 2021. pp. 39–74. doi:10.1515/9783110614404-003. hdl:10138/338662. ISBN 9783110614404. S2CID 234323280.

[8] S. Bagnall, Roger; Derow, Peter (August 2003). "VIII". The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation. Wiley. ISBN 9781405101325. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. some of them holding stones in their hands, others sticks, and tried to force their way in, so that with this opportunity they might plunder the temple and kill me because I am a Greek, attacking me in concerted fashion.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:Serapeum Temple.png|thumb|A chapel at the [[Serapeum of Saqqara]], like the one wherein Ptolemaeus lived in ''katoche'' for 20 years]]
-'''Ptolemaeus son of Glaucias''' ({{lang-grc|Πτολεμαῖος Γλαυκίου Μακεδών|Ptolemaios Glaukiou Makedon}},<ref>{{cite web |title=upz.1.10 = HGV UPZ 1 10 = Trismegistos 3401 = p.lond.1.45,p35 |url=https://papyri.info/ddbdp/upz;1;10 |website=Papyri.info |language=grc|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> fl. 2nd century BC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trismegistos.org/arch/detail.php?arch_id=119|title=Archives|website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> was a ''katochos'' (an unclear word roughly translatable as ''[[hermit]]'') who lived in the Temple of [[Astarte]] in the [[Serapeum of Saqqara|Serapeum at Memphis, Egypt]] for 20 years. Many details about his life and associates, such as his younger brother Apollonius, are known thanks to the survival of an extensive archive of papyri belonging to the katochoi of the temple.<ref name = "d" />
+'''Ptolemaeus son of Glaucias''' ({{langx|grc|Πτολεμαῖος Γλαυκίου Μακεδών|Ptolemaios Glaukiou Makedon}},<ref>{{cite web |title=upz.1.10 = HGV UPZ 1 10 = Trismegistos 3401 = p.lond.1.45, p35 |url=https://papyri.info/ddbdp/upz;1;10 |website=Papyri.info |language=grc|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> fl. 2nd century BC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trismegistos.org/arch/detail.php?arch_id=119|title=Archives|website=www.trismegistos.org}}</ref> was a ''katochos'' (an unclear word roughly translatable as ''[[hermit]]'') who lived in the Temple of [[Astarte]] in the [[Serapeum of Saqqara|Serapeum at Memphis, Egypt]] for 20 years. Many details about his life and associates, such as his younger brother Apollonius, are known thanks to the survival of an extensive archive of papyri belonging to the katochoi of the temple.<ref name = "d" />
 ==Katoche==
-[[File:Petition to the King (P.Lond. I 45, UPZ I 10, TM 3401).jpg|thumb|A petition written by Ptolemaeus to [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Cleopatra II]].]]
+[[File:Petition to the King (P.Lond. I 45, UPZ I 10, TM 3401).jpg|thumb|A petition ([[commons:File:Petition to the King (P.Lond. I 45, UPZ I 10, TM 3401).jpg|transcription and translation]]) written by Ptolemaeus to [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Cleopatra II]].]]
 [[File:Thureophoroi CROPPED.jpg|thumb|A Ptolemaic soldier from a stele dated 2nd century BC, the time of Apollonius' brief military service]]
-Ptolemaeus was born in approximately 200 BC. He was the eldest of four sons of a certain Glaucias, a Macedonian [[Cleruchy|lot-holder]] at the village of Psichis in the Heracleopolite [[Nome (Egypt)|nome]].<ref name= "d" >{{cite book |last1=S. Bagnall|first1=Roger|last2=Deros|first2=Peter|date=August 2003|title=The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation|chapter=IX|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-9.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131183939/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-9.htm|archive-date=31 January 2022|page=278|isbn=9781405101325|quote=Ptolemaios son of Glaukias, the eldest of four sons of a Macedonian military settler who died in an Egyptian rebellion in 164, is the central figure. Ptolemaios, born perhaps around 200, began in 172/1, a period of some twenty years spent entirely within the precinct of the sanctuary in a state called in katoche.}}</ref><ref name="a" >{{cite book |last=Bevan|first=Edwyn|date=1927|title=The House of Ptolemy A History of Hellenistic Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty|chapter=IX|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/9*.html|publisher=Ares Publishers|isbn=9780890055366}}</ref> Around 172 BC, he began a period of twenty years as a ''katochos'' of the Temple of Astarte. The meaning of ''katochos'' is unclear, but it entailed a strict restriction against leaving the temple. In the summer of 158 BC, Ptolemaeus was joined by his adolescent brother Apollonius, who learned to read and write before joining the [[Ptolemaic army]] and later becoming a police informant.<ref name="c" >{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Reviews|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=614a3dfd47364#page=37|journal=Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists|issue=49|pages=37–42|access-date=23 February 2022|quote=After their father died, Ptolemaios’ adolescent brother Apollonios came to the Sarapieion, too, and quickly learned to write there. Ptolemaios started a textile business, taking care also of the clothing needs of the temple, at least for some time. In that way, he earned a modest living. Apollonios, however, after his adolescent years, was a recluse only for a short time, and Ptolemaios arranged, through petitions to the king, that he was taken to the army in Memphis. Apollonios earned more than his brother there, but he did not last long as a soldier, and later on he became an informer of the police.}}</ref><ref name="b" >{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44079871|title=A DEMOTIC LEASE OF TEMPLE LAND REUSED IN THE "KATOCHOI" ARCHIVE (LOUVRE N 2328A)|author1=Clarysse, W.|author2=Vandorpe, K.|year=2006|journal=Ancient Society|volume=36|pages=1–11|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vierros|first=Marja|title=3 Idiolect in focus: Two brothers in the Memphis Sarapieion (II BCE)|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110614404-003/pdf|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton 2021}}</ref>
+Ptolemaeus was born in approximately 200 BC. He was the eldest of four sons of a certain Glaucias, a Macedonian [[Cleruchy|lot-holder]] at the village of Psichis in the Heracleopolite [[Nome (Egypt)|nome]].<ref name= "d" >{{cite book |last1=S. Bagnall|first1=Roger|last2=Deros|first2=Peter|date=August 2003|title=The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation|chapter=IX|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-9.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131183939/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-9.htm|archive-date=31 January 2022|page=278|publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781405101325|quote=Ptolemaios son of Glaukias, the eldest of four sons of a Macedonian military settler who died in an Egyptian rebellion in 164, is the central figure. Ptolemaios, born perhaps around 200, began in 172/1, a period of some twenty years spent entirely within the precinct of the sanctuary in a state called in katoche.}}</ref><ref name="a" >{{cite book |last=Bevan|first=Edwyn|date=1927|title=The House of Ptolemy A History of Hellenistic Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty|chapter=IX|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/9*.html|publisher=Ares Publishers|isbn=9780890055366}}</ref> Around October 172 BC, he moved to the Serapeum of Memphis as a ''katochos'' in the Temple of Astarte, after being commanded to do so by [[Serapis]] in a dream or prophecy. The meaning of ''katochos'' is unclear, but it entailed a strict restriction against leaving the temple. In the summer of 158 BC, Ptolemaeus was joined by his adolescent brother Apollonius, who learned to read and write before joining the [[Ptolemaic army]] and later becoming a police informant.<ref name="c" >{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Reviews|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=614a3dfd47364#page=37|journal=Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists|issue=49|pages=37–42|access-date=23 February 2022|quote=After their father died, Ptolemaios’ adolescent brother Apollonios came to the Sarapieion, too, and quickly learned to write there. Ptolemaios started a textile business, taking care also of the clothing needs of the temple, at least for some time. In that way, he earned a modest living. Apollonios, however, after his adolescent years, was a recluse only for a short time, and Ptolemaios arranged, through petitions to the king, that he was taken to the army in Memphis. Apollonios earned more than his brother there, but he did not last long as a soldier, and later on he became an informer of the police.}}</ref><ref name="b" >{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44079871|author1=Clarysse, W.|author2=Vandorpe, K.|title=A Demotic Lease of Temple Land Reused in the "Katochoi" Archive (Louvre N 2328A) |year=2006|journal=Ancient Society|volume=36|pages=1–11|doi=10.2143/AS.36.0.2017825 |jstor=44079871 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vierros|first=Marja|title=Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek |chapter=3 Idiolect in focus: Two brothers in the Memphis Sarapieion (II BCE)|year=2020 |pages=39–74 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110614404-003/pdf|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton 2021|doi=10.1515/9783110614404-003 |hdl=10138/338662 |isbn=9783110614404 |s2cid=234323280 }}</ref>
-Ptolemaeus had custody of three Egyptian girls who lived in ''[[asylia]]'' in the temple: the twins Thages and Thaous and their probable sister Tathemis. According to Ptolemaeus, their mother and her Greek lover had sought to kill the twins' father, a friend of Ptolemaeus. Their father died soon afterwards and their mother took possession of his property, forcing the twins to flee to the temple. There they performed the sacred funerary rites of the [[Apis bull]], for which a pair of twins was conveniently needed to play the roles of [[Isis]] and [[Nephthys]].<ref name="b" /> Due to his katoche, Ptolemaeus relied on an Egyptian agent, Harmais, and two [[therapeutae]], Diphilos and Nikanor, who were able to leave the temple area unlike the ''katochoi''.<ref name="c" />
+Ptolemaeus had custody of three Egyptian girls who lived in ''[[asylia]]'' in the temple: the twins Thages and Thaous and their probable sister Tathemis. According to several petitions written by Ptolemaeus in their defense, the twins' mother and her Greek lover had sought to kill the twins' father, a friend of Ptolemaeus. Their father fled from the attack but died soon afterwards from the injuries. Their mother took possession of his property, forcing the twins to flee to the temple. There they performed the sacred funerary rites of the [[Apis bull]], for which a pair of twins was ritually necessary to play the roles of [[Isis]] and [[Nephthys]].<ref name="b" /> Due to his katoche, Ptolemaeus relied on an agent, Harmais, and two [[therapeutae]], Diphilos and Nikanor, who were able to leave the temple area unlike the ''katochoi''.<ref name="c" />
-Ptolemaeus wrote numerous petitions to various officials during his ''katoche'', including [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Cleopatra II]]. He often appealed to the [[strategos]] of his nome, Dionysios, about injustices and crimes committed against him, including an occasion on which he claimed to have been nearly murdered by a mob for being a Greek.<ref>{{cite book |last1=S. Bagnall|first1=Roger|last2=Deros|first2=Peter|date=August 2003|title=The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation|chapter=VIII|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-8.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309185805/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-8.htm|archive-date=9 March 2021|isbn=9781405101325|quote=some of them holding stones in their hands, others sticks, and tried to force their way in, so that with this opportunity they might plunder the temple and kill me because I am a Greek, attacking me in concerted fashion.}}</ref> He also recorded his dreams and those of the twins, which were regarded as having prophetic significance.<ref name="a" />
+Ptolemaeus wrote numerous petitions to various officials during his ''katoche'', including [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Cleopatra II]]. He often appealed to the [[strategos]] of his nome, Dionysios, about injustices and crimes committed against him, including an occasion on which he claimed to have been nearly murdered by temple workers for being Greek.<ref>{{cite book |last1=S. Bagnall|first1=Roger|last2=Derow|first2=Peter|date=August 2003|title=The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation|chapter=VIII|publisher=Wiley |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-8.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309185805/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-8.htm|archive-date=9 March 2021|isbn=9781405101325|quote=some of them holding stones in their hands, others sticks, and tried to force their way in, so that with this opportunity they might plunder the temple and kill me because I am a Greek, attacking me in concerted fashion.}}</ref> He also recorded his dreams and those of the twins, which were regarded as having prophetic significance.<ref name="a" />
+The archive abruptly ends in 152 BC, Ptolemaeus' twentieth year in ''katoche'', so it is unclear how much longer Ptolemaeus remained in ''katoche'', and whether he was ever released from it.<ref name="a" />
 ==See also==
 * [[Horos son of Nechoutes]]
 * [[Dryton and Apollonia archive]]
+* [[Zenon of Kaunos]]
 == References ==