Sete Cidades (Ponta Delgada): Difference between revisions
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{{for|the national park in Brazil|Sete Cidades National Park}} |
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{{Infobox Portuguese subdivision |
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{{Geobox|Settlement |
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| type = parish |
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<!-- *** Heading *** --> |
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| name |
| name = Sete Cidades |
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| image_skyline = Miradouro da Boca do Inferno, povoado das Sete Cidades, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG |
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| native_name = |
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| image_caption = The built-up settlement of Sete Cidades on the western margin of the ''Blue Lake'' |
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| other_name = |
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| image_flag = |
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| image_shield = |
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| region = Azores |
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<!-- *** Names **** --> |
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| island = [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] |
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| municipality = [[Ponta Delgada]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|37|51|42|N|25|47|38|W|region:PT-20_dim:20000|display=inline,title}} |
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| motto = |
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| area_total_km2 = 19.19 |
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| elevation_m = 264 |
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<!-- *** Image *** --> |
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| population_as_of = 2011 |
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| image = Miradouro da Boca do Inferno, povoado das Sete Cidades, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG |
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| population_total = 793 |
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| image_caption = The built-up settlement of Sete Cidades on the western margin of the ''Blue Lake'' |
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| postal_code = 9555-199 |
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| area_code = 292 |
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<!-- *** Symbols *** --> |
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| patron = [[Saint Nicholas|São Nicolau]] |
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| website = |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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| country = {{flag|Portugal}} |
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| state_type = Autonomous Region |
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| state = {{flag|Azores|name=Azores}} |
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| region_type = Group |
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| region = [[Azores#Physical geography|Central]] |
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| district_type = Island |
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| district = [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] |
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| municipality = [[Ponta Delgada Municipality|Ponta Delgada]] |
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<!-- *** Family *** --> |
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| part_type = Localities |
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| part_count = 3 |
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| part = Cerrado da Ladeira |
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| part1 = Cerrado das Freiras |
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| part2 = Sete Cidades |
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| landmark = |
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| river = |
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<!-- *** Locations *** --> |
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| location = Sete Cidades |
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| elevation = 264 |
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| prominence = |
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| lat_d = 37 |
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| lat_m = 51 |
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| lat_s = 42 |
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| lat_NS = N |
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| long_d = 25 |
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| long_m = 47 |
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| long_s = 38 |
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| long_EW = W |
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| highest = Sombreiros |
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| highest_location = Sete Cidades Massif |
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| highest_region = Sete Cidades |
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| highest_state = [[Ponta Delgada Municipality|Ponta Delgada]] |
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| highest_elevation = 794.77 |
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| highest_lat_d = 37 |
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| highest_lat_m = 50 |
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| highest_lat_s = 28 |
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| highest_lat_NS = N |
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| highest_long_d = 25 |
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| highest_long_m = 45 |
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| highest_long_s = 52 |
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| highest_long_EW = W |
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| lowest = Lagoa Azul |
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| lowest_location = Lagoa das Sete Cidades |
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| lowest_region = Sete Cidades |
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| lowest_state = [[Ponta Delgada Municipality|Ponta Delgada]] |
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| lowest_elevation = 260.67 |
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| lowest_lat_d = |
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| lowest_lat_m = |
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| lowest_lat_s = |
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| lowest_lat_NS = N |
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| lowest_long_d = |
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| lowest_long_m = |
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| lowest_long_s = |
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| lowest_long_EW = W |
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
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| length = 5.8 |
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| length_orientation = Northwest-Southeast |
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| width = 4.73 |
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| width_orientation = Southwest-Northeast |
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| area = 19.2 |
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| area_land = 14.07 |
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| area_water = 4.66 |
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| area_urban = .47 |
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| area_metro = |
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<!-- *** Population *** --> |
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| population = 858 |
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| population_date = 2001 |
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| population_urban = |
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| population_metro = |
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| population_density = 44.69 |
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| population_density_urban = |
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| population_density_metro = |
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<!-- *** History & management *** --> |
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| established_type = Settlement |
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| established = |
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| established1_type = [[Parish]] |
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| established1 = |
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| established2_type = [[Civil Parish]] |
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| established2 = |
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| government_type = [[LAU]] |
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| government = [[Freguesia]]/Junta Freguesia |
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| government_location = Caminho das Ruas |
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| government_region = Sete Cidades |
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| government_state = [[Ponta Delgada Municipality|Ponta Delgada]] |
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| government_elevation = |
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| government_lat_d = |
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| government_lat_m = |
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| government_lat_s = |
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| government_lat_NS = N |
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| government_long_d = |
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| government_long_m = |
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| government_long_s = |
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| government_long_EW = W |
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| mayor_type = [[Freguesia|President Junta]] |
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| mayor = Manuel Arsénio Roque |
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| mayor_party = |
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| leader_type = President Assembleia |
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| leader = |
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| leader_party = |
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<!-- *** Codes *** --> |
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| timezone = Azores |
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| utc_offset = -1 |
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| timezone_DST = Azores |
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| utc_offset_DST = 0 |
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| iso_code = PT |
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| postal_code = 9555-199 Sete Cidades |
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| postal_code_type = Postal Zone |
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| area_code = (+351) 292 XXX-XXXX |
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| area_code_type = Area Code & Prefix |
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| code = |
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** --> |
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| whs_name = |
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| whs_year = |
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| whs_number = |
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| whs_region = |
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| whs_criteria = |
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| iucn_category = |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free_type = [[Demonym]] |
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| free = Micalense |
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| free1_type = [[Patron Saint]] |
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| free1 = [[Saint Nicholas|São Nicolau]] |
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| free2_type = Parish Address |
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| free2 = Caminho das Ruas, 38<br>9555-199 Sete Cidades |
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| free3_type = |
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| free3 = |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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| map = |
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| map_size = |
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| map_caption = |
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| map_background = |
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| map_locator = |
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<!-- *** Websites *** --> |
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| commons = Sete Cidades (Ponta Delgada) |
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| statistics = |
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| website = |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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| footnotes = Statistics from [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística|INE]] (2001); geographic detail from Instituto Geográfico Português (2010) |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Zona de Paisagem Protegida das Sete Cidades - 2017-04-23.jpg|thumb|280 px| Sete Cidades Protected Landscape Area]] |
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'''Sete Cidades''' is a civil [[parish]] in the center of the [[municipality]] of [[Ponta Delgada]], that is likewise located in the center of a massive volcanic crater three miles across, also referred to as Sete Cidades. The smallest parish by population (although largest in area), Sete Cidades's population was 858 (2001), in an area of 19.22 km² (its density is 44.6/km²). The parish is widely recognized as an ex-libris of the island of [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] by locals and members of the Portuguese diaspora. |
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'''Sete Cidades''' is a civil [[parish]] in the center of the [[municipality]] of [[Ponta Delgada]], that is likewise located in the center of a massive volcanic crater {{Convert | 3 | mi | 0 | spell = in | order = flip}} across, also referred to as Sete Cidades. The population in 2011 was 793,<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0 Instituto Nacional de Estatística]</ref> in an area of 19.19 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/documents/PT-LAU.xls Eurostat]</ref> It is one of the smallest parishes of Ponta Delgada by population, although the largest in area. It contains the localities Cerrado da Ladeira, Cerrado das Freiras and Sete Cidades. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The first [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] document to refer to Sete Cidades was a Latin chronicle from the city of Porto-Cale (the modern city of [[Oporto]]), written in 750 A.D. by a Christian cleric. During this era, the Iberian Kingdom of the Visigoths was in the process of collapse, under pressure from Muslim invasions (which began in 711 A.D.).<ref>Thomas Suárez, 1991, p.43</ref> The Visigoth archbishop fled to Porto-Cale, fearing the assault of the Muslim forces, where he deliberated an escape to the lands in the Western Sea, which sailors insisted existed. In 734, the archbishop, accompanied by six other bishops, their prelates and approximately 5000 faithful, sailed away in a fleet of twenty ships.<ref>George E. Buker, 1992, p.155</ref> The chronicle indicated that the fleet arrived at their destination, burned their ships and established seven Christian communities under the reign of the seven religious leaders. Although many prepared to follow, in truth, the archbishop (if he existed) was never heard from again, nor was the route to the mythical lands established. |
The first [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] document to refer to Sete Cidades was a Latin chronicle from the city of Porto-Cale (the modern city of [[Oporto]]), written in 750 A.D. by a Christian cleric. During this era, the Iberian Kingdom of the Visigoths was in the process of collapse, under pressure from Muslim invasions (which began in 711 A.D.).<ref>Thomas Suárez, 1991, p.43</ref> The Visigoth archbishop fled to Porto-Cale, fearing the assault of the Muslim forces, where he deliberated an escape to the lands in the Western Sea, which sailors insisted existed. In 734, the archbishop, accompanied by six other bishops, their prelates and approximately 5000 faithful, sailed away in a fleet of twenty ships.<ref>George E. Buker, 1992, p.155</ref> The chronicle indicated that the fleet arrived at their destination, burned their ships and established seven Christian communities under the reign of the seven religious leaders. Although many prepared to follow, in truth, the archbishop (if he existed) was never heard from again, nor was the route to the mythical lands established. |
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Although there |
Although there is no proof that the ''island of Seven Cities'' actually existed, the belief of their existence, some tentative expeditions and brief unconfirmed visual sightings of Atlantic islands, fostered legends during the European [[Middle Ages]]. Consequently, many of the Medieval maps and charts that showed the Ocean Sea (the [[Atlantic Ocean]]) identified an island (or islands) represented in different positions or forms. The island of Brasil and/or Antillia (from the Brendan context) and the island of Sete Cidades, were usual geographic references that persisted in the proto-geography of the Atlantic. |
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With the advent of the Age of Discovery, the visual references and number of voyages of discovery multiplied. One of the more consistent maps presented to King [[Afonso V of Portugal]] was from the Azorean, Fernão Teles (in 1473). This map showed a long coastline, with various islands, bays and rivers which the author declared were part of the fabled land of Sete Cidades. In reality, the map easily follows the northern coast of Brazil, between Maranhão and Ceará, with the Rio Parnaíba delta. The King, himself, was not totally convinced of the discovery, or did not consider Fernão Teles sufficiently creditable, and that the map only represented a reference that required proofs. Unhappy with the outcome, Teles insisted on the validity of Sete Cidades. He consulted a [[Genoa|Genovese]] [[cosmographer]] Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli (1398–1492), who declared that Antilla and the island of Sete Cidades existed along the margins of the Atlantic. In his famous letter, Toscanelli placed the mythical lands of Sete Cidades near the Azores: |
With the advent of the Age of Discovery, the visual references and number of voyages of discovery multiplied. One of the more consistent maps presented to King [[Afonso V of Portugal]] was from the Azorean, Fernão Teles (in 1473). This map showed a long coastline, with various islands, bays and rivers which the author declared were part of the fabled land of Sete Cidades. In reality, the map easily follows the northern coast of Brazil, between Maranhão and Ceará, with the Rio Parnaíba delta. The King, himself, was not totally convinced of the discovery, or did not consider Fernão Teles sufficiently creditable, and that the map only represented a reference that required proofs. Unhappy with the outcome, Teles insisted on the validity of Sete Cidades. He consulted a [[Genoa|Genovese]] [[cosmographer]] Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli (1398–1492), who declared that Antilla and the island of Sete Cidades existed along the margins of the Atlantic. In his famous letter, Toscanelli placed the mythical lands of Sete Cidades near the Azores: |
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In 1476, the Teles's petition of royal authentication was accepted, but no expeditions were sent by the donatario. |
In 1476, the Teles's petition of royal authentication was accepted, but no expeditions were sent by the donatario. |
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Of the better documented expeditions, the [[Flemish people|Fleming]] Ferdinand van Olm (also known in Azorean history as Fernando de Ulmo or Fernão Dulmo) captained an expedition to |
Of the better documented expeditions, the [[Flemish people|Fleming]] Ferdinand van Olm (also known in Azorean history as Fernando de Ulmo or Fernão Dulmo) captained an expedition to rediscover the lost kingdoms of Sete Cidades. Ironically, Fernando de Ulmo was then married to one of the daughters of Fernão Teles and lived on one of the islands of the Azores when, in 1486, he received authorization from King João II of Portugal to begin his expedition. In partnership with [[João Afonso do Estreito|Afonso do Estreito]], a [[Madeira|Madeirense]], he organized his voyage, with the co-financing of the Royal Court, in order to conquer and subjugate the islands. Unfortunately, Fernão Dulmo did not have better luck, but ultimately, around the 17th Century, did organize an expedition to the northwest of Terceira, where an unknown island had been spotted.<ref>These mystical lands have been attributed to weather oddities primarily, when fog banks and clouds have been mistaken for other islands, such as the local myths about islands around the feast day of Saint John (June 24).</ref> |
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===Settlement=== |
===Settlement=== |
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The colonization of Sete Cidades developed after the property owner, |
The colonization of Sete Cidades developed after the property owner, José Bettencourt, who was the principal benefactor of the lands within the crater, made tracts available for settlement. These lands were rented to farmers and other colleagues, who then cultivated the limited tracts and paid monthly stipends for their use. For a long time, this limited the number of inhabitants living within the caldera. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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{{Infobox mountain |
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| name = Sete Cidades Massif |
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| photo = Sete cidades twin lakes.JPG |
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| photo_caption = The twin lakes of the Sete Cidades volcano/crater, an ancient caldera created during the formation of the island of São Miguel. The village, of the same name, is located on the western edge of the crater. |
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| elevation_m = 500 |
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| elevation_ref = |
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| prominence = 856 |
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| location = [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]], [[Azores]] |
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| range = Sete Cidades Massif |
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| coordinates = {{coord|37|52|11|N|25|46|48|W|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline}} |
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| topo = |
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| type = [[Volcanic caldera]] |
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| age = 500±100 A.D. |
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| volcanic_arc/belt = [[Volcanic arc]] |
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| last_eruption = 1880 |
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| first_ascent = |
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| easiest_route = |
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}} |
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===Physical geography=== |
===Physical geography=== |
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{{main|Sete Cidades Massif}} |
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[[File:Miradouro da Boca do Inferno, Lagoa das Sete Cidades, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG|left|235px|thumb|The setting of the village of Sete Cidades, as seen from the Boca do Inferno Belvedere, showing the crater lake ''Lagoa Azul'' and the tuff cone ''Lagoa do Santiago'']] |
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[[File:Miradouro da Boca do Inferno, Lagoa das Sete Cidades, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG|235px|thumb|The setting of the village of Sete Cidades, as seen from the Boca do Inferno Belvedere, showing the crater lake ''Lagoa Azul'' and the tuff cone ''Lagoa do Santiago'']] |
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[[File:Sao Miguel - Sete Citades 05.JPG|thumb|235px|left|Caldeira Seca, one the seven polygenetic cones formed during the 36,000 years of activity within the caldera]] |
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[[File:Sao Miguel - Sete Citades 05.JPG|thumb|235px|Caldeira Seca, one of the seven polygenetic cones formed during the 36,000 years of activity within the caldera]] |
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The '''Sete Cidades volcano''' it situated on the extreme western portion of the island of São Miguel occupying an area of approximately 110 km², and refers to a [[polygenetic]] [[volcano]] ('''Sete Cidades Massif''') and [[caldera]].<ref name="Moore90">Robert B. Moore (1990), p.603</ref> Its subaerial volume, of about 70 km³, has grown at an estimated rate of 0.02-0.03 km³ per century, beginning more than 210,000 years ago.<ref name=Moore90/> Presently, the interior of the structure is occupied by diverse volcanic structures and four lakes. It is almost ciruclur caldera (5 km in diameter and up to 400 metre high walls) formed through three phases of eruptions.<ref name=Moore90/> The first phase occurred 36,000 years ago, and ceased with the collapse of the principal volcano. A secondary phase began around 29,000 years ago and was responsible for the collapse of the northwest portion of the primitive caldera. Around 16,000 years ago the last phase, marked by the collapse of the northern and northeastern portions of the crater occurred. The Sete Cidades Volcano has experienced 17 intra-caldera eruptions within the last 5000 years, which makes it the most active in the archipelago. The intra-calderan activity has been essentially marked by [[Trachyte]] sub-[[Plinian]] and Plinian eruptions, with some having hydromagmatic characteristics. The last intra-calderan eruption occurred approximately 500 years A.D., resulting in the creation of the '''Caldeira Seca''' cone. At the base of the caldera, there exist six [[Holocene]] era [[pyroclastic cone]]s. Further, a large group of [[pleistocene]] post-caldera [[trachytic]] [[lava dome]]s, lava flows, and pyroclastic-flow deposits have been discovered on the northwestern flanks of the massif. |
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The '''[[Sete Cidades Massif|Sete Cidades volcano]]''' is situated on the extreme western portion of the island of São Miguel occupying an area of approximately {{convert|110|km2|mi2}} and refers to a [[Polygenetic volcanic field|polygenetic]] [[volcano]] (''Sete Cidades Massif'') and [[caldera]].<ref name="Moore90">Robert B. Moore (1990), p.603</ref> Its subaerial volume, of about {{convert|70|km3|mi3}}, has grown at an estimated rate of {{convert|0.02|-|0.03|km3|mi3}} per century, beginning more than 210,000 years ago.<ref name=Moore90/> Presently, the interior of the structure is occupied by diverse volcanic structures and four lakes. It is almost circular caldera ({{convert|5|km|mi}} in diameter and up to {{convert|400|m|ft}} high walls) formed through three phases of eruptions.<ref name=Moore90/> The last intra-calderan eruption occurred approximately 500 years A.D., resulting in the creation of the ''Caldeira Seca'' cone. At the base of the caldera, there exist six [[Holocene]] era [[pyroclastic cone]]s. Further, a large group of [[pleistocene]] post-caldera [[trachytic]] [[lava dome]]s, lava flows, and pyroclastic flow deposits have been discovered on the northwestern flanks of the massif. |
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The two crater lakes ({{langx|pt|Lagoas das Sete Cidades}}), {{convert|500|m|ft}} within the crater, are referred to by the color of the waters: blue, reflecting the sky ({{langx|pt|Lagoa Azul}}) and green, reflecting the ground ({{langx|pt|Lagoa Verde}}). According to legend, the differently colored lakes were created when a princess and her lover, a young shepherd, had to part from each other. The tears they shed at their farewell became the two lakes, with the water colored like their eyes. |
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Along historical time eruptions have generally been basaltic in quality, with effusive characteristics that were less explosive, but generally Hawaiian or Stromblian in nature, occurring along the flanks of the crater and conditioned by regional and radial faults. Unlike [[Furnas]], Sete Cidades has no active fumarole, and most secondary manifestations occur in the submarine vents off the coast of Ponta da Ferraria and the coast of Mosteiros, as well as zones of natural degasification. |
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The most recent historical eruption dates back to the 15th Century. Other eruptions have occurred within the caldera and from submarine vents along the western coast of the island; there have been four [[Strombolian eruption]]s and three [[Surtseyan eruption]]s in occupied history within a short distance of the shoreline. |
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The two crater lakes (Portuguese: ''Lagoas das Sete Cidades''), 500 m (1,500 ft) within the crater, are referred to by the color of the waters: blue, reflecting the sky (Portuguese: '''''Lagoa Azul''''') and green, reflecting the ground (Portuguese: '''''Lagoa Verde'''''). According to legend, the differently colored lakes were created when a princess and her lover, a young shepherd, had to part from each other. The tears they shed at their farewell became the two lakes, with the water colored like their eyes (see above). |
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===Human geography=== |
===Human geography=== |
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The urbanized portion of the parish, the village of Sete Cidades, is located in the southwest portion of the crater within the ''Cumierias da Bretanha'' and extends from the ''Blue Lake'' north to south. Farmland, mostly pastures, are located around the village, and confined to the portions south of the ''Blue Lake''. The remainder of the crater is forested, although the southeastern portion also has some grasslands. A bridge |
The urbanized portion of the parish, the village of Sete Cidades, is located in the southwest portion of the crater within the ''Cumierias da Bretanha'' and extends from the ''Blue Lake'' north to south. Farmland, mostly pastures, are located around the village, and confined to the portions south of the ''Blue Lake''. The remainder of the crater is forested, although the southeastern portion also has some grasslands. A bridge at the junction of the two lakes provides the most direct road connection to Ponta Delgada. In the western end of the crater, in an area of open parklands, a 1.2 km tunnel containing water pipes and a footpath links the crater to the village of [[Mosteiros (Ponta Delgada)|Mosteiros]]. |
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==Architecture== |
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Sete Cidades has a school, a church and a small square. |
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[[File:Sete Cidades (Caldeira) - Kirche.JPG|thumb|235px|The front facade and alleyway to the Church of Saint Nicholas]] |
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* '''Church of São Nicolau''' ({{langx|pt|Igreja Paroquial de Sete Cidades/Igreja de São Nicolau}}), the revivalist Neo-Gothic church is oriented around a single-nave, rectangular plan consisting of a sacristy, chancel and annexes, with differentiated covering and illuminated by lateral Gothic windows. The main facada includes a single, central belltower, with doorway and windows (also Gothic). The interior includes baptistery, triumphal arch and simple altar.<ref name="SIPA">{{citation|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=33609 |title=Igreja Paroquial de Sete Cidades/Igreja de São Nicolau (IPA.00009537/PT072103200039) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first1=Ana |last1=Fernandes |first2=Bruna |last2=Valério |first3=Paula |last3=Figueiredo |year=2013 |accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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Since 2006, Sete Cidades hosts the Green Trippin Camp, an increasingly popular [[Trance music|trance]] festival. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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;Sources |
;Sources |
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* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book | last1 = Scarth | first1 = Alwyn | author2 = Tanguy, Jean-Claude | title = Volcanoes of Europe | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-521754-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofeurop00alwy/page/243 243] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofeurop00alwy/page/243 }} |
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* {{cite gvp| |
* {{cite gvp|vn=382080|name=Sete Cidades}} |
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* {{cite journal|title=The last 5000 years of activity at Sete Cidades volcano (São Miguel Island, Azores): Implications for hazard assessment|first1=Gabriela|last1=Queiroz|first2=J.M.|last2=Pachecoa| |
* {{cite journal|title=The last 5000 years of activity at Sete Cidades volcano (São Miguel Island, Azores): Implications for hazard assessment|first1=Gabriela|last1=Queiroz|first2=J.M.|last2=Pachecoa|first3=João L.|last3=Gaspar|first4=W.P.|last4=Aspinall|first5=J.E.|last5=Guest|first6=Teresa|last6=Ferreira|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|year=2008 |volume=178|issue=3|pages=562–573|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.001 |bibcode=2008JVGR..178..562Q }} |
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* {{cite journal|title=The Search for the Seven Cities and Early American Exploration|first=George E.|last=Buker|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|volume=71|issue=2|date=October 1992|pages=155–168|jstor=30150358}} |
* {{cite journal|title=The Search for the Seven Cities and Early American Exploration|first=George E.|last=Buker|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|volume=71|issue=2|date=October 1992|pages=155–168|jstor=30150358}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Shedding the veil: mapping the European discovery of America and the world|first=Thomas|last=Suárez|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.|location=Singapore|year=1991|isbn=981-02-0869-3|url= |
* {{cite book|title=Shedding the veil: mapping the European discovery of America and the world|first=Thomas|last=Suárez|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.|location=Singapore|year=1991|isbn=981-02-0869-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elBFoQD-_W0C&q=Shedding+the+veil:+mapping+the+European+discovery+of+America+and+the+world.}} |
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* {{citation |first=Robert B. |last=Moore |contribution=Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, São Miguel, Azores |title=Bulletin of Volcanology |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin, Germany |year=1990 |issue=52 |pages=602–614}} |
* {{citation |first=Robert B. |last=Moore |contribution=Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, São Miguel, Azores |title=Bulletin of Volcanology |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin, Germany |year=1990 |issue=52 |pages=602–614}} |
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[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Portugal]] |
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[[Category:Mountains of Portugal]] |
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[[Category:Volcanic crater lakes]] |
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[[Category:Calderas of Portugal]] |
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[[Category:Parishes of Ponta Delgada]] |
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[[Category:Parishes of Ponta Delgada (Azores)]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:50, 23 November 2024
Sete Cidades | |
|---|---|
 The built-up settlement of Sete Cidades on the western margin of the Blue Lake | |
  Sete Cidades Location in the Azores  Sete Cidades Sete Cidades (São Miguel) | |
| Coordinates: 37°51′42″N 25°47′38″W / 37.86167°N 25.79389°W | |
| Country |  Portugal |
| Auton. region | Azores |
| Island | São Miguel |
| Municipality | Ponta Delgada |
| Area | |
• Total | 19.19 km2 (7.41 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 264 m (866 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 793 |
| • Density | 41/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−01:00 (AZOT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+00:00 (AZOST) |
| Postal code | 9555-199 |
| Area code | 292 |
| Patron | São Nicolau |
Sete Cidades is a civil parish in the center of the municipality of Ponta Delgada, that is likewise located in the center of a massive volcanic crater five kilometres (3 mi) across, also referred to as Sete Cidades. The population in 2011 was 793,[1] in an area of 19.19 km2.[2] It is one of the smallest parishes of Ponta Delgada by population, although the largest in area. It contains the localities Cerrado da Ladeira, Cerrado das Freiras and Sete Cidades.
History
[edit]Latin origins
[edit]The region received its geographic nomenclature from the Latin Insula Septem Civitatum, which means Island of the Seven Tribes or Island of the Seven Peoples (Portuguese: Ilha das Sete Tribos or Ilha dos Sete Povos), but became a historical reference as the Island of the Seven Cities. This comes from classical Latin, probably incorporated into the older traditions of Mediterranean peoples, through the navigators of European antiquity, or the Phoenicians. In Latin, civitas does not signify city, but rather a collectivity of citizens of a determined community.
The first Iberian document to refer to Sete Cidades was a Latin chronicle from the city of Porto-Cale (the modern city of Oporto), written in 750 A.D. by a Christian cleric. During this era, the Iberian Kingdom of the Visigoths was in the process of collapse, under pressure from Muslim invasions (which began in 711 A.D.).[3] The Visigoth archbishop fled to Porto-Cale, fearing the assault of the Muslim forces, where he deliberated an escape to the lands in the Western Sea, which sailors insisted existed. In 734, the archbishop, accompanied by six other bishops, their prelates and approximately 5000 faithful, sailed away in a fleet of twenty ships.[4] The chronicle indicated that the fleet arrived at their destination, burned their ships and established seven Christian communities under the reign of the seven religious leaders. Although many prepared to follow, in truth, the archbishop (if he existed) was never heard from again, nor was the route to the mythical lands established.
Although there is no proof that the island of Seven Cities actually existed, the belief of their existence, some tentative expeditions and brief unconfirmed visual sightings of Atlantic islands, fostered legends during the European Middle Ages. Consequently, many of the Medieval maps and charts that showed the Ocean Sea (the Atlantic Ocean) identified an island (or islands) represented in different positions or forms. The island of Brasil and/or Antillia (from the Brendan context) and the island of Sete Cidades, were usual geographic references that persisted in the proto-geography of the Atlantic.
With the advent of the Age of Discovery, the visual references and number of voyages of discovery multiplied. One of the more consistent maps presented to King Afonso V of Portugal was from the Azorean, Fernão Teles (in 1473). This map showed a long coastline, with various islands, bays and rivers which the author declared were part of the fabled land of Sete Cidades. In reality, the map easily follows the northern coast of Brazil, between Maranhão and Ceará, with the Rio Parnaíba delta. The King, himself, was not totally convinced of the discovery, or did not consider Fernão Teles sufficiently creditable, and that the map only represented a reference that required proofs. Unhappy with the outcome, Teles insisted on the validity of Sete Cidades. He consulted a Genovese cosmographer Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli (1398–1492), who declared that Antilla and the island of Sete Cidades existed along the margins of the Atlantic. In his famous letter, Toscanelli placed the mythical lands of Sete Cidades near the Azores:
- "The island of Antillia was discovered by the Portuguese, and now when it is sought it is not found. In this island are people who speak the Spanish tongue, and who in the time of King Roderick are believed to have fled to this island from the barbarians who at the time invaded Spain. Here dwelt an archbishop with six other bishops, each of whom had its own particular city. Wherefore this island is called by many 'seven cities.' These people live most piously in the full enjoyment of all the riches of this time."
In 1476, the Teles's petition of royal authentication was accepted, but no expeditions were sent by the donatario.
Of the better documented expeditions, the Fleming Ferdinand van Olm (also known in Azorean history as Fernando de Ulmo or Fernão Dulmo) captained an expedition to rediscover the lost kingdoms of Sete Cidades. Ironically, Fernando de Ulmo was then married to one of the daughters of Fernão Teles and lived on one of the islands of the Azores when, in 1486, he received authorization from King João II of Portugal to begin his expedition. In partnership with Afonso do Estreito, a Madeirense, he organized his voyage, with the co-financing of the Royal Court, in order to conquer and subjugate the islands. Unfortunately, Fernão Dulmo did not have better luck, but ultimately, around the 17th Century, did organize an expedition to the northwest of Terceira, where an unknown island had been spotted.[5]
Settlement
[edit]The colonization of Sete Cidades developed after the property owner, José Bettencourt, who was the principal benefactor of the lands within the crater, made tracts available for settlement. These lands were rented to farmers and other colleagues, who then cultivated the limited tracts and paid monthly stipends for their use. For a long time, this limited the number of inhabitants living within the caldera.
Geography
[edit]Physical geography
[edit]
The Sete Cidades volcano is situated on the extreme western portion of the island of São Miguel occupying an area of approximately 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) and refers to a polygenetic volcano (Sete Cidades Massif) and caldera.[6] Its subaerial volume, of about 70 cubic kilometres (17 cu mi), has grown at an estimated rate of 0.02–0.03 cubic kilometres (0.0048–0.0072 cu mi) per century, beginning more than 210,000 years ago.[6] Presently, the interior of the structure is occupied by diverse volcanic structures and four lakes. It is almost circular caldera (5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in diameter and up to 400 metres (1,300 ft) high walls) formed through three phases of eruptions.[6] The last intra-calderan eruption occurred approximately 500 years A.D., resulting in the creation of the Caldeira Seca cone. At the base of the caldera, there exist six Holocene era pyroclastic cones. Further, a large group of pleistocene post-caldera trachytic lava domes, lava flows, and pyroclastic flow deposits have been discovered on the northwestern flanks of the massif.
The two crater lakes (Portuguese: Lagoas das Sete Cidades), 500 metres (1,600 ft) within the crater, are referred to by the color of the waters: blue, reflecting the sky (Portuguese: Lagoa Azul) and green, reflecting the ground (Portuguese: Lagoa Verde). According to legend, the differently colored lakes were created when a princess and her lover, a young shepherd, had to part from each other. The tears they shed at their farewell became the two lakes, with the water colored like their eyes.
Human geography
[edit]The urbanized portion of the parish, the village of Sete Cidades, is located in the southwest portion of the crater within the Cumierias da Bretanha and extends from the Blue Lake north to south. Farmland, mostly pastures, are located around the village, and confined to the portions south of the Blue Lake. The remainder of the crater is forested, although the southeastern portion also has some grasslands. A bridge at the junction of the two lakes provides the most direct road connection to Ponta Delgada. In the western end of the crater, in an area of open parklands, a 1.2 km tunnel containing water pipes and a footpath links the crater to the village of Mosteiros.
Architecture
[edit]_-_Kirche.JPG)
- Church of São Nicolau (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Sete Cidades/Igreja de São Nicolau), the revivalist Neo-Gothic church is oriented around a single-nave, rectangular plan consisting of a sacristy, chancel and annexes, with differentiated covering and illuminated by lateral Gothic windows. The main facada includes a single, central belltower, with doorway and windows (also Gothic). The interior includes baptistery, triumphal arch and simple altar.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Notes
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
- ^ Eurostat
- ^ Thomas Suárez, 1991, p.43
- ^ George E. Buker, 1992, p.155
- ^ These mystical lands have been attributed to weather oddities primarily, when fog banks and clouds have been mistaken for other islands, such as the local myths about islands around the feast day of Saint John (June 24).
- ^ a b c Robert B. Moore (1990), p.603
- ^ Fernandes, Ana; Valério, Bruna; Figueiredo, Paula (2013), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Paroquial de Sete Cidades/Igreja de São Nicolau (IPA.00009537/PT072103200039) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 26 December 2014
- Sources
- Scarth, Alwyn; Tanguy, Jean-Claude (2001). Volcanoes of Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243. ISBN 0-19-521754-3.
- "Sete Cidades". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- Queiroz, Gabriela; Pachecoa, J.M.; Gaspar, João L.; Aspinall, W.P.; Guest, J.E.; Ferreira, Teresa (2008). "The last 5000 years of activity at Sete Cidades volcano (São Miguel Island, Azores): Implications for hazard assessment". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 178 (3): 562–573. Bibcode:2008JVGR..178..562Q. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.001.
- Buker, George E. (October 1992). "The Search for the Seven Cities and Early American Exploration". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 71 (2): 155–168. JSTOR 30150358.
- Suárez, Thomas (1991). Shedding the veil: mapping the European discovery of America and the world. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. ISBN 981-02-0869-3.
- Moore, Robert B. (1990), "Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, São Miguel, Azores", Bulletin of Volcanology, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 602–614