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{{about|the German eszett|the Greek letter that looks similar|Beta|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|Bha (Indic) #Malayalam Bha}} |
{{about|the German eszett|the Greek letter that looks similar|Beta|the Chinese radical|阝|the Malayalam script|Bha (Indic) #Malayalam Bha}} |
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{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter [[О́]].}} |
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{{Infobox grapheme |
{{Infobox grapheme |
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In [[German orthography]], the letter '''ß''', called '''{{lang|de|Eszett}}''' ({{IPA|de|ɛsˈtsɛt|IPA}}, S-Z) or '''{{lang|de|scharfes S}}''' ({{IPA|de|ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs|IPA}}, "sharp S"), represents the {{IPAslink|s}} phoneme in [[Standard German]] when following [[long vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s. The letter-name {{wikt-lang|de|Eszett}} combines the [[names of the letters]] of {{angbr|s}} ({{lang|de|Es}}) and {{angbr|z}} ({{lang|de|Zett}}) in German. The character's [[Unicode]] names in English are '''sharp s'''<ref name="Unicode_00DF">{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium |year=2018 |title=C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf |access-date=2018-08-09 |postscript=.}}</ref> and '''eszett'''.<ref name="Unicode_00DF" /> The ''Eszett'' letter is used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph {{angbr|ss}}, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ''ss'' in the spelling of [[Swiss Standard German]] (Switzerland and [[Liechtenstein]]), while remaining [[Standard German]] spelling in other varieties of the German language.<ref name="Swiss">[http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708004012/http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf |date=2012-07-08 }}, 3rd edition (2007) {{in lang|de}} from the [[Swiss Federal Chancellery]], retrieved 22-Apr-2012</ref> |
In [[German orthography]], the letter '''ß''', called '''{{lang|de|Eszett}}''' ({{IPA|de|ɛsˈtsɛt|IPA}}, S-Z) or '''{{lang|de|scharfes S}}''' ({{IPA|de|ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs|IPA}}, "sharp S"), represents the {{IPAslink|s}} phoneme in [[Standard German]] when following [[long vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s. The letter-name {{wikt-lang|de|Eszett}} combines the [[names of the letters]] of {{angbr|s}} ({{lang|de|Es}}) and {{angbr|z}} ({{lang|de|Zett}}) in German. The character's [[Unicode]] names in English are '''double s''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lingoda.com/blog/en/german-double-s-eszett/|title=German double s and eszett|publisher=Lingoda|author=Sandra Köktas|date=20 September 2022 |language=English|accessdate=7 October 2024}}</ref> '''sharp s'''<ref name="Unicode_00DF">{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |author-link=Unicode Consortium |year=2018 |title=C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf |access-date=2018-08-09 |postscript=.}}</ref> and '''eszett'''.<ref name="Unicode_00DF" /> The ''Eszett'' letter is currently used only in [[German language|German]], and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph {{angbr|ss}}, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ''ss'' in the spelling of [[Swiss Standard German]] (Switzerland and [[Liechtenstein]]), while remaining [[Standard German]] spelling in other varieties of the German language.<ref name="Swiss">[http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708004012/http://www.so.ch/fileadmin/internet/dbk/evkaa/Infos/Unterricht/Rechtschreibung_Leitfaden.pdf |date=2012-07-08 }}, 3rd edition (2007) {{in lang|de}} from the [[Swiss Federal Chancellery]], retrieved 22-Apr-2012</ref> |
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The letter originates as the {{angbr|[[sz (digraph)|sz]]}} [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] as used in [[Early New High German|late medieval and early modern German]] orthography, represented as a [[typographic ligature|ligature]] of {{angbr|ſ}} ([[long s]]) and {{angbr|ʒ}} ([[Z#Variant and derived forms|tailed z]]) in [[blackletter]] typefaces, yielding {{angbr|ſʒ}}.{{efn|The IPA symbol [[ezh]] (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z (<math>\mathfrak{z}</math>) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.}} This developed from an earlier usage of {{angbr|z}} in [[Old High German|Old]] and [[Middle High German]] to represent a separate [[sibilant]] sound from {{angbr|s}}; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as {{angbr|sz}} in some situations. |
The letter originates as the {{angbr|[[sz (digraph)|sz]]}} [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] as used in [[Early New High German|late medieval and early modern German]] orthography, represented as a [[typographic ligature|ligature]] of {{angbr|ſ}} ([[long s]]) and {{angbr|ʒ}} ([[Z#Variant and derived forms|tailed z]]) in [[blackletter]] typefaces, yielding {{angbr|ſʒ}}.{{efn|The IPA symbol [[ezh]] (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z (<math>\mathfrak{z}</math>) and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.}} This developed from an earlier usage of {{angbr|z}} in [[Old High German|Old]] and [[Middle High German]] to represent a separate [[sibilant]] sound from {{angbr|s}}; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as {{angbr|sz}} in some situations. |
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Traditionally, {{angbr|ß}} did not have a capital form, although some [[type design]]ers introduced ''de facto'' capitalized variants. In 2017, the [[Council for German Orthography]] officially adopted a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}, as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.<ref name="Long debate">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet|title=Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet|last=Ha|first=Thu-Huong|date=20 July 2017 |language=English|access-date=9 August 2017|quote=According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It’s also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.}}</ref> |
Traditionally, {{angbr|ß}} did not have a capital form, although some [[type design]]ers introduced ''de facto'' capitalized variants. In 2017, the [[Council for German Orthography]] officially adopted a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}, as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.<ref name="Long debate">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet|title=Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet|last=Ha|first=Thu-Huong|date=20 July 2017 |language=English|access-date=9 August 2017|quote=According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It’s also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.}}</ref> |
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Since 2024 the capital {{angbr|ẞ}} is |
Since 2024 the capital {{angbr|ẞ}} is preferred over {{angbr|SS}}.<ref name="auto23">{{Cite web |access-date=28 August 2024 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/RfdR_Amtliches-Regelwerk_2024.pdf |title=Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Auf der Grundlage des Beschlusses des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung vom 15.12.2023 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben ist neben der Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ auch die Schreibung SS möglich: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.}} [When writing with capital letters, in addition to using the capital letter ẞ, the spelling SS is also possible. Example: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.]}}</ref> |
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Lowercase {{angbr|ß}} was [[codepoint|encoded]] by [[ECMA-94]] (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by [[Latin-1]] and [[Unicode]] ({{unichar|00DF|Latin small letter sharp s}}).<ref>[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E '''ẞ'''; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F '''ſ''', with either 0073 '''s''' or with an old-style glyph for 007A '''z''' (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 '''ʒ'''). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'</ref> |
Lowercase {{angbr|ß}} was [[codepoint|encoded]] by [[ECMA-94]] (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by [[Latin-1]] and [[Unicode]] ({{unichar|00DF|Latin small letter sharp s}}).<ref>[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E '''ẞ'''; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F '''ſ''', with either 0073 '''s''' or with an old-style glyph for 007A '''z''' (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 '''ʒ'''). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'</ref> |
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The [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|HTML entity]] <code>&szlig;</code> was introduced with [[HTML|HTML 2.0]] (1995). The capital {{angbr|ẞ}} was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin Capital Letter Sharp S}}). |
The [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|HTML entity]] <code>&szlig;</code> was introduced with [[HTML|HTML 2.0]] (1995). The capital {{angbr|ẞ}} was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin Capital Letter Sharp S}}). |
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== Usage == |
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== Á la maison la plus belle que tu as fait pour moi et la == |
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===Current usage=== |
===Current usage=== |
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In [[standard German]], three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent {{IPA|de|s|}} (the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]) depending on its position in a word: {{angbr|s}}, {{angbr|ss}}, and {{angbr|ß}}. According to [[German orthography reform of 1996|current German orthography]], {{angbr|ß}} represents the sound {{IPA|de|s|}}: |
In [[standard German]], three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent {{IPA|de|s|}} (the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]) depending on its position in a word: {{angbr|s}}, {{angbr|ss}}, and {{angbr|ß}}. According to [[German orthography reform of 1996|current German orthography]], {{angbr|ß}} represents the sound {{IPA|de|s|}}: |
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Some proper names may use {{angbr|ß}} after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., {{lang|de|Litfaßsäule; [[advertising column]]}}, named after [[Ernst Litfaß]]).<ref name="poschenrieder">{{cite book|last=Poschenrieder |first=Thorwald |chapter=S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform? |title=Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra |editor-last1=Eroms |editor-first1=Hans-Werner |editor-last2=Munske |editor-first2=Horst Haider|publisher=Erich Schmidt |year=1997 |isbn=3-50303786-1}}</ref>{{rp|180}} |
Some proper names may use {{angbr|ß}} after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., {{lang|de|Litfaßsäule; [[advertising column]]}}, named after [[Ernst Litfaß]]).<ref name="poschenrieder">{{cite book|last=Poschenrieder |first=Thorwald |chapter=S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform? |title=Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra |editor-last1=Eroms |editor-first1=Hans-Werner |editor-last2=Munske |editor-first2=Horst Haider|publisher=Erich Schmidt |year=1997 |isbn=3-50303786-1}}</ref>{{rp|180}} |
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If no {{angbr|ß}} is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for {{angbr|ß}} to be replaced with {{angbr|ss}}.<ref> {{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis |at=2.3 E3 |quote={{lang|de|Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.}} [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]}}</ref> Additionally, as of 2024, when capitalized, in addition to using capital {{angbr|ẞ}} ({{lang|de|STRAẞE}}), the spelling {{angbr|SS}} ({{lang|de|STRASSE}}) is also possible.<ref name="auto23" |
If no {{angbr|ß}} is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for {{angbr|ß}} to be replaced with {{angbr|ss}}.<ref> {{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis |at=2.3 E3 |quote={{lang|de|Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.}} [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]}}</ref> Additionally, as of 2024, when capitalized, in addition to using capital {{angbr|ẞ}} ({{lang|de|STRAẞE}}), the spelling {{angbr|SS}} ({{lang|de|STRASSE}}) is also possible.<ref name="auto23" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |access-date=29 June 2017 |url=http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706162042/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The previous rule, codified in the Orthography Reform of 1996, had been always to replace {{angbr|ß}} with {{angbr|SS}} in allcaps.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]}}</ref> |
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===In pre-1996 orthography=== |
===In pre-1996 orthography=== |
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=== Switzerland and Liechtenstein === |
=== Switzerland and Liechtenstein === |
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In [[Swiss Standard German]], {{angbr|ss}} usually replaces every {{angbr|ß}}.<ref>{{ill|Peter Gallmann|de|lt=Peter Gallmann.}} [http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben."] in ''Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik.'' Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200450/http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf Archived.])</ref><ref>[https://www.bk.admin.ch/dam/bk/de/dokumente/sprachdienste/sprachdienst_de/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf.download.pdf/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf " |
In [[Swiss Standard German]], {{angbr|ss}} usually replaces every {{angbr|ß}}.<ref>{{ill|Peter Gallmann|de|lt=Peter Gallmann.}} [http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben."] in ''Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik.'' Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200450/http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf Archived.])</ref><ref>[https://www.bk.admin.ch/dam/bk/de/dokumente/sprachdienste/sprachdienst_de/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf.download.pdf/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf "Rechtschreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung."] [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland|Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei]], in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 19, 21–22.</ref> This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25 E<small>2</small>: "{{lang|de|In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss“ schreiben}}" ("In [[Switzerland]], one may always write 'ss'"). [[Liechtenstein]] follows the same practice. There are very few instances where the difference between spelling {{angbr|ß}} and {{angbr|ss}} affects the meaning of a word, and these can usually be told apart by context.<ref name="walder">{{cite journal |last=Walder |first=Adrienne |title=Das versale Eszett: Ein neuer Buchstabe im deutschen Alphabet |doi=10.1515/zgl-2020-2001 |pages=211–237 |journal=Zeitschrift für Germanitische Linguistik |volume=48 |issue=2 |year=2020 |s2cid=225226660 }}</ref>{{rp|230}}<ref>[https://www.bk.admin.ch/dam/bk/de/dokumente/sprachdienste/sprachdienst_de/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf.download.pdf/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung."] [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland|Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei]], in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 21–22.</ref> |
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=== Other uses === |
=== Other uses === |
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|publisher=IBM |
|publisher=IBM |
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|access-date=11 April 2021 |
|access-date=11 April 2021 |
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}}</ref> Substitution was also done using other character sets such as [[ISO/IEC 8859-1]] even though they contain no other Greek letters. |
}}</ref> Substitution was also done using other character sets such as [[ISO/IEC 8859-1]] even though they contain no other Greek letters. It has also been misused as {{angbr|β}} in scientific writing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Jaime A. Teixeira da |date=2021-04-05 |title=Confusing German Eszett (ẞ; ß) with Greek beta (β) in Biomedical Writing |url=https://www.csescienceeditor.org/article/confusing-german-eszett-%C3%9F-s-with-greek-beta-%CE%B2-in-biomedical-writing/ |journal=Science Editor |language=en-US |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=23–24 |doi=10.36591/SE-D-4401-23}}</ref> |
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* In Prussian [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], as in the first book published in Lithuanian, [[Martynas Mažvydas]]' ''[[Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas|Simple Words of Catechism]]'',<ref>{{cite book |
* In Prussian [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], as in the first book published in Lithuanian, [[Martynas Mažvydas]]' ''[[Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas|Simple Words of Catechism]]'',<ref>{{cite book |
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|last=Zinkevičius |
|last=Zinkevičius |
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[[File:Nibelungenlied manuscript - “grozer”.jpg|thumb|Use of [[Middle High German]] letter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of the [[Nibelungenlied]]: "grozer" = "großer"]] |
[[File:Nibelungenlied manuscript - “grozer”.jpg|thumb|Use of [[Middle High German]] letter “z” for modern “ß” in the beginning of the [[Nibelungenlied]]: "grozer" = "großer"]] |
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As a result of the [[High German consonant shift]], [[Old High German]] developed a sound generally spelled {{angbr|zz}} or {{angbr|z}} that was probably pronounced {{IPA|[s]}} and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced {{IPA|[s̠]}} ([[voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant]]) or {{IPA|[z̠]}} ([[voiced alveolar retracted sibilant]]), depending on the place in the word, and spelled {{angbr|s}}.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last=Salmons |first=Joseph |title=A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language |edition=2 |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872302-8|page=203}}</ref> Given that {{angbr|z}} could also represent the [[affricate]] {{IPA|[ts]}}, some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling {{IPA|[s]}} as {{angbr|zss}} or {{angbr|zs}}: {{lang|goh|wazssar}} ({{ |
As a result of the [[High German consonant shift]], [[Old High German]] developed a sound generally spelled {{angbr|zz}} or {{angbr|z}} that was probably pronounced {{IPA|[s]}} and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced {{IPA|[s̠]}} ([[voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant]]) or {{IPA|[z̠]}} ([[voiced alveolar retracted sibilant]]), depending on the place in the word, and spelled {{angbr|s}}.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last=Salmons |first=Joseph |title=A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language |edition=2 |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872302-8|page=203}}</ref> Given that {{angbr|z}} could also represent the [[affricate]] {{IPA|[ts]}}, some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling {{IPA|[s]}} as {{angbr|zss}} or {{angbr|zs}}: {{lang|goh|wazssar}} ({{langx|de|Wasser}}), {{lang|goh|fuozssi}} ({{langx|de|Füße}}), {{lang|goh|heizsit}} ({{langx|de|heißt}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Braune |first=Wilhelm |title=Althochdeutsche Grammatik I |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=2004 |isbn=3-484-10861-4 |page=152}}</ref> In [[Middle High German]], {{angbr|zz}} simplified to {{angbr|z}} at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel: {{lang|gmh|wazzer}} ({{langx|de|Wasser}}) vs. {{lang|gmh|lâzen}} ({{langx|de|lassen}}) and {{lang|mhg|fuoz}} ({{langx|de|Fuß}}).<ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Paul |first=Hermann |title=Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik |edition=24 |year=1998 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |isbn=3-484-10233-0 |page=163 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Crop of vsz from History vom Herr Flordimar Cod Don 140 fol 37r.jpg|thumb|Use of the late medieval ligature {{angbr|ſz}} in [[Ulrich Füetrer]]'s {{lang|de|Buch der Abenteuer}}: "uſz" (modern German {{lang|de|aus}})]] |
[[File:Crop of vsz from History vom Herr Flordimar Cod Don 140 fol 37r.jpg|thumb|Use of the late medieval ligature {{angbr|ſz}} in [[Ulrich Füetrer]]'s {{lang|de|Buch der Abenteuer}}: "uſz" (modern German {{lang|de|aus}})]] |
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In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between {{angbr|z}} and {{angbr|s}} was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for [[Gottscheerish]].<ref name="auto2"/> Word-internally, Old and Middle High German {{angbr|s}} came to be pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} (the [[voiced alveolar sibilant]]), while Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} continued to be pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}. This produces the contrast between modern standard German {{lang|de|reisen}} and {{lang|de|reißen}}. The former is pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪzn̩|IPA}} and comes from {{ |
In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between {{angbr|z}} and {{angbr|s}} was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for [[Gottscheerish]].<ref name="auto2"/> Word-internally, Old and Middle High German {{angbr|s}} came to be pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} (the [[voiced alveolar sibilant]]), while Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} continued to be pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}. This produces the contrast between modern standard German {{lang|de|reisen}} and {{lang|de|reißen}}. The former is pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪzn̩|IPA}} and comes from {{langx|gmh|reisen}}, while the latter is pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪsn̩|IPA}} and comes from {{langx|gmh|reizen}}.<ref name="penzl">{{cite journal|last=Penzl |first=Herbert |title=Die mittelhochdeutschen Sibilanten und ihre Weiterentwicklung |journal=Word |volume=24 |year=1968 |issue=1–3 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1968.11435536 |pages=344, 348}}</ref> |
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In the late medieval and early modern periods, {{IPA|[s]}} was frequently spelled {{angbr|sz}} or {{angbr|ss}}. The earliest appearance of [[Orthographic ligature|ligature]] resembling the modern {{angbr|ß}} is in a fragment of a [[manuscript]] of the poem ''[[Wolfdietrich]]'' from around 1300.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|214}}<ref name="penzl"/> In the Gothic [[book hand]]s and [[bastarda]] scripts of the [[late medieval]] period, {{angbr|sz}} is written with [[long s]] and the Blackletter "tailed z", as {{angbr|ſʒ}}. A recognizable [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] representing the {{angbr|sz}} digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.<ref name="brekle">{{cite journal |first=Herbert E. |last=Brekle |title=Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten |journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]] |volume=76 |location=Mainz |year=2001 |issn=0072-9094 }}</ref>{{rp|67-76}} |
In the late medieval and early modern periods, {{IPA|[s]}} was frequently spelled {{angbr|sz}} or {{angbr|ss}}. The earliest appearance of [[Orthographic ligature|ligature]] resembling the modern {{angbr|ß}} is in a fragment of a [[manuscript]] of the poem ''[[Wolfdietrich]]'' from around 1300.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|214}}<ref name="penzl"/> In the Gothic [[book hand]]s and [[bastarda]] scripts of the [[late medieval]] period, {{angbr|sz}} is written with [[long s]] and the Blackletter "tailed z", as {{angbr|ſʒ}}. A recognizable [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] representing the {{angbr|sz}} digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.<ref name="brekle">{{cite journal |first=Herbert E. |last=Brekle |title=Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten |journal=[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]] |volume=76 |location=Mainz |year=2001 |issn=0072-9094 }}</ref>{{rp|67-76}} |
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[[File:Crop of Der Bierbreuwer from Jost Amman's Stände und Handwerker Wellcome L0069606.jpg|thumb|An early modern printed rhyme by [[Hans Sachs]] showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſz}}: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß"]] |
[[File:Crop of Der Bierbreuwer from Jost Amman's Stände und Handwerker Wellcome L0069606.jpg|thumb|An early modern printed rhyme by [[Hans Sachs]] showing several instances of ß as a clear ligature of {{angbr|ſz}}: "groß", "stoß", "Laß", "baß" (= modern "besser"), and "Faß"]] |
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By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between {{angbr|sz}} and {{angbr|ss}} was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: {{angbr|sz}} ({{angbr|ſz}}) tended to be used in word final position: {{lang|de|uſz}} ({{ |
By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between {{angbr|sz}} and {{angbr|ss}} was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: {{angbr|sz}} ({{angbr|ſz}}) tended to be used in word final position: {{lang|de|uſz}} ({{langx|gmh|ûz}}, {{langx|de|aus}}), {{lang|de|-nüſz}} ({{langx|gmh|-nüss(e)}}, {{langx|de|-nis}}); {{angbr|ss}} ({{angbr|ſſ}}) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels: {{lang|de|groſſes}} ({{langx|gmh|grôzes}}, {{langx|de|großes}}).<ref name="young">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Christopher |last2=Gloning |first2=Thomas |title=A History of the German Language Through Texts |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-86263-9}}</ref>{{rp|171}} While [[Martin Luther]]'s early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such as {{lang|de|heyße}} ({{langx|de|heiße}}), early modern printers mostly changed these to {{angbr|ſſ}}: {{lang|de|heiſſe}}. Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish between {{lang|de|das}} (the, that [pronoun]) and {{lang|de|daß}} (that [conjunction]).<ref name="young"/>{{rp|215}} |
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In modern German, the Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} is now represented by either {{angbr|ss}}, {{angbr|ß}}, or, if there are no related forms in which {{IPA|[s]}} occurs intervocalically, with {{angbr|s}}: {{lang|de|messen}} ({{ |
In modern German, the Old and Middle High German {{angbr|z}} is now represented by either {{angbr|ss}}, {{angbr|ß}}, or, if there are no related forms in which {{IPA|[s]}} occurs intervocalically, with {{angbr|s}}: {{lang|de|messen}} ({{langx|gmh|mezzen}}), {{lang|de|Straße}} ({{langx|gmh|strâze}}), and {{lang|de|was}} ({{langx|gmh|waz}}).<ref name="auto3"/> |
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=== Standardization of use === |
=== Standardization of use === |
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The pre-1996 German use of {{angbr|ß}} was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians [[Johann Christoph Gottsched]] (1748) and [[Johann Christoph Adelung]] (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the [[German Orthographic Conference of 1901]]. In this orthography, the use of {{angbr|ß}} was modeled after the use of [[long s|long]] and "round"-s in Fraktur. {{angbr|ß}} appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|217-18}} In his ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]'' (1854) [[Jacob Grimm]] called for {{angbr|ß}} or {{angbr|sz}} to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological {{angbr|z}} (e.g., {{lang|de|eß}} instead of {{lang|de|es}} from {{ |
The pre-1996 German use of {{angbr|ß}} was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians [[Johann Christoph Gottsched]] (1748) and [[Johann Christoph Adelung]] (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the [[German Orthographic Conference of 1901]]. In this orthography, the use of {{angbr|ß}} was modeled after the use of [[long s|long]] and "round"-s in Fraktur. {{angbr|ß}} appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|217-18}} In his ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]'' (1854) [[Jacob Grimm]] called for {{angbr|ß}} or {{angbr|sz}} to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological {{angbr|z}} (e.g., {{lang|de|eß}} instead of {{lang|de|es}} from {{langx|gmh|ez}}); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.<ref name="young"/>{{rp|269}} |
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In [[Austria-Hungary]] prior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated by [[Johann Christian August Heyse]] in 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after the [[German orthography reform of 1996]] in that {{angbr|ß}} was only used after long vowels.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|219}} |
In [[Austria-Hungary]] prior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated by [[Johann Christian August Heyse]] in 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after the [[German orthography reform of 1996]] in that {{angbr|ß}} was only used after long vowels.<ref name="walder"/>{{rp|219}} |
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In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain [[typographer]]s to introduce a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the [[Unicode]] set submitted in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2888.pdf |author=Andreas Stötzner |title=Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected) |access-date=2021-06-25 }}</ref> was rejected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04361.htm#101-C22 |title=Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/nonapprovals.html |title=Archive of Notices of Non-Approval |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.}}</ref> A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin capital letter sharp s}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3227.pdf |title=DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E |access-date=2014-01-30}} |
In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain [[typographer]]s to introduce a capital, {{angbr|ẞ}}. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the [[Unicode]] set submitted in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2888.pdf |author=Andreas Stötzner |title=Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Double S (rejected) |access-date=2021-06-25 }}</ref> was rejected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04361.htm#101-C22 |title=Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/nonapprovals.html |title=Archive of Notices of Non-Approval |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2021-06-25 |quote=2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.}}</ref> A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 ({{unichar|1E9E|Latin capital letter sharp s}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3227.pdf |title=DIN_29.1_SCHARF_S_1.3_E |access-date=2014-01-30}} |
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{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf |title=Unicode chart |access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS), [[ISO/IEC 10646]], was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017<ref name="auto"/> |
{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf |title=Unicode chart |access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS), [[ISO/IEC 10646]], was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017.<ref name="auto"/> As of 2024, {{angbr|ẞ}} is now the preferred option for depicting the character in capital letters, with {{angbr|SS}} as a second option.<ref name="auto23"/> |
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== Representation == |
== Representation == |
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The inclusion of a capital {{angbr|ẞ}} in [[Unicode]] in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of {{angbr|ẞ}} in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of [[Ezh|tailed z]] or of [[s|round s]], respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional}}</ref> which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including [[Arial]], [[Calibri]], [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]], [[Courier New]], [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Serif]], [[Liberation Sans]], [[Liberation Mono]], [[Linux Libertine]] and [[Times New Roman]]; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Sans]]. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing {{angbr|ẞ}} following the [[Sulzbacher form]] of {{angbr|ß}}, reminiscent of the Greek {{angbr|[[β]]}} (beta); such a shape has been adopted by [[FreeSans]] and [[FreeSerif]], [[Liberation Serif]] and [[Verdana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1e9e/fontsupport.htm|title=Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support|website=www.fileformat.info}}</ref> |
The inclusion of a capital {{angbr|ẞ}} in [[Unicode]] in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of {{angbr|ẞ}} in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of [[Ezh|tailed z]] or of [[s|round s]], respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional}}</ref> which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including [[Arial]], [[Calibri]], [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]], [[Courier New]], [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Serif]], [[Liberation Sans]], [[Liberation Mono]], [[Linux Libertine]] and [[Times New Roman]]; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by [[DejaVu fonts|Dejavu Sans]]. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing {{angbr|ẞ}} following the [[Sulzbacher form]] of {{angbr|ß}}, reminiscent of the Greek {{angbr|[[β]]}} (beta); such a shape has been adopted by [[FreeSans]] and [[FreeSerif]], [[Liberation Serif]] and [[Verdana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1e9e/fontsupport.htm|title=Latin Capital Letter Sharp S (U+1E9E) Font Support|website=www.fileformat.info}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Typing the character === |
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}} |
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}} |
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[[File:German typewriter detail.jpg|thumb|200px|The ß key (as well as [[Ä]], [[Ö]], and [[Ü]]) on a 1964 German [[typewriter]] ]] |
[[File:German typewriter detail.jpg|thumb|200px|The ß key (as well as [[Ä]], [[Ö]], and [[Ü]]) on a 1964 German [[typewriter]] ]] |
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In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with [[US-International]] (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using {{keypress|AltGr|s|chain=}} (or {{keypress|Ctrl|Alt|s|chain=}}) in [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[ChromeOS]]; in [[MacOS]], one uses {{keypress|Option|s|chain=}} on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use {{keypress|[[alt code|Alt]]|0}}{{keypress|2|2|3|chain=}}. On Linux {{keypress|[[compose key|Compose]]|s|s|chain=}} works, and {{keypress|Compose|S|S|chain=}} for uppercase. Some modern [[virtual keyboards]] show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key. |
In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with [[US-International]] (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using {{keypress|AltGr|s|chain=}} (or {{keypress|Ctrl|Alt|s|chain=}}) in [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[ChromeOS]]; in [[MacOS]], one uses {{keypress|Option|s|chain=}} on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use {{keypress|[[alt code|Alt]]|0}}{{keypress|2|2|3|chain=}}. On Linux {{keypress|[[compose key|Compose]]|s|s|chain=}} works, and {{keypress|Compose|S|S|chain=}} for uppercase. Some modern [[virtual keyboards]] show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key. |
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The [[HTML entity]] for |
The [[HTML entity]] (for the lowercase form) is <code>&szlig;</code>. In [[TeX]] and [[LaTeX]], <code>\ss</code> produces ß.<ref name="latexnames">{{cite web |url=http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf |title=The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List |first=Scott |last=Pakin |date=2020-06-25}}</ref>{{efn|The {{code|\SS}} macro exists as the uppercase counterpart of {{code|\ss}}, but produces a doubled capital S.}} A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by <code>"s</code> (similar to [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlauts]], which are produced by <code>"a</code>, <code>"o</code>, and <code>"u</code> with this package).<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=https://de.sharelatex.com/learn/German |
|url=https://de.sharelatex.com/learn/German |
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|title=German |
|title=German |
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|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> |
|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> |
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=== Unicode === |
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⚫ | In modern browsers, "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using <code>text-transform: uppercase</code> in [[Cascading Style Sheets]]. The [[JavaScript]] in [[Google Chrome]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., <code>"ß".toUpperCase()</code>).<ref>{{cite web |
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There are two code points in [[Unicode]]: |
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* {{unichar|00DF}} |
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* {{unichar|1E9E}} |
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⚫ | In modern browsers, lowercase "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using <code>text-transform: uppercase</code> in [[Cascading Style Sheets]]. The [[JavaScript]] in [[Google Chrome]] and [[Mozilla Firefox]] will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., <code>"ß".toUpperCase()</code>).<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=https://cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/ |
|url=https://cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/ |
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|title=cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/ |
|title=cd1rtx3.github.io/eszett/ |
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|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |
|access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |
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The lower-case letter exists in many earlier encodings that covered European languages. In several [[ISO 8859]]{{efn|Parts |
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{{charmap |
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| 1E9E | name1 = Latin Capital Letter Sharp S |
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| 00DF | name2 = Latin Small Letter Sharp S |
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| map1 = [[ISO 8859]]{{efn|Parts |
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[[ISO-8859-1|1]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-1.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
[[ISO-8859-1|1]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-1.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
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[[ISO-8859-2|2]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-2.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
[[ISO-8859-2|2]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-2.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-2:1999 to Unicode |last=Whistler |first=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
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[[ISO-8859-14|14]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-14.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-14:1999 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |last2=Whistler |first2=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
[[ISO-8859-14|14]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-14.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-14:1999 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |last2=Whistler |first2=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
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[[ISO-8859-15|15]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-15.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |last2=Whistler |first2=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and |
[[ISO-8859-15|15]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-15.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |last2=Whistler |first2=Ken |orig-year=1999-07-27 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and |
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[[ISO-8859-16|16]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-16.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |orig-year=2001-07-26 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} and [[Windows-125x]]{{efn|Code pages |
[[ISO-8859-16|16]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ISO8859/8859-16.TXT |title=ISO/IEC 8859-16:2001 to Unicode |last1=Kuhn |first1=Markus |orig-year=2001-07-26 |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} and [[Windows-125x|Windows]]{{efn|Code pages |
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[[Windows-1250|1250]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1250.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1250 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
[[Windows-1250|1250]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1250.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1250 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
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[[Windows-1252|1252]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1252.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1252 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
[[Windows-1252|1252]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1252.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1252 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
||
[[Windows-1254|1254]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1254.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1254 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
[[Windows-1254|1254]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1254.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1254 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> |
||
[[Windows-1257|1257]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1257.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1257 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and |
[[Windows-1257|1257]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1257.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1257 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and |
||
[[Windows-1258|1258]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1258.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1258 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} | |
[[Windows-1258|1258]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP1258.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1258 to Unicode table |date=1998-04-15 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} encodings it is at {{tt|0xDF}}, the value inherited by Unicode. In [[code page 437|DOS code pages]]{{efn|Code pages [[Code page 437|437]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP437.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> and [[Code page 850|850]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP850.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp850_DOSLatin1 to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} it is at {{tt|0xE1}}. [[Mac OS Roman|Mac OS encodings]]{{efn|Mac OS |
||
| map2 = [[Mac OS]] script encodings{{efn|Mac OS |
|||
[[Mac OS Roman|Roman]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ROMAN.TXT}}</ref> |
[[Mac OS Roman|Roman]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ROMAN.TXT}}</ref> |
||
[[Mac OS Icelandic encoding|Icelandic]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ICELAND.TXT}}</ref> |
[[Mac OS Icelandic encoding|Icelandic]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/ICELAND.TXT}}</ref> |
||
Line 251: | Line 252: | ||
[[MacGreek encoding|Greek]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/GREEK.TXT}}</ref> and |
[[MacGreek encoding|Greek]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/GREEK.TXT}}</ref> and |
||
[[Mac OS Turkish encoding|Turkish]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/TURKISH.TXT}}</ref> |
[[Mac OS Turkish encoding|Turkish]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |author-link=Apple Computer, Inc. |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2005-04-05 |orig-year=1995-04-15 |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/TURKISH.TXT}}</ref> |
||
⚫ | }} put it at {{tt|0xA7}}. Some [[EBCDIC]] codes{{efn|037 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP037.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp037_IBMUSCanada to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> 500,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP500.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> 1026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/EBCDIC/CP1026.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref>}} put it at {{tt|0x59}}. The upper-case form was rarely, if ever, encoded in single-byte encodings. |
||
}} | map2char2 = A7 |
|||
| map3 = DOS [[code page 437]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP437.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> [[Code page 850|850]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/PC/CP850.TXT |last=Steele |first=Shawn |title=cp850_DOSLatin1 to Unicode table |date=1996-04-24 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]]}}</ref> | map3char2 = E1 |
|||
| map4 = [[EUC-KR]]<ref name="euc-kr-ibm970">{{cite web |url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/unicode-org/icu/master/icu4c/source/data/mappings/ibm-970_P110_P110-2006_U2.ucm |title=IBM-970 |author1=Unicode Consortium |author-link1=Unicode Consortium |author2=IBM |author-link2=IBM |work=[[International Components for Unicode]]}}</ref> / [[Unified Hangul Code|UHC]]<ref name="uhc-ms949">{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP949.TXT |title=cp949 to Unicode table |last=Steele |first=Shawn |publisher=[[Microsoft]] / [[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2000}}</ref> | map4char2 = A9 AC |
|||
| map5 = [[GB 18030]]<ref name="gb18030">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/GB18030-2005|title=GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set|last=Standardization Administration of China (SAC)|date=2005-11-18}}</ref> | map5char1 = 81 35 FE 32 | map5char2 = 81 30 89 38 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| map7 = [[ISO/IEC 6937]] | map7char2 = FB |
|||
| map8 = [[Shift JIS-2004]]<ref name="shift-jis-2004">{{cite web |url=http://x0213.org/codetable/sjis-0213-2004-std.txt |title=Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table |date=2009-05-03 |author=Project X0213}}</ref> | map8char2 = 85 74 |
|||
| map9 = [[EUC-JIS-2004]]<ref name="euc-jis-2004">{{cite web |url=http://x0213.org/codetable/euc-jis-2004-std.txt |title=EUC-JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 3) vs Unicode mapping table |date=2009-05-03 |author=Project X0213}}</ref> | map9char2 = A9 D5 |
|||
| map10 = [[KPS 9566]]-2003<ref name="kps9566txt">{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MISC/KPS9566.TXT |title=KPS 9566-2003 to Unicode |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}</ref> | map10char2 = AE DF |
|||
| namedref1 = [[LaTeX]]<ref name="latexnames">{{cite web |url=http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf |title=The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List |first=Scott |last=Pakin |date=2020-06-25}}</ref> | ref1char1 = {{efn|The {{code|\SS}} macro exists as the uppercase counterpart of {{code|\ss}}, but displays as a doubled capital S.<ref name="latexnames"/>}} | ref1char2 = \ss |
|||
}} |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
Latest revision as of 23:05, 15 November 2024
ẞ | |
---|---|
ẞ ß | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | Alphabetic |
Language of origin | Early New High German |
Sound values | [s] |
In Unicode | U+1E9E, U+00DF |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | ~1300s to present |
Descendants | None |
Sisters | None |
Transliterations | ss, sz |
Other | |
Associated graphs | ss, sz |
Writing direction | Left-to-Right |
In German orthography, the letter ß, called Eszett (IPA: [ɛsˈtsɛt], S-Z) or scharfes S (IPA: [ˌʃaʁfəs ˈʔɛs], "sharp S"), represents the /s/ phoneme in Standard German when following long vowels and diphthongs. The letter-name Eszett combines the names of the letters of ⟨s⟩ (Es) and ⟨z⟩ (Zett) in German. The character's Unicode names in English are double s,[1] sharp s[2] and eszett.[2] The Eszett letter is currently used only in German, and can be typographically replaced with the double-s digraph ⟨ss⟩, if the ß-character is unavailable. In the 20th century, the ß-character was replaced with ss in the spelling of Swiss Standard German (Switzerland and Liechtenstein), while remaining Standard German spelling in other varieties of the German language.[3]
The letter originates as the ⟨sz⟩ digraph as used in late medieval and early modern German orthography, represented as a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ (long s) and ⟨ʒ⟩ (tailed z) in blackletter typefaces, yielding ⟨ſʒ⟩.[a] This developed from an earlier usage of ⟨z⟩ in Old and Middle High German to represent a separate sibilant sound from ⟨s⟩; when the difference between the two sounds was lost in the 13th century, the two symbols came to be combined as ⟨sz⟩ in some situations.
Traditionally, ⟨ß⟩ did not have a capital form, although some type designers introduced de facto capitalized variants. In 2017, the Council for German Orthography officially adopted a capital, ⟨ẞ⟩, as an acceptable variant in German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.[4] Since 2024 the capital ⟨ẞ⟩ is preferred over ⟨SS⟩.[5]
Lowercase ⟨ß⟩ was encoded by ECMA-94 (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by Latin-1 and Unicode (U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S).[6]
The HTML entity ß
was introduced with HTML 2.0 (1995). The capital ⟨ẞ⟩ was encoded by Unicode in 2008 at (U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).
Usage
[edit]Current usage
[edit]In standard German, three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent [s] (the voiceless alveolar fricative) depending on its position in a word: ⟨s⟩, ⟨ss⟩, and ⟨ß⟩. According to current German orthography, ⟨ß⟩ represents the sound [s]:
- when it is written after a diphthong or long vowel and is not followed by another consonant in the word stem: Straße, Maß, groß, heißen [Exceptions: aus and words with final devoicing (e.g., Haus)];[7] and
- when a word stem ending with ⟨ß⟩ takes an inflectional ending beginning with a consonant: heißt, größte.[8]
In verbs with roots where the vowel changes length, this means that some forms may be written with ⟨ß⟩, others with ⟨ss⟩: wissen, er weiß, er wusste.[7]
The use of ⟨ß⟩ distinguishes minimal pairs such as reißen (IPA: [ˈʁaɪsn̩], to rip) and reisen (IPA: [ˈʁaɪzn̩], to travel) on the one hand ([s] vs. [z]), and Buße (IPA: [ˈbuːsə], penance) and Busse (IPA: [ˈbʊsə], buses) on the other (long vowel before ⟨ß⟩, short vowel before ⟨ss⟩).[9]: 123
Some proper names may use ⟨ß⟩ after a short vowel, following the old orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., Litfaßsäule; advertising column, named after Ernst Litfaß).[10]: 180
If no ⟨ß⟩ is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for ⟨ß⟩ to be replaced with ⟨ss⟩.[11] Additionally, as of 2024, when capitalized, in addition to using capital ⟨ẞ⟩ (STRAẞE), the spelling ⟨SS⟩ (STRASSE) is also possible.[5][12] The previous rule, codified in the Orthography Reform of 1996, had been always to replace ⟨ß⟩ with ⟨SS⟩ in allcaps.[13]
In pre-1996 orthography
[edit]According to the orthography in use in German prior to the German orthography reform of 1996, ⟨ß⟩ was written to represent [s]:
- word internally following a long vowel or diphthong: Straße, reißen; and
- at the end of a syllable or before a consonant, so long as [s] is the end of the word stem: muß, faßt, wäßrig.[10]: 176
In the old orthography, word stems spelled ⟨ss⟩ internally could thus be written ⟨ß⟩ in certain instances, without this reflecting a change in vowel length: küßt (from küssen), faßt (from fassen), verläßlich and Verlaß (from verlassen), kraß (comparative: krasser).[9]: 121–23 [14] In rare occasions, the difference between ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ could help differentiate words: Paßende (expiration of a pass) and passende (appropriate).[10]: 178
As in the new orthography, it was possible to write ⟨ss⟩ for ⟨ß⟩ if the character was not available. When using all capital letters, the pre-1996 rules called for rendering ⟨ß⟩ as ⟨SS⟩ except when there was ambiguity, in which case it should be rendered as ⟨SZ⟩. The common example for such a case is IN MASZEN (in Maßen "in moderate amounts") vs. IN MASSEN (in Massen "in massive amounts"); in this example the spelling difference between ⟨ß⟩ vs. ⟨ss⟩ produces completely different meanings.[citation needed]
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
[edit]In Swiss Standard German, ⟨ss⟩ usually replaces every ⟨ß⟩.[15][16] This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25 E2: "In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss“ schreiben" ("In Switzerland, one may always write 'ss'"). Liechtenstein follows the same practice. There are very few instances where the difference between spelling ⟨ß⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ affects the meaning of a word, and these can usually be told apart by context.[17]: 230 [18]
Other uses
[edit]Occasionally, ⟨ß⟩ has been used in unusual ways:
- As the Greek lowercase ⟨β⟩ (beta). The original IBM PC CP437 contains a glyph that minimizes their differences placed between ⟨α⟩ (alpha) and ⟨γ⟩ (gamma) but named "Sharp s Small".[19] Substitution was also done using other character sets such as ISO/IEC 8859-1 even though they contain no other Greek letters. It has also been misused as ⟨β⟩ in scientific writing.[20]
- In Prussian Lithuanian, as in the first book published in Lithuanian, Martynas Mažvydas' Simple Words of Catechism,[21] as well as in Sorbian (see example on the left).
- For sadhe in Akkadian glosses, in place of the standard ⟨ṣ⟩, when that character is unavailable due to limitations of HTML.[22]
- The letter appeared in the alphabet made by Jan Kochanowski for the Polish language, that was used from the 16th until the 18th century. It represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative ([ʃ]) sound.[23][24] It was for example used in the Jakub Wujek Bible.[25]
- Some authors have used it in German at the beginning of words to transcribe the voiceless s of certain accents.[26]
History
[edit]Origin and development
[edit]As a result of the High German consonant shift, Old High German developed a sound generally spelled ⟨zz⟩ or ⟨z⟩ that was probably pronounced [s] and was contrasted with a sound, probably pronounced [s̠] (voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant) or [z̠] (voiced alveolar retracted sibilant), depending on the place in the word, and spelled ⟨s⟩.[27] Given that ⟨z⟩ could also represent the affricate [ts], some attempts were made to differentiate the sounds by spelling [s] as ⟨zss⟩ or ⟨zs⟩: wazssar (German: Wasser), fuozssi (German: Füße), heizsit (German: heißt).[28] In Middle High German, ⟨zz⟩ simplified to ⟨z⟩ at the end of a word or after a long vowel, but was retained word internally after a short vowel: wazzer (German: Wasser) vs. lâzen (German: lassen) and fuoz (German: Fuß).[29]
In the thirteenth century, the phonetic difference between ⟨z⟩ and ⟨s⟩ was lost at the beginning and end of words in all dialects except for Gottscheerish.[27] Word-internally, Old and Middle High German ⟨s⟩ came to be pronounced [z] (the voiced alveolar sibilant), while Old and Middle High German ⟨z⟩ continued to be pronounced [s]. This produces the contrast between modern standard German reisen and reißen. The former is pronounced IPA: [ˈʁaɪzn̩] and comes from Middle High German: reisen, while the latter is pronounced IPA: [ˈʁaɪsn̩] and comes from Middle High German: reizen.[30]
In the late medieval and early modern periods, [s] was frequently spelled ⟨sz⟩ or ⟨ss⟩. The earliest appearance of ligature resembling the modern ⟨ß⟩ is in a fragment of a manuscript of the poem Wolfdietrich from around 1300.[17]: 214 [30] In the Gothic book hands and bastarda scripts of the late medieval period, ⟨sz⟩ is written with long s and the Blackletter "tailed z", as ⟨ſʒ⟩. A recognizable ligature representing the ⟨sz⟩ digraph develops in handwriting in the early 14th century.[31]: 67–76
By the late 1400s, the choice of spelling between ⟨sz⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ was usually based on the sound's position in the word rather than etymology: ⟨sz⟩ (⟨ſz⟩) tended to be used in word final position: uſz (Middle High German: ûz, German: aus), -nüſz (Middle High German: -nüss(e), German: -nis); ⟨ss⟩ (⟨ſſ⟩) tended to be used when the sound occurred between vowels: groſſes (Middle High German: grôzes, German: großes).[32]: 171 While Martin Luther's early 16th-century printings also contain spellings such as heyße (German: heiße), early modern printers mostly changed these to ⟨ſſ⟩: heiſſe. Around the same time, printers began to systematically distinguish between das (the, that [pronoun]) and daß (that [conjunction]).[32]: 215
In modern German, the Old and Middle High German ⟨z⟩ is now represented by either ⟨ss⟩, ⟨ß⟩, or, if there are no related forms in which [s] occurs intervocalically, with ⟨s⟩: messen (Middle High German: mezzen), Straße (Middle High German: strâze), and was (Middle High German: waz).[29]
Standardization of use
[edit]The pre-1996 German use of ⟨ß⟩ was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians Johann Christoph Gottsched (1748) and Johann Christoph Adelung (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the German Orthographic Conference of 1901. In this orthography, the use of ⟨ß⟩ was modeled after the use of long and "round"-s in Fraktur. ⟨ß⟩ appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words.[17]: 217–18 In his Deutsches Wörterbuch (1854) Jacob Grimm called for ⟨ß⟩ or ⟨sz⟩ to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological ⟨z⟩ (e.g., eß instead of es from Middle High German: ez); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.[32]: 269
In Austria-Hungary prior to the German Orthographic Conference of 1902, an alternative rule formulated by Johann Christian August Heyse in 1829 had been officially taught in the schools since 1879, although this spelling was not widely used. Heyse's rule matches current usage after the German orthography reform of 1996 in that ⟨ß⟩ was only used after long vowels.[17]: 219
Use in Roman type
[edit]In early modern Latin type (antiqua), a ligature similar to modern ⟨ß⟩ developed out of a long s followed by a round s (⟨ſs⟩), and as such was used in languages such as Italian in alternation with ⟨ſſ⟩, usually based on requirements of space on the page.[33]: 76 However, despite its resemblance to the modern ⟨ß⟩, this ligature was not commonly used as an equivalent to the Fraktur ⟨sz⟩ in German.[34][35] This ligature generally fell out of use in the eighteenth century, together with the use of long s in antiqua.[31]: 73 German works printed in Roman type in the late 18th and early 19th centuries such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre did not provide any equivalent to the ⟨ß⟩.[31]: 74
Jacob Grimm began using ⟨ß⟩ in his Deutsche Grammatik (1819); however, it varied with ⟨ſſ⟩ word internally.[31]: 74 Grimm eventually rejected the use of the character; in their Deutsches Wörterbuch (1838), the Brothers Grimm favored writing it as ⟨sz⟩.[35]: 2 The First Orthographic Conference in Berlin (1876) recommended that ß be represented as ⟨ſs⟩ – however, both suggestions were ultimately rejected.[32]: 269 [17]: 222 In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the Journal für Buchdruckerkunst. A committee of the Typographic Society of Leipzig chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903, it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.[35]: 3–5
Until the abolition of Fraktur in 1941, it was common for family names to be written with ⟨ß⟩ in Fraktur and ⟨ss⟩ in Roman type. The formal abolition resulted in inconsistencies in how names are written in modern German (such as between Heuss and Heuß).[10]: 176
Abolition and attempted abolitions
[edit]The Swiss and Liechtensteiners ceased to use ⟨ß⟩ in the twentieth century. This has been explained variously by the early adoption of Roman type in Switzerland, the use of typewriters in Switzerland that did not include ⟨ß⟩ in favor of French and Italian characters, and peculiarities of Swiss German that cause words spelled with ⟨ß⟩ or ⟨ss⟩ to be pronounced with gemination.[17]: 221–22 The Education Council of Zürich had decided to stop teaching the letter in 1935, whereas the Neue Zürcher Zeitung continued to write ⟨ß⟩ until 1971.[36] Swiss newspapers continued to print in Fraktur until the end of the 1940s, and the abandonment of ß by most newspapers corresponded to them switching to Roman typesetting.[37]
When the Nazi German government abolished the use of blackletter typesetting in 1941, it was originally planned to also abolish the use of ⟨ß⟩. However, Hitler intervened to retain ⟨ß⟩, while deciding against the creation of a capital form.[38] In 1954, a group of reformers in West Germany similarly proposed, among other changes to German spelling, the abolition of ⟨ß⟩; their proposals were publicly opposed by German-language writers Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, and Friedrich Dürrenmatt and were never implemented.[39] Although the German Orthography Reform of 1996 reduced the use of ⟨ß⟩ in standard German, Adrienne Walder writes that an abolition outside of Switzerland appears unlikely.[17]: 235
Development of a capital form
[edit]Because ⟨ß⟩ had been treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. Moreover, allcaps was not normally used in Fraktur printing.[4] There were, however, proposals to introduce capital forms of ⟨ß⟩ for use in allcaps writing (where ⟨ß⟩ would otherwise usually be represented as either ⟨SS⟩ or ⟨SZ⟩). A capital was first seriously proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread use.[40] The Orthographic Conference of 1903 called for the use of ⟨SZ⟩ in allcaps until a capital letter could be proposed.[4] Historical typefaces offering a capitalized eszett mostly date to the time between 1905 and 1930. The first known typefaces to include capital eszett were produced by the Schelter & Giesecke foundry in Leipzig, in 1905/06. Schelter & Giesecke at the time widely advocated the use of this type, but its use nevertheless remained very limited.
The preface to the 1925 edition of the Duden dictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital ⟨ß⟩:
Die Verwendung zweier Buchstaben für einen Laut ist nur ein Notbehelf, der aufhören muss, sobald ein geeigneter Druckbuchstabe für das große ß geschaffen ist.[41]
The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed.
The Duden was edited separately in East and West Germany during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German Duden of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital ⟨ß⟩ in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalization. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase ⟨ß⟩ was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of ⟨ß⟩.[42]
In the 2000s, there were renewed efforts on the part of certain typographers to introduce a capital, ⟨ẞ⟩. A proposal to include a corresponding character in the Unicode set submitted in 2004[43] was rejected.[44][45] A second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful, and the character was included in Unicode version 5.1.0 in April 2008 (U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).[46] The international standard associated with Unicode (UCS), ISO/IEC 10646, was updated to reflect the addition on 24 June 2008. The capital letter was finally adopted as an option in standard German orthography in 2017.[12] As of 2024, ⟨ẞ⟩ is now the preferred option for depicting the character in capital letters, with ⟨SS⟩ as a second option.[5]
Representation
[edit]Graphical variants
[edit]This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2021) |
The recommendation of the Sulzbacher form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of ⟨ß⟩ in use in Antiqua fonts:
- ⟨ſs⟩ without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters;
- the ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨s⟩ inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces;
- a ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨ʒ⟩, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua; and
- the Sulzbacher form.
The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. The design of modern ⟨ß⟩ tends to follow either the Sulzbacher form, in which ⟨ʒ⟩ (tailed z) is clearly visible, or else be made up of a clear ligature of ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨s⟩.[35]: 2
Use of typographic variants in street signs:
-
Blackletter form of the ſʒ ligature (Erfurt street signs)
-
Sulzbacher form (Nuremberg street signs)
-
Two distinct blackletter typefaces in Mainz. The red sign spells Straße with ſs; the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ſʒ ligature.
The inclusion of a capital ⟨ẞ⟩ in Unicode in 2008 revived the century-old debate among font designers as to how such a character should be represented. The main difference in the shapes of ⟨ẞ⟩ in contemporary fonts is the depiction with a diagonal straight line vs. a curved line in its upper right part, reminiscent of the ligature of tailed z or of round s, respectively. The code chart published by the Unicode Consortium favours the former possibility,[47] which has been adopted by Unicode capable fonts including Arial, Calibri, Cambria, Courier New, Dejavu Serif, Liberation Sans, Liberation Mono, Linux Libertine and Times New Roman; the second possibility is more rare, adopted by Dejavu Sans. Some fonts adopt a third possibility in representing ⟨ẞ⟩ following the Sulzbacher form of ⟨ß⟩, reminiscent of the Greek ⟨β⟩ (beta); such a shape has been adopted by FreeSans and FreeSerif, Liberation Serif and Verdana.[48]
Typing the character
[edit]This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
In Germany and Austria, a 'ß' key is present on computer and typewriter keyboards, normally to the right-hand end on the number row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in DIN 2112, first issued in 1928.[49]
In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the 's' key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system: on some keyboards with US-International (or local 'extended') setting, the symbol is created using AltGrs (or CtrlAlts) in Microsoft Windows, Linux and ChromeOS; in MacOS, one uses ⌥ Options on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards. In Windows, one can use Alt+0223. On Linux Composess works, and ComposeSS for uppercase. Some modern virtual keyboards show ß when the user presses and holds the 's' key.
The HTML entity (for the lowercase form) is ß
. In TeX and LaTeX, \ss
produces ß.[50][b] A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by "s
(similar to umlauts, which are produced by "a
, "o
, and "u
with this package).[51]
Unicode
[edit]There are two code points in Unicode:
- U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
- U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S
In modern browsers, lowercase "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using text-transform: uppercase
in Cascading Style Sheets. The JavaScript in Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g., "ß".toUpperCase()
).[52]
The lower-case letter exists in many earlier encodings that covered European languages. In several ISO 8859[c] and Windows[d] encodings it is at 0xDF, the value inherited by Unicode. In DOS code pages[e] it is at 0xE1. Mac OS encodings[f] put it at 0xA7. Some EBCDIC codes[g] put it at 0x59. The upper-case form was rarely, if ever, encoded in single-byte encodings.
See also
[edit]- Long s
- β – Second letter of the Greek alphabet
- 阝 – Element used in Chinese Kangxi writing
- Sz – Digraph of the Latin script
Notes
[edit]- ^ The IPA symbol ezh (ʒ) is the most similar to the Blackletter z () and is used in this article for convenience despite its technical inaccuracy.
- ^ The
\SS
macro exists as the uppercase counterpart of\ss
, but produces a doubled capital S. - ^ Parts 1,[53] 2,[54] 3,[55] 4,[56] 9,[57] 10,[58] 13,[59] 14,[60] 15[61] and 16.[62]
- ^ Code pages 1250,[63] 1252,[64] 1254,[65] 1257[66] and 1258.[67]
- ^ Code pages 437[68] and 850[69]
- ^ Mac OS Roman,[70] Icelandic,[71] Croatian,[72] Central European,[73] Celtic,[74] Gaelic,[75] Romanian,[76] Greek[77] and Turkish.[78]
- ^ 037 [79] 500,[80] 1026[81]
References
[edit]- ^ Sandra Köktas (20 September 2022). "German double s and eszett". Lingoda. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ a b Unicode Consortium (2018), "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement, Range 0080–00FF" (PDF), The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0, retrieved 2018-08-09.
- ^ Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung ("Guide to German Orthography") Archived 2012-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, 3rd edition (2007) (in German) from the Swiss Federal Chancellery, retrieved 22-Apr-2012
- ^ a b c Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017). "Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet". Retrieved 9 August 2017.
According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.
- ^ a b c "Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Auf der Grundlage des Beschlusses des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung vom 15.12.2023" (PDF). §25, E3. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben ist neben der Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ auch die Schreibung SS möglich: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE. [When writing with capital letters, in addition to using the capital letter ẞ, the spelling SS is also possible. Example: Straße – STRAẞE – STRASSE.]
- ^ C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement glossed 'uppercase is "SS" or 1E9E ẞ; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F ſ, with either 0073 s or with an old-style glyph for 007A z (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 ʒ). Both forms exist interchangeably today.'
- ^ a b "Deutsche Rechschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ Duden: Die Grammatik (9 ed.). 2016. p. 84.
- ^ a b Augst, Gerhard; Stock, Eberhard (1997). "Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung". In Augst, Gerhard; et al. (eds.). Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik. Max Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-31179-7.
- ^ a b c d Poschenrieder, Thorwald (1997). "S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform?". In Eroms, Hans-Werner; Munske, Horst Haider (eds.). Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra. Erich Schmidt. ISBN 3-50303786-1.
- ^ "Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis". 2.3 E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss. [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]
- ^ a b "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016" (PDF). §25, E3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]
- ^ "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006" (PDF). §25, E3. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE. [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]
- ^ Munske, Horst Haider (2005). Lob der Rechtschreibung: Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben. C. H. Beck. p. 66. ISBN 3-406-52861-9.
- ^ Peter Gallmann. "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben." in Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. (Archived.)
- ^ "Rechtschreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung." Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 19, 21–22.
- ^ a b c d e f g Walder, Adrienne (2020). "Das versale Eszett: Ein neuer Buchstabe im deutschen Alphabet". Zeitschrift für Germanitische Linguistik. 48 (2): 211–237. doi:10.1515/zgl-2020-2001. S2CID 225226660.
- ^ "Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung." Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 21–22.
- ^ "Code Page (CPGID): 00437". IBM software FTP server. IBM. 1984. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ Silva, Jaime A. Teixeira da (2021-04-05). "Confusing German Eszett (ẞ; ß) with Greek beta (β) in Biomedical Writing". Science Editor. 44 (1): 23–24. doi:10.36591/SE-D-4401-23.
- ^ Zinkevičius, Zigmas (1996). The History of the Lithuanian Language. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 230-236. ISBN 9785420013632.
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- ^ a b Salmons, Joseph (2018). A History of German: What the past reveals about today's language (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-872302-8.
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- ^ a b c d Brekle, Herbert E. (2001). "Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten". Gutenberg-Jahrbuch. 76. Mainz. ISSN 0072-9094.
- ^ a b c d Young, Christopher; Gloning, Thomas (2004). A History of the German Language Through Texts. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-86263-9.
- ^ Michel, Andreas (2012). "Italian orthography in Early Modern times". In Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (eds.). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. de Gruyter Mouton. pp. 63–96. doi:10.1515/9783110288179.63. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9.
- ^ Mosley, James (2008-01-31), "Esszet or ß", Typefoundry, retrieved 2019-05-05
- ^ a b c d Jamra, Mark (2006), "The Eszett", TypeCulture, retrieved 2019-05-05
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- ^ Schreiben des Reichsministers und Chefs der Reichskanzlei an den Reichsminister des Innern vom 20. Juli 1941. BA, Potsdam, R 1501, Nr. 27180. cited in: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941 von Silvia Hartman, Peter Lang Verlag. ISBN 978-3-631-33050-0
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- ^ Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.
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- ^ "Approved Minutes of the UTC 101 / L2 198 Joint Meeting, Cupertino, CA – November 15-18, 2004". Unicode Consortium. 2005-02-10. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
The UTC concurs with Stoetzner that Capital Double S is a typographical issue. Therefore the UTC believes it is inappropriate to encode it as a separate character.
- ^ "Archive of Notices of Non-Approval". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
2004-Nov-18, rejected by the UTC as a typographical issue, inappropriate for encoding as a separate character. Rejected also on the grounds that it would cause casing implementation issues for legacy German data.
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