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==Description==
==Description==
''The Spirit of Detroit'' is a monument with a large bronze statue created by [[Marshall Fredericks]] and located at the [[Coleman A. Young Municipal Center]] on [[Woodward Avenue]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]. Fredericks also designed the seal of [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] at the time he was designing the ''Spirit of Detroit'', as it was a part of the work and the county had no seal at the time.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/1/omeka.svsu.edu/items/show/5293#:~:text=The%20event%20depicted%20on%20the,now%20the%20city%20of%20Detroit</ref><ref>https://www.freep.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan/detroit/2018/04/20/spirit-of-detroit-sculptor-marshall-fredericks/34033073/</ref> The seal is still used today and is also featured on the county's flag. Cast in Oslo, Norway, the 26-foot (7.9 m), 9-ton sculpture sits on a 60-ton marble base and it was the largest cast [[bronze statue]] since the [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baulch |first=Vivian |date=1998-08-04 |title=Marshall Fredericks -- the Spirit of Detroit |url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159#selection-1319.0-1319.44 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=The Detroit News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711220627/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159#selection-1319.0-1319.44 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="aic">{{cite web|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum|author-link=Smithsonian American Art Museum|year=1993|title=''The Spirit of Detroit'' (Sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!298864~!3#focus|access-date=December 19, 2020|work=Art Inventories Catalog|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|id=Control Number 87840002}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit|url=http://historicdetroit.org/building/spirit-of-detroit/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Historic Detroit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Lucy|last=Ament |date=April 22, 2008|title=Venus Bronze Works Restores Detroit, One Sculpture at a Time|url=https://www.modeldmedia.com/features/venust13908.aspx|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Model D|language=en}}</ref>
''The Spirit of Detroit'' is a monument with a large bronze statue created by [[Marshall Fredericks]] and located at the [[Coleman A. Young Municipal Center]] on [[Woodward Avenue]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]. Fredericks also designed the seal of [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] at the time he was designing ''The Spirit of Detroit'', as it was a part of the work and the county had no seal at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-09 |title=Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum {{!}} Wayne County Seal, Relief, [Plaster] |url=http://omeka.svsu.edu/items/show/5293 |access-date=2024-04-21 |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609234813/http://omeka.svsu.edu/items/show/5293 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spirit of Detroit sculptor Marshall Fredericks |url=https://www.freep.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan/detroit/2018/04/20/spirit-of-detroit-sculptor-marshall-fredericks/34033073/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The seal is still used today and is also featured on the county's flag. Cast in Oslo, Norway, the 26-foot (7.9 m), 9-ton sculpture sits on a 60-ton marble base; it was the largest cast [[bronze statue]] since the [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baulch |first=Vivian |date=1998-08-04 |title=Marshall Fredericks -- the Spirit of Detroit |url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159#selection-1319.0-1319.44 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=The Detroit News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711220627/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=159#selection-1319.0-1319.44 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="aic">{{cite web|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum|author-link=Smithsonian American Art Museum|year=1993|title=''The Spirit of Detroit'' (Sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!298864~!3#focus|access-date=December 19, 2020|work=Art Inventories Catalog|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|id=Control Number 87840002}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit|url=http://historicdetroit.org/building/spirit-of-detroit/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Historic Detroit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Lucy|last=Ament |date=April 22, 2008|title=Venus Bronze Works Restores Detroit, One Sculpture at a Time|url=https://www.modeldmedia.com/features/venust13908.aspx|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Model D|language=en}}</ref>


In its left hand, the large seated figure holds a gilt [[bronze]] sphere emanating rays to symbolize [[God]].<ref name="aic" /> The people in the figure's right hand are a family group symbolizing all human relationships.<ref name="aic" />
In its left hand, the large seated figure holds a gilt [[bronze]] sphere emanating rays to symbolize [[God]].<ref name="aic" /> The people in the figure's right hand are a family group symbolizing all human relationships.<ref name="aic" />
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{{spaces|15}}II CORINTHIANS 3:17}}
{{spaces|15}}II CORINTHIANS 3:17}}


The 36 x 45 foot semicircular wall includes the seals of the City of Detroit and [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> A plaque in front of the sculpture bears the following inscription: "The artist expresses the concept that God, through the spirit of man, is manifested in the family, the noblest human relationship."<ref name=":5" />
The 36 x 45 foot semicircular wall includes the seals of the City of Detroit and [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The Wayne County seal was created by Fredericks specifically for ''The Spirit of Detroit'', as the county did not have a seal beforehand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609234813/http://omeka.svsu.edu/items/show/5293|publisher=Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum|title=Wayne County Seal, Relief, [Plaster]|access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref> A plaque in front of the sculpture bears the following inscription: "The artist expresses the concept that God, through the spirit of man, is manifested in the family, the noblest human relationship."<ref name=":5" />


==History==
==History==
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| description =A 1959 documentary about the statue from its inception in 1955 to its inauguration in 1958
| description =A 1959 documentary about the statue from its inception in 1955 to its inauguration in 1958
}}
}}
The sculpture was commissioned on August 2, 1955 for a cost of $58,000 (equivalent to $415,000 in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}).<ref name=":4" /> Fredericks considered the statue to be part of his civic responsibility and waived the commissioning cost.<ref name=":0" /> As part of the design of the divine elements of the sculpture, Fredericks met with several religious groups.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit, The {{!}} Detroit Historical Society|url=https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/spirit-detroit|access-date=2020-12-19|website=detroithistorical.org}}</ref> Fredericks shipped a scale model from the United States to Oslo, Norway for casting.<ref name=":4" /> After casting, the sculpture underwent acidic treatments for several weeks to oxidize the bronze and to create the warm, aged green color.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Branden|date=2018-09-23|title=Spirit of Detroit statue celebrates 60 years|url=https://michiganchronicle.com/2018/09/23/spirit-of-detroit-statue-celebrates-60-years/|access-date=2020-12-19|newspaper=[[The Michigan Chronicle]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pedraja|first=Sierra|date=2017-02-06|title=History of Detroit's iconic 'Spirit of Detroit' statue|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/2017/02/06/history-of-detroits-iconic-spirit-of-detroit-statue/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=WDIV|language=en}}</ref> The thickness of the bronze is 3/8 inches up to 1.5 inches.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2018|title=History of the "Spirit of Detroit" Statue - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scsPeJhy0Lo|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.youtube.com|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Steel framework was constructed to protect the sculpture during transport.<ref name=":4" /> Additional protection for the sculpture was provided using wooden beams, wooden platforms, and burlap covering, for a total shipping weight of 12 tons.<ref name=":4" /> For shipping, the sculpture was placed facedown onto a wooden platform.<ref name=":4" /> The sculpture was transported by the Fjell Line, who chartered the German freighter ''Thomas Schulte.<ref name=":4" />'' After the 4,800 mile journey across the Atlantic Ocean and through the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]], the freighter arrived at the Port of Detroit on September 20, 1958.''<ref name=":4" />''<ref name=":1" /> The ''Thomas Schulte'' was the only freighter with sufficient below deck storage space to accommodate the sculpture while still being able to navigate the Saint Lawrence Seaway.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=1959|title=The Spirit of Detroit|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Spirit_of_Detroit_(1959),_Detroit-Wayne_Joint_Building_Authority.webm}}</ref> As part of the shipment, four miniature scale models of the sculpture were included to aid with customs clearance.''<ref name=":4" />'' The sculpture was delivered to the Detroit City-County Building (now the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center) and installed onto the marble base for the September 23, 1958 dedication ceremony.''<ref name=":4" />''<ref name=":1" />
The sculpture was commissioned on August 2, 1955 for a cost of $58,000 (equivalent to $415,000 in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}).<ref name=":4" /> Fredericks considered the statue to be part of his civic responsibility and waived the commissioning cost.<ref name=":0" /> As part of the design of the divine elements of the sculpture, Fredericks met with several religious groups.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit, The {{!}} Detroit Historical Society|url=https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/spirit-detroit|access-date=2020-12-19|website=detroithistorical.org}}</ref> Fredericks shipped a scale model from the United States to Oslo, Norway for casting.<ref name=":4" /> After casting, the sculpture underwent acidic treatments for several weeks to oxidize the bronze and to create the warm, aged green color.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hunter|first=Branden|date=2018-09-23|title=Spirit of Detroit statue celebrates 60 years|url=https://michiganchronicle.com/2018/09/23/spirit-of-detroit-statue-celebrates-60-years/|access-date=2020-12-19|newspaper=[[The Michigan Chronicle]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pedraja|first=Sierra|date=2017-02-06|title=History of Detroit's iconic 'Spirit of Detroit' statue|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/features/2017/02/06/history-of-detroits-iconic-spirit-of-detroit-statue/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=WDIV|language=en}}</ref> the thickness of the bronze is 3/8 inches up to 1.5 inches.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2018|title=History of the "Spirit of Detroit" Statue - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scsPeJhy0Lo|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.youtube.com|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Steel framework was constructed to protect the sculpture during transport.<ref name=":4" /> Additional protection for the sculpture was provided using wooden beams, wooden platforms, and burlap covering, for a total shipping weight of 12 tons.<ref name=":4" /> For shipping, the sculpture was placed facedown onto a wooden platform.<ref name=":4" /> The sculpture was transported by the Fjell Line, who chartered the German freighter ''Thomas Schulte.<ref name=":4" />'' After the 4,800 mile journey across the Atlantic Ocean and through the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]], the freighter arrived at the Port of Detroit on September 20, 1958.''<ref name=":4" />''<ref name=":1" /> The ''Thomas Schulte'' was the only freighter with sufficient below deck storage space to accommodate the sculpture while still being able to navigate the Saint Lawrence Seaway.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=1959|title=The Spirit of Detroit|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Spirit_of_Detroit_(1959),_Detroit-Wayne_Joint_Building_Authority.webm}}</ref>


As part of the shipment, four miniature scale models of the sculpture were included to aid with customs clearance.''<ref name=":4" />'' The sculpture was delivered to the Detroit City-County Building (now the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center) and installed onto the marble base for the September 23, 1958 dedication ceremony.''<ref name=":4" />''<ref name=":1" />
The [[Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum]] has the original plaster head for ''The Spirit of Detroit'', as well as a quarter-scale plaster model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-01|title='Spirit of Detroit' sculptor to be celebrated at fundraiser|url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180401/news/656726/spirit-of-detroit-sculptor-to-be-celebrated-at-fundraiser|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Crain's Detroit Business|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Spirit of Detroit|date=2007-02-15|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/marshallfredericks/5915044899/|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-05|title=Detroit, Marshall Fredericks museum to toast Spirit of Detroit sculpture|url=https://www.ourmidland.com/lifestyles/article/Detroit-Marshall-Fredericks-museum-to-nbsp-toast-12807045.php|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Midland Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit, Plaster quarter-scale - Marshall M. Fredericks|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/spirit-of-detroit-plaster-quarter-scale-marshall-m-fredericks/_gE0PpGVKfttaQ|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref>


The sculpture has regular maintenance, as well as restorations. Once a year, the sculpture is cleaned with non-ionic, biogradable detergents and customized petroleum-based waxes are used for protection.<ref name=":6" /> The annual maintenance also includes applying heat to the bronze surface and cupric nitrate in order to preserve the green color and patina.<ref name=":6" /> In 1984, the sculpture was covered in plastic while the marble panels behind the statue were replaced.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last=Zacharias|first=Pat|date=September 5, 1999|title=The Monuments of Detroit|newspaper=The Detroit News|url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165|url-status=dead|access-date=December 19, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208215908/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165|archive-date=December 8, 2012}}</ref> The statue underwent a restoration {{As of|2006|alt=in 2006}}, funded by foundations and other private donations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit 60th Anniversary Overview|url=https://caymc.com/main.cfm?sid=tbuilding&pid=SPIRIT|access-date=2020-12-19|website=caymc.com}}</ref> For the sculpture's 50th anniversary, funds from operational savings and energy conservation totalling $170,000 were used for restoration improvements.<ref name=":3" /> In 2018, the sculpture had routine maintenance completed which involved touching up the green patina, as well as the gold figures and sphere.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=James David|title=Spirit of Detroit undergoes routine maintenance|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/05/08/spirit-detroit-undergoes-routine-maintenance/589976002/|access-date=2020-12-20|newspaper=[[The Detroit News]]|language=en-US}}</ref> On September 21, 2018, the City of Detroit had a ceremony to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the sculpture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Region celebrates 60th anniversary of the Spirit of Detroit|url=https://www.candgnews.com/news/region-celebrates-60th-anniversary-of-the-spirit-of-detroit-110072|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.candgnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
The [[Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum]] has the original plaster head for ''The Spirit of Detroit'', as well as a quarter-scale plaster model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-01|title='Spirit of Detroit' sculptor to be celebrated at fundraiser|url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180401/news/656726/spirit-of-detroit-sculptor-to-be-celebrated-at-fundraiser|access-date=2020-12-24|work=[[Crain's Detroit Business]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Spirit of Detroit|date=2007-02-15|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/marshallfredericks/5915044899/|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-05|title=Detroit, Marshall Fredericks museum to toast Spirit of Detroit sculpture|url=https://www.ourmidland.com/lifestyles/article/Detroit-Marshall-Fredericks-museum-to-nbsp-toast-12807045.php|access-date=2020-12-24|newspaper=[[Midland Daily News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit, Plaster quarter-scale - Marshall M. Fredericks|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/spirit-of-detroit-plaster-quarter-scale-marshall-m-fredericks/_gE0PpGVKfttaQ|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref>
The sculpture has regular maintenance, as well as restorations. Once a year, the sculpture is cleaned with non-ionic, biogradable detergents and customized petroleum-based waxes are used for protection.<ref name=":6" /> The annual maintenance also includes applying heat to the bronze surface and cupric nitrate in order to preserve the green color and patina.<ref name=":6" /> In 1984, the sculpture was covered in plastic while the marble panels behind the statue were replaced.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last=Zacharias|first=Pat|date=September 5, 1999|title=The Monuments of Detroit|newspaper=The Detroit News|url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165|url-status=dead|access-date=December 19, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208215908/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=165|archive-date=December 8, 2012}}</ref> The statue underwent a restoration {{As of|2006|alt=in 2006}}, funded by foundations and other private donations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Detroit 60th Anniversary Overview|url=https://caymc.com/main.cfm?sid=tbuilding&pid=SPIRIT|access-date=2020-12-19|website=caymc.com}}</ref>
For the sculpture's 50th anniversary, funds from operational savings and energy conservation totalling $170,000 were used for restoration improvements.<ref name=":3" /> In 2018, the sculpture had routine maintenance completed which involved touching up the green patina, as well as the gold figures and sphere.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dickson|first=James David|title=Spirit of Detroit undergoes routine maintenance|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/05/08/spirit-detroit-undergoes-routine-maintenance/589976002/|access-date=2020-12-20|newspaper=[[The Detroit News]]|language=en-US}}</ref> On September 21, 2018, the City of Detroit had a ceremony to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the sculpture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Region celebrates 60th anniversary of the Spirit of Detroit|url=https://www.candgnews.com/news/region-celebrates-60th-anniversary-of-the-spirit-of-detroit-110072|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.candgnews.com|language=en}}</ref>


In 2017, Spirit Plaza was initially constructed and subsequent upgrades completed in 2019 and paid for by $800,000 in bond funds have yielded a 20,000 square-foot plaza with a playground, stationary musical instruments, tables, chairs, vehicle charging stations, and drinking fountains.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guillen|first=Joe|date=2019-08-28|title=Spirit Plaza in Detroit about to get a major update: What's coming|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2019/08/28/downtown-detroit-spirit-plaza/2140033001/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2017, Spirit Plaza was initially constructed and subsequent upgrades completed in 2019 and paid for by $800,000 in bond funds have yielded a 20,000 square-foot plaza with a playground, stationary musical instruments, tables, chairs, vehicle charging stations, and drinking fountains.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guillen|first=Joe|date=2019-08-28|title=Spirit Plaza in Detroit about to get a major update: What's coming|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2019/08/28/downtown-detroit-spirit-plaza/2140033001/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref>


In 2013 art dealer and art historian [[Eric Ian Spoutz|Eric Ian Hornak Spoutz]] was quoted in ''[[The Detroit News]]'' stating that the value of the statue is in excess of $1 million.<ref name="MarshallFredericksValue">{{cite news|last=Hodges|first=Michael|date=October 24, 2013|title=Could Cash-Strapped Detroit's Other Assets Be Sold?|newspaper=The Detroit News|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131024/METRO01/310240046/|url-status=dead|access-date=December 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026001155/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131024/METRO01/310240046|archive-date=October 26, 2013}}</ref> In 2017, the Detroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority said that based on the most recent appraisal of the sculpture, it would cost $6 million to repair significant damage.<ref name=":7" />
In 2013 art dealer and art historian [[Eric Ian Spoutz|Eric Ian Hornak Spoutz]] was quoted in ''[[The Detroit News]]'' stating that the value of the statue is in excess of $1 million.<ref name="MarshallFredericksValue">{{cite news|last=Hodges|first=Michael|date=October 24, 2013|title=Could Cash-Strapped Detroit's Other Assets Be Sold?|newspaper=[[The Detroit News]]|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131024/METRO01/310240046/|url-status=dead|access-date=December 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026001155/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131024/METRO01/310240046|archive-date=October 26, 2013}}</ref> In 2017, the Detroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority said that based on the most recent appraisal of the sculpture, it would cost $6 million to repair significant damage.<ref name=":7" />


==Uses as a community symbol==
==Uses as a community symbol==
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
|image1=Patch of the Detroit Police Department (c. 1989).png
|image1=Patch of the Detroit Police Department (c. 1989).png
|footer=''The Spirit of Detroit'' was featured on the Detroit Police Department's insignia from the 1970s to the 1990s.
|footer=''The Spirit of Detroit'' is featured on official city insignia, such as Detroit Police Department's insignia from the 1970s to the 1990s.
|image2=Seal of the Detroit Police Department (c. 1975).png
|image2=Seal of the Detroit Police Department (c. 1975).png
|image3=Logo of Detroit, Michigan.png
}}
}}
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
|image1=Spirit of Detroit with jersey.jpg
|image1=Spirit of Detroit with jersey.jpg
|caption1=The statue wearing a [[Detroit Red Wings]] [[Hockey jersey|sweater]] during the [[2009 Stanley Cup playoffs]]
|caption1=The statue wearing a [[Detroit Red Wings]] [[Hockey jersey|sweater]] during the [[2009 Stanley Cup playoffs]]
|image2=G7I2540 (53485658260) (2).jpg
|caption2=The statue wearing a [[Detroit Lions]] jersey during the [[2023 Detroit Lions season|2023]] teams' postseason run
}}
}}


As one of Detroit's most easily identifiable landmarks, a sketch or depiction of the statue appears as the central element of most of the logos of Detroit's city departments and services.<ref name=":3" /> During the late 20th century, a facsimile of the statue was featured on the [[Detroit Police Department]]'s insignia and on the sides of its police cars.<ref>{{Citation|title=Detroit MI Police - 1980's Dodge Diplomat (1)|date=2020-02-22|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/45703383@N05/49571017738/|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref> An image of the statue appears on the "Spirit of Detroit Award" certificate, which is issued by the Detroit City Council to a person, event, or organization deemed to have performed an outstanding achievement or service to the citizens of Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Spirit of Detroit Award|url=http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/legislative/CommonGraphics/Spirit_Big.jpg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615155043/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/legislative/CommonGraphics/Spirit_Big.jpg|archive-date=2006-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Council Awards and Resolutions|url=https://detroitmi.gov/how-do-i/find-information/council-awards-and-resolutions|access-date=2020-12-20|website=City of Detroit|language=en}}</ref> The sculpture is the main image on [[Detroit Community Scrip]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-11|title=Detroit Community Scrip|url=http://www.detroitscrip.org/index.htm|access-date=2020-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511092534/http://www.detroitscrip.org/index.htm|archive-date=2009-05-11}}</ref>
As one of Detroit's most easily identifiable landmarks, a sketch or depiction of the statue appears as the central element of most of the logos of Detroit's city departments and services.<ref name=":3" /> During the late 20th century, a facsimile of the statue was featured on the [[Detroit Police Department]]'s insignia and on the sides of its police cars.<ref>{{Citation|title=Detroit MI Police - 1980's Dodge Diplomat (1)|date=2020-02-22|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/45703383@N05/49571017738/|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref> An image of the statue appears on the "Spirit of Detroit Award" certificate, which is issued by the Detroit City Council to a person, event, or organization deemed to have performed an outstanding achievement or service to the citizens of Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Spirit of Detroit Award|url=http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/legislative/CommonGraphics/Spirit_Big.jpg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615155043/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/legislative/CommonGraphics/Spirit_Big.jpg|archive-date=2006-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Council Awards and Resolutions|url=https://detroitmi.gov/how-do-i/find-information/council-awards-and-resolutions|access-date=2020-12-20|website=City of Detroit|language=en}}</ref> The sculpture is the main image on [[Detroit Community Scrip]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-11|title=Detroit Community Scrip|url=http://www.detroitscrip.org/index.htm|access-date=2020-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511092534/http://www.detroitscrip.org/index.htm|archive-date=2009-05-11}}</ref>


''The Spirit of Detroit'' represents local sports teams, such as when it is dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate [[Sports in Detroit|local professional teams]] competing in the playoffs.<ref name=":5" /> As the number of sports and non-sports requests for the sculpture to wear jerseys increased, there began to be concerns about damage to the sculpture and starting in 2017, the Detroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority began new rules for having a jersey displayed on the statue, including winning a championship and paying $25,000.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Ikonomova|first=Violet|title=Under new rules, the Spirit of Detroit will be showing a lot less team spirit|url=https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2017/11/27/under-new-rules-the-spirit-of-detroit-will-be-showing-a-lot-less-team-spirit|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Detroit Metro Times|language=en}}</ref> The payment was intended to cover the restoration costs after a jersey is removed, including cleaning, reapplying the patina, and reapplying the wax.<ref name=":7" /> Another example of local sports team representation is the use of an image of the sculpture as part of the crest of the [[Detroit City Football Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.detcityfc.com/page/show/1570959-history|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Detroit City FC|language=en-us}}</ref>
''The Spirit of Detroit'' represents local sports teams, such as when it is dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate [[Sports in Detroit|local professional teams]] competing in the playoffs.<ref name=":5" /> As the number of sports and non-sports requests for the sculpture to wear jerseys increased, there began to be concerns about damage to the sculpture and starting in 2017, the Detroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority began new rules for having a jersey displayed on the statue, including winning a championship and paying $25,000.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Ikonomova|first=Violet|title=Under new rules, the Spirit of Detroit will be showing a lot less team spirit|url=https://www.metrotimes.com/news-hits/archives/2017/11/27/under-new-rules-the-spirit-of-detroit-will-be-showing-a-lot-less-team-spirit|access-date=2020-12-21|newspaper=[[Detroit Metro Times]]|language=en}}</ref> The payment was intended to cover the restoration costs after a jersey is removed, including cleaning, reapplying the patina, and reapplying the wax.<ref name=":7" /> Another example of local sports team representation is the use of an image of the sculpture as part of the crest of the [[Detroit City Football Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.detcityfc.com/page/show/1570959-history|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Detroit City FC|language=en-us}}</ref>


The sculpture has also been involved with arts events, such as being dressed in a tuxedo in 1999 during a visit by the [[Three Tenors]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://michiganopera.org/about-us/michigan-opera-theatre-history/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Michigan Opera Theatre|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fournier|first=Holly|date=2015-12-21|title='Spirit of Detroit' catches Spartan fever, gets jersey|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state-university/2015/12/21/spirit-detroit-catches-spartan-fever-gets-jersey/77688604/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Detroit News|language=en-US}}</ref> The ceremonial naming of the section of the [[John C. Lodge Freeway]] running from Livernois to I-94 in honor of [[Aretha Franklin]] was held in front of the sculpture in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Charles E.|date=2019-07-22|title=Ceremony memorializes Aretha Franklin with Lodge Freeway designation|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2019/07/22/gov-ceremonially-oks-highway-honor-aretha-franklin/1792113001/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Detroit News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-22|title=Portion of the Lodge Freeway now named 'Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway' {{!}} Digital Daily|url=https://michiganchronicle.com/2019/07/22/portion-of-the-lodge-freeway-now-named-aretha-franklin-memorial-highway/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Michigan Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Spirit Plaza was the site of a floral tribute, which included 3,000 roses, that commemorated [[Big Sean|Big Sean's]] ''[[Detroit 2]]'' album release on September 4, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A floral tribute to 'Detroit 2' at Spirit Plaza|url=https://www.freep.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/09/04/floral-tribute-detroit-2-spirit-plaza/5721099002/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.freep.com|language=en}}</ref>
The sculpture has also been involved with arts events, such as being dressed in a tuxedo in 1999 during a visit by the [[Three Tenors]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://michiganopera.org/about-us/michigan-opera-theatre-history/|access-date=2020-12-21|publisher=[[Michigan Opera Theatre]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fournier|first=Holly|date=2015-12-21|title='Spirit of Detroit' catches Spartan fever, gets jersey|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state-university/2015/12/21/spirit-detroit-catches-spartan-fever-gets-jersey/77688604/|access-date=2020-12-20|newspaper=[[The Detroit New]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The ceremonial naming of the section of the [[John C. Lodge Freeway]] running from Livernois to I-94 in honor of [[Aretha Franklin]] was held in front of the sculpture in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Charles E.|date=2019-07-22|title=Ceremony memorializes Aretha Franklin with Lodge Freeway designation|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2019/07/22/gov-ceremonially-oks-highway-honor-aretha-franklin/1792113001/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Detroit News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-22|title=Portion of the Lodge Freeway now named 'Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway' {{!}} Digital Daily|url=https://michiganchronicle.com/2019/07/22/portion-of-the-lodge-freeway-now-named-aretha-franklin-memorial-highway/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Michigan Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Spirit Plaza was the site of a floral tribute, which included 3,000 roses, that commemorated [[Big Sean|Big Sean's]] ''[[Detroit 2]]'' album release on September 4, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A floral tribute to 'Detroit 2' at Spirit Plaza|url=https://www.freep.com/picture-gallery/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/09/04/floral-tribute-detroit-2-spirit-plaza/5721099002/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.freep.com|language=en}}</ref>


''The Spirit of Detroit'' represents Detroit in media and video games, such as the 2011 [[Chrysler 200]] [[Super Bowl]] commercial, "[[Born of Fire]]", which featured rapper [[Eminem]] along with Detroit landmarks, and the 2018 video game ''[[Detroit: Become Human]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chrysler Top Super Bowl Commercial, Imported From Detroit Featuring Eminem|url=http://www.ispot.tv/events/top-super-bowl-commercials/chrysler-imported-from-detroit|language=en|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PS4's 'Detroit' doesn't take place in the Motor City I know|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-06-02-detroit-ps4-motor-city-realism.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Engadget|language=en}}</ref>
''The Spirit of Detroit'' represents Detroit in media and video games, such as the 2011 [[Chrysler 200]] [[Super Bowl]] commercial, "[[Born of Fire]]", which featured rapper [[Eminem]] along with Detroit landmarks, and the 2018 video game ''[[Detroit: Become Human]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chrysler Top Super Bowl Commercial, Imported From Detroit Featuring Eminem|url=http://www.ispot.tv/events/top-super-bowl-commercials/chrysler-imported-from-detroit|language=en|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PS4's 'Detroit' doesn't take place in the Motor City I know|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-06-02-detroit-ps4-motor-city-realism.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Engadget|date=June 2, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


In 2020, ''The Spirit of Detroit'' wore a blue-green shirt and a white ribbon to commemorate medical and "essential" workers during the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] pandemic.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-05|title=The Spirit of Detroit wears white ribbon to support health care, essential workers|url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2020/05/the-spirt-of-detroit-wears-white-ribbon-to-support-healthcare-essential-workers.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=mlive|language=en}}</ref> Two people installed the 420 square foot polyester poplin shirt and three foot ribbon.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=White Ribbon Meets Downtown Detroit Icon|url=https://www.henryford.com:443/news/2020/05/white-ribbon-meets-downtown-detroit-icon|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.henryford.com|language=en}}</ref>
In 2020, ''The Spirit of Detroit'' wore a blue-green shirt and a white ribbon to commemorate medical and "essential" workers during the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] pandemic.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-05|title=The Spirit of Detroit wears white ribbon to support health care, essential workers|url=https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2020/05/the-spirt-of-detroit-wears-white-ribbon-to-support-healthcare-essential-workers.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=mlive|language=en}}</ref> Two people installed the 420 square foot polyester poplin shirt and three foot ribbon.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=White Ribbon Meets Downtown Detroit Icon|url=https://www.henryford.com:443/news/2020/05/white-ribbon-meets-downtown-detroit-icon|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.henryford.com|language=en}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Latest revision as of 19:37, 15 November 2024

The Spirit of Detroit
Map
ArtistMarshall Fredericks
Year1958
TypeBronze
Dimensions790 cm (312 in)
Weight9 tons
LocationDetroit, Michigan, U.S.
Coordinates42°19′45.47″N 83°2′40.66″W / 42.3292972°N 83.0446278°W / 42.3292972; -83.0446278
OwnerDetroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority (DWJBA)

The Spirit of Detroit is a monument with a large bronze statue created by Marshall Fredericks and located at the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center on Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan.

Description

[edit]

The Spirit of Detroit is a monument with a large bronze statue created by Marshall Fredericks and located at the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center on Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Fredericks also designed the seal of Wayne County at the time he was designing The Spirit of Detroit, as it was a part of the work and the county had no seal at the time.[1][2] The seal is still used today and is also featured on the county's flag. Cast in Oslo, Norway, the 26-foot (7.9 m), 9-ton sculpture sits on a 60-ton marble base; it was the largest cast bronze statue since the Renaissance.[3][4][5][6]

In its left hand, the large seated figure holds a gilt bronze sphere emanating rays to symbolize God.[4] The people in the figure's right hand are a family group symbolizing all human relationships.[4]

Fredericks did not originally name the sculpture and the name came from the citizens of Detroit[5] based on an inscription from 2 Corinthians (3:17) on the marble wall behind it, underneath the seals of Wayne County and the City of Detroit:[4]

"NOW THE LORD IS THAT SPIRIT
AND WHERE THE SPIRIT OF THE
LORD IS, THERE IS LIBERTY."
               II CORINTHIANS 3:17

The 36 x 45 foot semicircular wall includes the seals of the City of Detroit and Wayne County.[7][8] The Wayne County seal was created by Fredericks specifically for The Spirit of Detroit, as the county did not have a seal beforehand.[9] A plaque in front of the sculpture bears the following inscription: "The artist expresses the concept that God, through the spirit of man, is manifested in the family, the noblest human relationship."[10]

History

[edit]
The Spirit of Detroit (1959) (13:24)
A 1959 documentary about the statue from its inception in 1955 to its inauguration in 1958

The sculpture was commissioned on August 2, 1955 for a cost of $58,000 (equivalent to $415,000 in 2023).[11] Fredericks considered the statue to be part of his civic responsibility and waived the commissioning cost.[5] As part of the design of the divine elements of the sculpture, Fredericks met with several religious groups.[10] Fredericks shipped a scale model from the United States to Oslo, Norway for casting.[11] After casting, the sculpture underwent acidic treatments for several weeks to oxidize the bronze and to create the warm, aged green color.[12][13] the thickness of the bronze is 3/8 inches up to 1.5 inches.[14] Steel framework was constructed to protect the sculpture during transport.[11] Additional protection for the sculpture was provided using wooden beams, wooden platforms, and burlap covering, for a total shipping weight of 12 tons.[11] For shipping, the sculpture was placed facedown onto a wooden platform.[11] The sculpture was transported by the Fjell Line, who chartered the German freighter Thomas Schulte.[11] After the 4,800 mile journey across the Atlantic Ocean and through the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the freighter arrived at the Port of Detroit on September 20, 1958.[11][12] The Thomas Schulte was the only freighter with sufficient below deck storage space to accommodate the sculpture while still being able to navigate the Saint Lawrence Seaway.[11]

As part of the shipment, four miniature scale models of the sculpture were included to aid with customs clearance.[11] The sculpture was delivered to the Detroit City-County Building (now the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center) and installed onto the marble base for the September 23, 1958 dedication ceremony.[11][12]

The Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum has the original plaster head for The Spirit of Detroit, as well as a quarter-scale plaster model.[15][16][17][18]

The sculpture has regular maintenance, as well as restorations. Once a year, the sculpture is cleaned with non-ionic, biogradable detergents and customized petroleum-based waxes are used for protection.[14] The annual maintenance also includes applying heat to the bronze surface and cupric nitrate in order to preserve the green color and patina.[14] In 1984, the sculpture was covered in plastic while the marble panels behind the statue were replaced.[7] The statue underwent a restoration in 2006, funded by foundations and other private donations.[8]

For the sculpture's 50th anniversary, funds from operational savings and energy conservation totalling $170,000 were used for restoration improvements.[8] In 2018, the sculpture had routine maintenance completed which involved touching up the green patina, as well as the gold figures and sphere.[19] On September 21, 2018, the City of Detroit had a ceremony to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the sculpture.[20]

In 2017, Spirit Plaza was initially constructed and subsequent upgrades completed in 2019 and paid for by $800,000 in bond funds have yielded a 20,000 square-foot plaza with a playground, stationary musical instruments, tables, chairs, vehicle charging stations, and drinking fountains.[21]

In 2013 art dealer and art historian Eric Ian Hornak Spoutz was quoted in The Detroit News stating that the value of the statue is in excess of $1 million.[22] In 2017, the Detroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority said that based on the most recent appraisal of the sculpture, it would cost $6 million to repair significant damage.[23]

Uses as a community symbol

[edit]
The Spirit of Detroit is featured on official city insignia, such as Detroit Police Department's insignia from the 1970s to the 1990s.
The statue wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater during the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs
The statue wearing a Detroit Lions jersey during the 2023 teams' postseason run

As one of Detroit's most easily identifiable landmarks, a sketch or depiction of the statue appears as the central element of most of the logos of Detroit's city departments and services.[8] During the late 20th century, a facsimile of the statue was featured on the Detroit Police Department's insignia and on the sides of its police cars.[24] An image of the statue appears on the "Spirit of Detroit Award" certificate, which is issued by the Detroit City Council to a person, event, or organization deemed to have performed an outstanding achievement or service to the citizens of Detroit.[25][26] The sculpture is the main image on Detroit Community Scrip.[27]

The Spirit of Detroit represents local sports teams, such as when it is dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate local professional teams competing in the playoffs.[10] As the number of sports and non-sports requests for the sculpture to wear jerseys increased, there began to be concerns about damage to the sculpture and starting in 2017, the Detroit-Wayne Joint Building Authority began new rules for having a jersey displayed on the statue, including winning a championship and paying $25,000.[23] The payment was intended to cover the restoration costs after a jersey is removed, including cleaning, reapplying the patina, and reapplying the wax.[23] Another example of local sports team representation is the use of an image of the sculpture as part of the crest of the Detroit City Football Club.[28]

The sculpture has also been involved with arts events, such as being dressed in a tuxedo in 1999 during a visit by the Three Tenors.[29][30] The ceremonial naming of the section of the John C. Lodge Freeway running from Livernois to I-94 in honor of Aretha Franklin was held in front of the sculpture in 2019.[31][32] Spirit Plaza was the site of a floral tribute, which included 3,000 roses, that commemorated Big Sean's Detroit 2 album release on September 4, 2020.[33]

The Spirit of Detroit represents Detroit in media and video games, such as the 2011 Chrysler 200 Super Bowl commercial, "Born of Fire", which featured rapper Eminem along with Detroit landmarks, and the 2018 video game Detroit: Become Human.[34][35]

In 2020, The Spirit of Detroit wore a blue-green shirt and a white ribbon to commemorate medical and "essential" workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.[36] Two people installed the 420 square foot polyester poplin shirt and three foot ribbon.[36][37]

[edit]
  • "
    Spirit of Detroit, During the day
  • "
    Detail
  • "
    Spirit of Detroit, illuminated at night
  • The Spirit of Detroit prior to its 2006 restoration, showing visible signs of verdigris.
    The Spirit of Detroit prior to its 2006 restoration, showing visible signs of verdigris.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum | Wayne County Seal, Relief, [Plaster]". June 9, 2019. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. ^ "Spirit of Detroit sculptor Marshall Fredericks". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  3. ^ Baulch, Vivian (August 4, 1998). "Marshall Fredericks -- the Spirit of Detroit". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d Smithsonian American Art Museum (1993). "The Spirit of Detroit (Sculpture)". Art Inventories Catalog. Smithsonian Institution. Control Number 87840002. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Spirit of Detroit". Historic Detroit. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  6. ^ Ament, Lucy (April 22, 2008). "Venus Bronze Works Restores Detroit, One Sculpture at a Time". Model D. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Zacharias, Pat (September 5, 1999). "The Monuments of Detroit". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d "Spirit of Detroit 60th Anniversary Overview". caymc.com. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  9. ^ "Wayne County Seal, Relief, [Plaster]". Marshall M. Fredericks Sculpture Museum. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c "Spirit of Detroit, The | Detroit Historical Society". detroithistorical.org. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Spirit of Detroit". 1959.
  12. ^ a b c Hunter, Branden (September 23, 2018). "Spirit of Detroit statue celebrates 60 years". The Michigan Chronicle. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  13. ^ Pedraja, Sierra (February 6, 2017). "History of Detroit's iconic 'Spirit of Detroit' statue". WDIV. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c "History of the "Spirit of Detroit" Statue - YouTube". www.youtube.com. September 21, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2020 – via YouTube.
  15. ^ "'Spirit of Detroit' sculptor to be celebrated at fundraiser". Crain's Detroit Business. April 1, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  16. ^ The Spirit of Detroit, February 15, 2007, retrieved December 24, 2020
  17. ^ "Detroit, Marshall Fredericks museum to toast Spirit of Detroit sculpture". Midland Daily News. April 5, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  18. ^ "Spirit of Detroit, Plaster quarter-scale - Marshall M. Fredericks". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  19. ^ Dickson, James David. "Spirit of Detroit undergoes routine maintenance". The Detroit News. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  20. ^ "Region celebrates 60th anniversary of the Spirit of Detroit". www.candgnews.com. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  21. ^ Guillen, Joe (August 28, 2019). "Spirit Plaza in Detroit about to get a major update: What's coming". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  22. ^ Hodges, Michael (October 24, 2013). "Could Cash-Strapped Detroit's Other Assets Be Sold?". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  23. ^ a b c Ikonomova, Violet. "Under new rules, the Spirit of Detroit will be showing a lot less team spirit". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  24. ^ Detroit MI Police - 1980's Dodge Diplomat (1), February 22, 2020, retrieved December 21, 2020
  25. ^ "Spirit of Detroit Award". June 15, 2006. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006.
  26. ^ "Council Awards and Resolutions". City of Detroit. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  27. ^ "Detroit Community Scrip". May 11, 2009. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  28. ^ "History". Detroit City FC. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  29. ^ "History". Michigan Opera Theatre. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  30. ^ Fournier, Holly (December 21, 2015). "'Spirit of Detroit' catches Spartan fever, gets jersey". The Detroit New. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  31. ^ Ramirez, Charles E. (July 22, 2019). "Ceremony memorializes Aretha Franklin with Lodge Freeway designation". The Detroit News. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  32. ^ "Portion of the Lodge Freeway now named 'Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway' | Digital Daily". The Michigan Chronicle. July 22, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  33. ^ "A floral tribute to 'Detroit 2' at Spirit Plaza". www.freep.com. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  34. ^ Chrysler Top Super Bowl Commercial, Imported From Detroit Featuring Eminem, retrieved December 20, 2020
  35. ^ "PS4's 'Detroit' doesn't take place in the Motor City I know". Engadget. June 2, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  36. ^ a b "The Spirit of Detroit wears white ribbon to support health care, essential workers". mlive. May 5, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  37. ^ "White Ribbon Meets Downtown Detroit Icon". www.henryford.com. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
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