King of Italy: Difference between revisions

King of Italy
King of Italy
Re d'Italia
Details
Style	His Majesty
First monarch	Odoacer
Last monarch	Umberto II
Formation	4 September 476
Abolition	12 June 1946
Residence	Quirinal Palace
Pretender(s)	Disputed: Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice; Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta;

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King of Italy (Italian: Re d'Italia; Latin: Rex Italiae) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The first to take the title was Odoacer, a barbarian warlord, in the late 5th century, followed by the Ostrogothic kings up to the mid-6th century. With the Frankish conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the Carolingians assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent Holy Roman Emperors throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was Charles V in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.

A Kingdom of Italy was restored from 1805 to 1814 with Napoleon as its only king, centred in Northern Italy. It was not until the Italian unification in the 1860s that an independent Kingdom of Italy covering the entire Italian Peninsula was restored. From 1861 the House of Savoy held the title of King of Italy until the last king, Umberto II, was exiled in 1946 when Italy became a republic.

History

After the deposition of the last Western Emperor in 476, Heruli leader Odoacer was appointed Dux Italiae (Duke of Italy) by the reigning Byzantine Emperor Zeno. Later, the Germanic foederati, the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer Rex Italiae ('King of Italy).^[1] In 493, the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great killed Odoacer, and set up a new dynasty of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when Italy was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in 552.

In 568, the Lombards entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchies of Rome, Venetia, Naples and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by the Franks under Charlemagne, who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of Charles the Fat in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title Rex Italicorum ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics") was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish Empire, Otto I added Italy to the Holy Roman Empire and continued the use of the title Rex Italicorum. The last to use this title was Henry II (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "King of Italy" until Charles V. They were crowned in Pavia, Milan and Bologna.

In 1805, Napoleon I was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at the Milan Cathedral. The next year, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his imperial title. From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the Italian Unification (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The Risorgimento successfully established the House of Savoy dynasty over the whole peninsula and, uniting the kingdoms of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies, it formed the modern Kingdom of Italy. The monarchy was superseded by the Italian Republic, after a constitutional referendum was held on 2 June 1946, after World War II.^[2] The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year and Umberto II left the country.

As "Kingdom of Odoacer"

Initially named Dux Italiae (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in Constantinople, he later was recognized as King of Italy by the foederati in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the Ostrogoths, who established their own kingdom.

Odoacer (476–493)

Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553)

Theodoric the Great was invited by the emperor Zeno to take Italy from Odoacer and rule it in Zeno's name. He defeated Odoacer in 493, establishing a new kingdom in place of Odoacer's. Officially, the Ostrogothic kings ruled the Roman citizens in Italy as a viceroy of the Roman emperors, and their own Gothic people as their king, though functionally they ran their kingdom entirely independently from the Roman authority in Constantinople. Their greatest extent was during Theodoric's reign; as Roman Emperors from the east began to exert more power and retake control of Roman territory, the last Ostrogothic king fell to the Emperor Justinian in 553.

Theodoric the Great (493–526)
Athalaric (526–534)
Queen Amalasuintha (534–535)
Theodahad (534–536)
Witiges (536–540)
Ildibad (540–541)
Eraric (541)
Totila (541–552)
Teia (552–553)

Interregnum (553–568)

Roman authority in Italy was briefly re-established under Justinian, though his gains were lost under his successor Justin II, after a new Germanic tribe, the Lombards, invaded from the north and established their kingdom in 568.

Justinian I (553–565) (as Roman Emperor)
Justin II (565–568) (as Roman Emperor)

Kingdom of the Lombards (568–814)

The Lombards under Alboin established their kingdom in the extreme north of Italy in 568, gradually pushing the Byzantine Romans back from the peninsula until only the Exarchate of Ravenna remained under Roman control. This finally fell in the 750s, with the Lombards gaining control of most of the peninsula. The last Lombard King of Italy, Desiderius, was deposed by his son-in-law Charlemagne, who folded it into the larger Carolingian Empire, which evolved over time into the Holy Roman Empire.

Alboin (568–572)
Cleph (572–574)
Rule of the dukes (ten-year interregnum)
Authari (584–590)
Agilulf (591 – c. 616)
Adaloald (c. 616 – c. 626)
Arioald (c. 626 – 636)
Rothari (636–652)
Rodoald (652–653)
Aripert I (653–661)
Perctarit and Godepert (661–662)
Grimoald (662–671)
Garibald (671)
Perctarit (671–688), restored from exile
Alahis (688–689), rebel
Cunincpert (688–700)
Liutpert (700–701)
Raginpert (701)
Aripert II (701–712)
Ansprand (712)
Liutprand (712–744)
Hildeprand (744)
Ratchis (744–749)
Aistulf (749–756)
Desiderius (756–774)

Kingdom of Italy (781–962)

Carolingian Dynasty (774–887)

Charlemagne ruled over northern Italy as King of the Lombards. In 781, he named his son Pepin as King of Italy, though he still maintained suzerainty over the land. Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor in 800, while the Kingdom of Italy became one of the constituent kingdoms of the Empire. Beginning with Louis the Pious in 818, the Kingdom was ruled directly by the Carolingian Emperor himself.

Charlemagne as King of the Lombards (774–814) and Roman Emperor (800–814)
Pepin (781–810)
Bernard (810–818)
Louis I (818–822)
Lothair I (822–855)
Louis II (844–875)
Charles II the Bald (875–877)
Carloman (877–879)
Charles III the Fat (879–887)

Instability (888–962)

After 887, Italy fell into instability, with many rulers claiming the kingship simultaneously:

Berengar I (887–896), vassal of the German King Arnulf of Carinthia, reduced to Friuli (889–894), deposed by Arnulf in 896.
Guy of Spoleto (889–894), opponent of Berengar, ruled most of Italy but was deposed by Arnulf.
Lambert of Spoleto (891–896), subking of his father Guy before 894, reduced to Spoleto (894–895).
Arnulf of Carinthia (894–899)^[3]
Ratold, sub-king (896)

In 896, Arnulf and Ratold lost control of Italy, which was divided between Berengar and Lambert:

Berengar I (896–924), seized Lambert's portion upon the latter's death in 898.
Lambert of Spoleto (896–898)
Louis III of Provence (900–905), opposed Berengar in 900–902 and 905.
Rudolph II of Burgundy (922–933), defeated Berengar but fled Italy in 926.
Hugh of Arles (926–947), elected by Berengar's partisans in 925, resigned to Provence after 945.
Lothair II of Arles (945–950)
Berengar II of Ivrea, jointly with his son Adalbert of Ivrea (950–961)

In 951 Otto I invaded Italy and was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. In 952, Berengar and Adalbert became his vassals but remained kings until being deposed by Otto.

Holy Roman Empire (962–1556)

Otto is considered to be the founding emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Kingdom of Italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, states such as the Republic of Venice and the Papal States captured more and more territory from the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire's territory on the Peninsula shrunk over time. After Charles V, the emperors stopped being crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the Italian title fell into disuse. Imperial control in Italy receded to Trent and South Tyrol until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. Southern Italy had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire; it remained initially under the control of various Byzantine fiefs until the Norman Kingdom of Sicily (later the Kingdom of Naples) took control of the area in the 11th century. Central Italy, along the Rome-Ravenna axis, was part of the Papal States, under the direct personal rule of the pope. The Duke of Savoy was de jure a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor, with the Duke being Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.

Ottonian dynasty (962–1024)

Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
Otto I	23 November 912 – 7 May 973	962^[4]	7 May 973
Otto II	955 – 7 December 983	c. October 980^[5]	7 December 983
Otto III	980 – 23 January 1002	c. February 996^[6]	23 January 1002
Arduin	955–1015	1002^[4]	1014
Henry II ^[7]	6 May 973 – 13 July 1024	1004^[4]	13 July 1024

Salian dynasty (1027–1125)

Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
Conrad I ^[8]	990 – 4 June 1039	1026^[4]	4 June 1039
Henry III	29 October 1017 – 5 October 1056	1039^[4]	5 October 1056
Henry IV	11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106	1056^[4]	December 1105
Conrad II of Italy	1074–1101	1093^[4]	1101
Henry V ^[9]	8 November 1086 – 23 May 1125	1106^[4]	23 May 1125

Süpplingenburg dynasty (1125–1137)

Image	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
	Lothair III	9 June 1075 – 4 December 1137	1125^[4]	4 December 1137

House of Hohenstaufen (1128–1197)

Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
Conrad III	1093 – 15 February 1152	1138^[4] (also crowned in 1128 in opposition to Lothair^[10])	1152
Frederick I	1122 – 10 June 1190	1154	1186
Henry VI	November 1165 – 28 September 1197	1186^[4]	28 September 1197

House of Welf (1208–1212)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
		Otto IV	1175 or 1176 – 19 May 1218	1209^[4]	1212

House of Hohenstaufen (1212–1254)

Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
Frederick II (Friedrich II)	26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250	5 December 1212	13 December 1250
Henry (Heinrich (VII))	1211 – 12 February 1242	23 April 1220	12 February 1242
Conrad IV (Konrad IV)	25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254	May 1237	21 May 1254

House of Luxembourg (1311–1313)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
		Henry VII	1275^[11] – 24 August 1313	6 January 1311^[12]	24 August 1313

House of Wittelsbach (1327–1347)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
		Louis IV	1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347	1327	11 October 1347

House of Luxembourg (1355–1437)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
		Charles IV	14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378	1355^[4]	29 November 1378
		Sigismund	14 February 1368 – 9 December 1437	1431^[4]	9 December 1437

House of Habsburg (1437–1556)

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
		Frederick III	21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493	16 March 1452	19 August 1493
		Charles V	24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558	24 February 1530^[13]	16 January 1556

Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned king of Italy or to officially use the title.^[4] The Habsburg emperors claimed the Italian crown until 1801. The empire continued to include Italian territories until its dissolution in 1806.

Kingdom of Italy as a client state of France, House of Bonaparte (1805–1814)

In 1805, Napoleon established a client state in northern Italy, named the Kingdom of Italy. He established himself as King of Italy, in personal union with his role as Emperor of the French. This client state did not survive the end of the Napoleonic era; in its place, the Congress of Vienna established a number of independent duchies and kingdoms in the region.

Image	Coat of Arms	Name	Life	Coronation	Ceased to be King
		Napoleon I	15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821	17 March 1805	11 April 1814

Full title

This title is present in Italian laws proclaimed by Napoleon I:

[Name], by the Grace of God and the Constitutions, Emperor of the French and King of Italy.

Kingdom of Italy, House of Savoy (1861–1946)

During and after the Revolutions of 1848, sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified Italian kingdom. Southern Italy had not been united with northern Italy since the early medieval period, being mostly under the rule of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Northern Italy, in the early 19th century, came under the domination of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which besides its namesake island, also ruled the expansive Piedmont and Savoy regions along the French-Italian borderlands. The formerly republican leader in southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, made common cause with the House of Savoy to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the people voted in a plebiscite to join Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861; the Papal States and the city of Rome were annexed to the Kingdom in 1870, completing the Unification of Italy. This kingdom lasted until the aftermath of World War II, when the 1946 Italian institutional referendum ended the monarchy.

Name	Life	Became King	Ceased to be King
Victor Emmanuel II	14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878	17 March 1861	9 January 1878
Umberto I	14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900	9 January 1878	29 July 1900
Victor Emmanuel III	11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947	29 July 1900	9 May 1946
Umberto II	15 September 1904 – 18 March 1983	9 May 1946	12 June 1946

Full title

Up until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946, the full titles of the Kings of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) were:

[Name], by the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of Carmagnola, Montmélian with Arbin and Francin, Prince bailiff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri and Banna, Busca, Bene, Bra, Duke of Genoa, Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, of Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero and Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi over Tegerone, Migliabruna and Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane and Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià, Agliè, Centallo and Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, of Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud and of Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, of Lomellina, of Valle Sesia, of the Marquisate of Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and eleven-twelfths of Menton, Noble Patrician of Venice, Patrician of Ferrara.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Bury, History, vol. 1 p. 406
^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Bryce, James The Holy Roman Empire (1913), pg. xxxv
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Lodovico Antonio Muratori, Giuseppe Oggeri Vincenti, Annali d'Italia, 1788, pp. 78–81.
^ According to Sismondi, History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (pg. 29), although Otto II was crowned King of the Romans in 961 and Holy Roman Emperor in 967, he only obtained the Iron Crown at Pavia in late 980, during his descent into Italy, and prior to his celebrating Christmas at Ravenna.
^ Although Otto III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome on 21 May 996, he was crowned King of Italy at Milan prior to the death of Pope John XV in early March 996 – see Comyn, History of the Western Empire, Vol. 1, pg. 123
^ enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
^ enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30153-2.
^ Comyn, Robert. History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I. 1851, p. 191.
^ Kleinhenz, Christopher, Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1, Routledge, 2004, pg. 494
^ Jones, Michael, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 533
^ Philip Pandely Argenti, Chius Vincta, 1941, p. xvii.

[Bury-406-1] Bury, History, vol. 1 p. 406

[NS-2] Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7

[3] Bryce, James The Holy Roman Empire (1913), pg. xxxv

[Muratori-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Lodovico Antonio Muratori, Giuseppe Oggeri Vincenti, Annali d'Italia, 1788, pp. 78–81.

[5] According to Sismondi, History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (pg. 29), although Otto II was crowned King of the Romans in 961 and Holy Roman Emperor in 967, he only obtained the Iron Crown at Pavia in late 980, during his descent into Italy, and prior to his celebrating Christmas at Ravenna.

[6] Although Otto III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome on 21 May 996, he was crowned King of Italy at Milan prior to the death of Pope John XV in early March 996 – see Comyn, History of the Western Empire, Vol. 1, pg. 123

[7] umerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.

[8] umerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor

[9] Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30153-2.

[10] Comyn, Robert. History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I. 1851, p. 191.

[11] Kleinhenz, Christopher, Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1, Routledge, 2004, pg. 494

[12] Jones, Michael, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pg. 533

[Argenti-13] Philip Pandely Argenti, Chius Vincta, 1941, p. xvii.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Ruler who ruled part or all of the Apennine Peninsula after the fall of the Western Roman Empire}}
+{{Short description|Title of Italian monarchs before 1946}}
 {{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
 {{Infobox monarchy
 | royal_title        = King
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | caption            = <!-- Optional. -->
 | first_monarch      = [[Odoacer]]
-| last_monarch       = [[Umberto II of Italy]]
+| last_monarch       = [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]]
 | formation          = 4 September 476
 | abolition          = 12 June 1946
 | residence          = [[Quirinal Palace]]
 | pretender          = Disputed:
-* [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]]
+* [[Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice|Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice]]
 * [[Aimone di Savoia Aosta (born 1967)|Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]]
 }}
+[[File:Iron Crown.JPG|thumbnail|260px|For centuries, the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] was used in the [[Coronation]] of the King of Italy.]]
+'''King of Italy''' ({{langx|it|links=no|Re d'Italia}}; {{langx|la|links=no|Rex Italiae}}) was the title given to the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Italy (disambiguation)|Kingdom of Italy]] after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. The first to take the title was [[Odoacer]], a [[barbarian kingdoms|barbarian]] warlord, in the late 5th century, followed by the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic kings]] up to the mid-6th century. With the [[Franks|Frankish]] conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingians]] assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Lombardy]].
-[[File:Iron Crown.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Iron Crown]] of [[Lombardy]]]]
-'''King of Italy''' ({{lang-it|links=no|Re d'Italia}}; {{lang-la|links=no|Rex Italiae}}) was the title given to the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. The first to take the title was [[Odoacer]], a [[barbarian kingdoms|barbarian]] military leader, in the late 5th century, followed by the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom|Ostrogothic kings]] up to the mid-6th century. With the [[Franks|Frankish]] conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingians]] assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Lombardy]].
 A [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] was restored from 1805 to 1814 with [[Napoleon]] as its only king, centred in [[Northern Italy]]. It was not until the [[Italian unification]] in the 1860s that an independent Kingdom of Italy covering the entire [[Italian Peninsula]] was restored. From 1861 the [[House of Savoy]] held the title of ''King of Italy'' until the last king, [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], was exiled in 1946 when Italy became a republic.
@@ Line 33: / Line 32: @@
 After the [[Deposition of Romulus Augustulus|deposition of the last Western Emperor]] in 476, [[Heruli]] leader [[Odoacer]] was appointed ''Dux Italiae'' (Duke of Italy) by the reigning [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]. Later, the Germanic ''[[foederati]],'' the [[Scirians]] and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer {{lang|la|Rex Italiae}} ('King of Italy).<ref name=Bury-406>Bury, ''History'', vol. 1 p. 406</ref> In 493, the [[Ostrogoth]]ic king [[Theoderic the Great]] killed Odoacer, and set up [[Amal dynasty|a new dynasty]] of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when [[Gothic War (535–554)|Italy was reconquered]] by the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 552.
-In 568, the [[Lombards]] entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] and the duchies of [[Duchy of Rome|Rome]], [[Duchy of Venetia|Venetia]], [[Duchy of Naples|Naples]] and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by the [[Franks]] under [[Charlemagne]], who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of [[Charles the Fat]] in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title ''Rex Italicorum'' ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics") was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish empire, [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] added Italy to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and continued the use of the title ''Rex Italicorum''. The last to use this title was [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "King of Italy" until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. They were crowned in [[Pavia]], [[Milan]] and [[Bologna]].
+In 568, the [[Lombards]] entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] and the duchies of [[Duchy of Rome|Rome]], [[Duchy of Venetia|Venetia]], [[Duchy of Naples|Naples]] and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by the [[Franks]] under [[Charlemagne]], who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of [[Charles the Fat]] in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title ''Rex Italicorum'' ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics") was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish Empire, [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] added Italy to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and continued the use of the title ''Rex Italicorum''. The last to use this title was [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "King of Italy" until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. They were crowned in [[Pavia]], [[Milan]] and [[Bologna]].
 In 1805, [[Napoleon I]] was crowned with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy#Modern uses|Iron Crown of Lombardy]] at the [[Milan Cathedral]]. The next year, [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Francis II]] abdicated his imperial title. From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the [[Italian Unification]] (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The ''[[Risorgimento]]'' successfully established the [[House of Savoy]] dynasty over the whole peninsula and, uniting the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Two Sicilies]], it formed the modern [[Kingdom of Italy]]. The monarchy was superseded by the [[Italy|Italian Republic]], after a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|constitutional referendum]] was held on 2 June 1946, after [[World War II]].<ref name=NS>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year and [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] left the country.
-==As "[[Odoacer#King of Italy|Kingdom of Odoacer]]"==
+==As "[[Odoacer#Duke of Italy|Kingdom of Odoacer]]"==
-Initially named ''Dux Italiae'' (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in Constantinople, he later was recognized as King of Italy by the ''[[Foederati]]'' in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the Ostrogoths, who established their own kingdom.
+Initially named ''Dux Italiae'' (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in Constantinople, he later was recognized as King of Italy by the ''[[foederati]]'' in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the Ostrogoths, who established their own kingdom.
 * [[Odoacer]] (476–493)
@@ Line 49: / Line 48: @@
 * [[Theodoric the Great]] (493–526)
 * [[Athalaric]] (526–534)
-* [[Amalasuintha]] and [[Theodahad]] (534–535)
+* Queen [[Amalasuintha]] (534–535)
-* [[Theodahad]] (536)
+* [[Theodahad]] (534–536)
 * [[Witiges]] (536–540)
 * [[Ildibad]] (540–541)
@@ Line 74: / Line 73: @@
 * [[Rule of the dukes]] (ten-year interregnum)
 * [[Authari]] (584–590)
-* [[Agilulf]] (591 – c. 616)
+* [[Agilulf]] (591 – {{circa|616}})
-* [[Adaloald]] (c. 616 – c. 626)
+* [[Adaloald]] ({{circa|616|626}})
-* [[Arioald]] (c. 626 – 636)
+* [[Arioald]] ({{circa|626}} – 636)
 * [[Rothari]] (636–652)
 * [[Rodoald]] (652–653)
@@ Line 136: / Line 135: @@
 {{see|Holy Roman Emperors|King of the Romans|List of German monarchs#Holy Roman Empire, 962–1806}}
-Otto is considered to be the founding emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and the Kingdom of Italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, states such as the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Papal States]] captured more and more territory from the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire's territory on the Peninsula shrunk over time.  After [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], the emperors stopped being crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the Italian title fell into disuse. Imperial control in Italy receded to [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Trent and South Tyrol]] until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. Southern Italy had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire; it remained initially under the control of various Byzantine fiefs until the [[Normans|Norman]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]] (later the [[Kingdom of Naples]]) took control of the area in the 13th century. Central Italy, along the Rome-Ravenna axis, was part of the [[Papal States]], under the direct personal rule of the pope. The [[Duke of Savoy]] was ''[[de jure]]'' a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor being Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.
+Otto is considered to be the founding emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and the Kingdom of Italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, states such as the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Papal States]] captured more and more territory from the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire's territory on the Peninsula shrunk over time.  After [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], the emperors stopped being crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy and the Italian title fell into disuse. Imperial control in Italy receded to [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Trent and South Tyrol]] until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. Southern Italy had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire; it remained initially under the control of various Byzantine fiefs until the [[Normans|Norman]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]] (later the [[Kingdom of Naples]]) took control of the area in the 11th century. Central Italy, along the Rome-Ravenna axis, was part of the [[Papal States]], under the direct personal rule of the pope. The [[Duke of Savoy]] was ''[[de jure]]'' a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor, with the Duke being Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.
 ===[[Ottonian dynasty]] (962–1024)===
@@ Line 155: / Line 154: @@
 | align="center"| [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]]
 | align="center"| 955 – 7 December 983
-| align="center"| c. October 980<ref>According to Sismondi, ''History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages'' (pg. 29), although Otto II was crowned [[King of the Romans]] in 961 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 967, he only obtained the Iron Crown at [[Pavia]] in late 980, during his descent into Italy, and prior to his celebrating Christmas at [[Ravenna]].</ref>
+| align="center"| {{circa|October 980}}<ref>According to Sismondi, ''History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages'' (pg. 29), although Otto II was crowned [[King of the Romans]] in 961 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 967, he only obtained the Iron Crown at [[Pavia]] in late 980, during his descent into Italy, and prior to his celebrating Christmas at [[Ravenna]].</ref>
 | align="center"| 7 December 983
 |-
-| [[File:Meister der Reichenauer Schule 002.jpg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Clm 4453 fol 24r Detail Herrscherbild.jpg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]]
 | align="center"| 980 – 23 January 1002
-| align="center"| c. February 996<ref>Although Otto III was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] at Rome on 21 May 996, he was crowned King of Italy at [[Milan]] prior to the death of [[Pope John XV]] in early March 996 – see Comyn, ''History of the Western Empire'', Vol. 1, pg. 123</ref>
+| align="center"| {{circa|February 996}}<ref>Although Otto III was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] at Rome on 21 May 996, he was crowned King of Italy at [[Milan]] prior to the death of [[Pope John XV]] in early March 996 – see Comyn, ''History of the Western Empire'', Vol. 1, pg. 123</ref>
 | align="center"| 23 January 1002
 |-
@@ Line 236: / Line 235: @@
 |-
 | align="center"| [[File:Siegel Lothar III.jpg|100px|center]]
-| align="center"| [[Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair III]]
+| align="center"| [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair III]]
 | align="center"| 9 June 1075 – 4 December 1137
 | align="center"| 1125<ref name="Muratori" />
@@ Line 274: / Line 273: @@
 {| width=90% class="wikitable"
 ! width=8%  | Image
+! width=8%  | Coat of Arms
 ! width=15% | Name
 ! width=8%  | Life
@@ Line 280: / Line 280: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg|center|100px]]
+| [[File:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]
 | align="center"| 1175 or 1176 – 19 May 1218
@@ Line 297: / Line 298: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Arms of Swabia (lions passant regardant).svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]<br><small>(Friedrich II)</small>
 | align="center"| 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250
@@ Line 304: / Line 305: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Jindra7.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Arms of Swabia (lions passant regardant).svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry]]<br><small>(Heinrich (VII))</small>
 | align="center"| 1211 – 12 February 1242
@@ Line 311: / Line 312: @@
 |-
 |[[File:Conrad IV of Germany.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Arms of Swabia (lions passant regardant).svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]<br><small>(Konrad IV)</small>
 | align="center"| 25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254
@@ Line 328: / Line 329: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Henry7Luc.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Henric van Lusenborch.svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Armoiries Henri VII de Luxembourg.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]]
 | align="center"| 1275<ref>Kleinhenz, Christopher, ''Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1'', Routledge, 2004, pg. 494</ref> – 24 August 1313
@@ Line 346: / Line 347: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Ludwig der Bayer.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Bavaria Wittelsbach coa medieval.svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Arms of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]]
 | align="center"| 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347
@@ Line 364: / Line 365: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Insigne Cechicum.svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Arms of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]
 | align="center"| 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378
@@ Line 371: / Line 372: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Zikmund Zhořelecka radnice.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Sigismund Arms Hungarian Czech per pale.svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Coat of arms of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
 | align="center"| 14 February 1368 – 9 December 1437
@@ Line 389: / Line 390: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Bindenschild Privilegium maius 1512.svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:CoA Frederick III of Habsburg.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]
 | align="center"| 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493
@@ Line 396: / Line 397: @@
 |-
 | [[File:Charles I of Spain.jpg|100px|center]]
-| [[File:Bindenschild Privilegium maius 1512.svg|100px|center]]
+| [[File:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain-Or shield variant.svg|100px|center]]
 | align="center"| [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]
 | align="center"| 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558
@@ Line 434: / Line 435: @@
 ==[[Kingdom of Italy]], [[House of Savoy]] (1861–1946)==
-During and after the [[Revolutions of 1848]], sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified Italian kingdom. Southern Italy had not been united with Northern Italy since the early medieval period, being mostly under the rule of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. Northern Italy, in the early 19th century, came under the domination of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], which besides its namesake island, also ruled the expansive [[Piedmont]] and [[Savoy]] regions along the French-Italian borderlands. The formerly Republican leader in southern Italy, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], made common cause with the [[House of Savoy]] to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the people voted in a plebiscite to join Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861; the Papal States and the city of Rome were annexed to the Kingdom in 1870, completing the [[Unification of Italy]]. This kingdom lasted until the aftermath of [[World War II]], when the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]] ended the monarchy.
+During and after the [[Revolutions of 1848]], sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified Italian kingdom. Southern Italy had not been united with northern Italy since the early medieval period, being mostly under the rule of the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. Northern Italy, in the early 19th century, came under the domination of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], which besides its namesake island, also ruled the expansive [[Piedmont]] and [[Savoy]] regions along the French-Italian borderlands. The formerly republican leader in southern Italy, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], made common cause with the [[House of Savoy]] to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the people voted in a plebiscite to join Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861; the Papal States and the city of Rome were annexed to the Kingdom in 1870, completing the [[Unification of Italy]]. This kingdom lasted until the aftermath of [[World War II]], when the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]] ended the monarchy.
 {| width=90% class="wikitable"
@@ Line 446: / Line 447: @@
 | [[File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg|center|151x151px]]
 | [[File:Greater coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1870-1890).svg|center|128x128px]]
-| align="center"| [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]
+| align="center"| [[Victor Emmanuel II]]
 | align="center"| 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878
 | align="center"| 17 March 1861
 | align="center"| 9 January 1878
 |-
-| [[File:Fratelli Vianelli (Giuseppe e Luigi, flor. 1860-1890 ca) - VE - Umberto I di Savoia 1.jpg|100px|centre]]
+| [[File:Umberto I di Savoia.jpg|100px|centre]]
 | [[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg|100px|centre]]
 | align="center"| [[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]]
@@ Line 458: / Line 459: @@
 | align="center"| 29 July 1900
 |-
-| [[File:Portrait of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.jpg|100px|centre]]
+| [[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|100px|centre]]
 | [[File:Great coat of arms of the king of italy (1890-1946).svg|100px|centre]]
-| align="center"| [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]]
+| align="center"| [[Victor Emmanuel III]]
 | align="center"| 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947
 | align="center"| 29 July 1900

v t e Kings of Italy between 476 and 1556
Non-dynastic	Odoacer (476–493)
Ostrogoths	Theodoric (493–526) Athalaric (526–534) Theodahad (534–536) Vitiges (536–540) Ildibad (540–541) Eraric (541) Totila (541–552) Teia (552–553)
Lombards	Alboin (568–572) Cleph (572–574) Interregnum (574–584) Authari (584–590) Agilulf (590–616) Adaloald (616–626) Arioald (626–636) Rothari (636-652) Rodoald (652–653) Aripert I (653–661) Godepert (661–662) Perctarit (661–662) Grimoald (662–671) Garibald (671) Perctarit (671–688) Cunipert (688–689) Alahis (689) Cunipert (689–700) Liutpert (700–702) Raginpert (701) Aripert II (702–712) Ansprand (712) Liutprand (712–744) Hildeprand (744) Ratchis (744–749) Aistulf (749–756) Desiderius (756–774)
Carolingians	Charlemagne (774–814) Pepin (781–810) Bernard (810–818) Lothair I (818–855) Louis I (855–875) Charles II (875–877) Carloman (877–879) Charles III (879–887) Arnulf (896–899) Ratold (896)
Non-dynastic (title disputed 887–933)	Unruochings: Berengar I (887–924) Guideschi: Guy (889–894) Lambert (891–897) Welfs: Rudolph (922–933) Bosonids: Louis II (900–905) Hugh (926–947) Lothair II (945–950) Anscarids: Berengar II (950–963) Adalbert (950–963)
Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire (962–1556)	Otto I (962–973) Otto II (980–983) Otto III (996–1002) Arduin I (1002–1014) Henry II (1004–1024) Conrad II (1026–1039) Henry III (1039–1056) Henry IV (1056–1105) Conrad II (1093–1101) Henry V (1106–1125) Lothair III (or II) (1125–1137) Conrad III (1138–1152) Frederick I (1154–1186) Henry VI (1186–1197) Otto IV (1209–1212) Frederick II (1212–1250) Henry VII (1311–1313) Louis IV (1327–1347) Charles IV (1355–1378) Sigismund (1431–1437) Frederick III (1452–1493) Charles V (1530–1556)

v t e Pretenders to the Italian throne since 1946
Savoy	King Umberto II (1946–1983) Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont (1983–2024) Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice (since 2024)
Savoy-Aosta	Amedeo (1983–2021) Aimone (since 2021)

Latest revision as of 08:23, 15 November 2024

History

As "Kingdom of Odoacer"

Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553)

Interregnum (553–568)

Kingdom of the Lombards (568–814)

Kingdom of Italy (781–962)

Carolingian Dynasty (774–887)

Instability (888–962)

Holy Roman Empire (962–1556)

Ottonian dynasty (962–1024)

Salian dynasty (1027–1125)

Süpplingenburg dynasty (1125–1137)

House of Hohenstaufen (1128–1197)

House of Welf (1208–1212)

House of Hohenstaufen (1212–1254)

House of Luxembourg (1311–1313)

House of Wittelsbach (1327–1347)

House of Luxembourg (1355–1437)

House of Habsburg (1437–1556)

Kingdom of Italy as a client state of France, House of Bonaparte (1805–1814)

Full title

Kingdom of Italy, House of Savoy (1861–1946)

Full title

See also

Notes