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| today = [[Azerbaijan]] |
| today = [[Azerbaijan]] |
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| ethnic_groups = [[Kurds]]<br>[[Azerbaijanis|Azeris]] |
| ethnic_groups = [[Kurds]]<br>[[Azerbaijanis|Azeris]] |
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| religion = |
| religion = [[Islam]] |
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| currency = [[Soviet ruble]] (SUR) |
| currency = [[Soviet ruble]] (SUR) |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Kurds}} |
{{Kurds}} |
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{{Expand Russian}} |
{{Expand Russian}} |
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'''Kurdistan Uezd''',{{Efn|{{bulleted list|{{ |
'''Kurdistan Uezd''',{{Efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ru|Курдистанский уезд}}|{{langx|az|Kürdüstan qəzası}}|{{langx|ku| Кӧрдӧйәзд|Kurduyezd}}}}}} also known colloquially as '''Red Kurdistan''',{{Efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ru|Красный Курдистан}}|{{langx|az|Qızıl Kürdüstan}}|{{langx|ku|Кӧрдьстана Сор, Kurdistana Sor}}}}}} was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[administrative unit]] within the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]] that existed for six years from 1923 to 1929 and included the districts of [[Kalbajar District|Kalbajar]], [[Lachin District|Lachin]], [[Qubadli District|Qubadli]] and part of [[Jabrayil District|Jabrayil]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Yilmaz |first=Harun |date=2014-09-03 |title=The Rise of Red Kurdistan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210862.2014.934153 |journal=Iranian Studies |language=en |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=799–822 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2014.934153 |issn=0021-0862 |s2cid=163144462}}</ref> It was part of [[Azerbaijan SSR]], with the [[administrative center]] being in [[Lachin]]. It was briefly succeeded by the '''Kurdistan Okrug''' from 30 May to 23 July 1930. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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=== Establishment === |
=== Establishment === |
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The ''[[uezd]]'' was established on 7 July 1923, by the order of the government of the Azerbaijani SSR. [[Sergei Kirov]] was appointed as its first head.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Красный Курдистан: геополитические аспекты создания и упразднения |url=http://www.noravank.am/rus/articles/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2920 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.noravank.am}}</ref> The majority of Kurds in the region were [[Shia Islam|Shia]], unlike the [[Sunni]] Kurds of the [[Nakhichevan uezd]] and other areas of the Middle East. |
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| ⚫ | At the [[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union|1926 Soviet Census]], the ''uezd'' had a total population of 51,426 people, with ethnic Kurds constituting 72.3% or 37,182 people. However, according to the same census, 92.5% of the population of the ''uezd'' cited Turkic (later known as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]) as their native tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/kurdistan26.html|title=Курдистанский уезд (1926 г.) Родной язык.|publisher=|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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On 8 April 1929, the Sixth Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets approved a reform of the administrative structure, abolishing all uezds, including the Kurdistan uezd.<ref name=":0" /> On 30 May 1930, '''Kurdistan Okrug''' was founded in its place. The okrug was created by the Soviet authorities in order to attract the sympathies of Kurds in neighboring [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] and take advantage of Kurdish nationalist movements in those countries. |
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=== Dissolution and persecution of Kurds === |
=== Dissolution and persecution of Kurds === |
||
On 8 April 1929, the Sixth Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets approved a reform of the administrative structure, abolishing all uezds, including the Kurdistan uezd.<ref name=":0" /> On 30 May 1930, the short-lived '''Kurdistan Okrug''' was founded in its place. The okrug was created by the Soviet authorities in order to attract the sympathies of Kurds in neighboring [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]] and take advantage of Kurdish nationalist movements in those countries. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], not wanting to damage relations with [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]], protested strongly, leading to a sharp change in policy regarding Kurdish nationalism. Hence, Kurdistan okrug was disbanded on 23 July 1930.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.hist.ru/kurdy.html Партизаны на поводке.]</ref> |
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After the dissolution Kurds continued to assimilate into the dominant culture of the neighbouring Azeris,<ref>David McDowall Современная история курдов = A modern history of the Kurds. — 3, illustrated, revised. — I.B.Tauris, 2004. — С. 192. — {{ISBN|1850434166}}, 9781850434160</ref> but some religious [[Yazidis|Yazidi]] tribes mostly stayed the same. Historically mixed Azeri-Kurdish marriages were commonplace; however the Kurdish language was rarely passed on to the children in such marriages.<ref>Н. Г. Волкова, Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв., "Кавказский этнографический сборник", IV, М., 1969.</ref> |
After the dissolution, Kurds continued to assimilate into the dominant culture of the neighbouring Azeris,<ref>David McDowall Современная история курдов = A modern history of the Kurds. — 3, illustrated, revised. — I.B.Tauris, 2004. — С. 192. — {{ISBN|1850434166}}, 9781850434160</ref> but some religious [[Yazidis|Yazidi]] tribes mostly stayed the same. Historically, mixed Azeri-Kurdish marriages were commonplace; however the Kurdish language was rarely passed on to the children in such marriages.<ref>Н. Г. Волкова, Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв., "Кавказский этнографический сборник", IV, М., 1969.</ref> |
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In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the Kurdish population of [[Kurds in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[Kurds in Armenia|Armenia]] to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Kurds in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The [[Kurds in Georgia|Kurds of Georgia]] also became victims of [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] [[Great Purge]] in 1944.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rau.su/observer/N21_93/21_09.HTM Russia and the problem of Kurds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212203207/http://www.rau.su/observer/N21_93/21_09.HTM|date=February 12, 2012}}</ref> Years later, Kurds immigrated to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] from the neighbouring countries, [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan: A paradise for ethnic minorities |url=http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325002104/http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7861 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> |
In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the Kurdish population of [[Kurds in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[Kurds in Armenia|Armenia]] to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Kurds in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The [[Kurds in Georgia|Kurds of Georgia]] also became victims of [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] [[Great Purge]] in 1944.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rau.su/observer/N21_93/21_09.HTM Russia and the problem of Kurds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212203207/http://www.rau.su/observer/N21_93/21_09.HTM|date=February 12, 2012}}</ref> Years later, Kurds immigrated to [[Kurds in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] from the neighbouring countries, [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan: A paradise for ethnic minorities |url=http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325002104/http://www.kurdmedia.com/article.aspx?id=7861 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> |
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=== Failed restoration attempts and legacy === |
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Starting from 1961, when the [[First Iraqi–Kurdish War]] started, there were efforts by the deportees for the restoration of their rights - spearheaded by [[Mehmet Babayev]]; these proved to be futile. |
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Resurgent Soviet Kurdish nationalism during the [[Perestroika|perestroika era]] culminated in the 1989 establishment of the [[Yekbûn]], a Kurdish nationalist organization which spearheaded efforts to reestablish the Kurdistan uezd. Just as their plans were about to be implemented with the backing of the Soviet government, the USSR collapsed. |
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The last attempt at reestablishing any sort of Kurdish administration in the region came in 1992 with the proclamation of the ephemeral [[Kurds in Azerbaijan#Nagorno-Karabakh War and "Kurdish Republic of Lachin"|"Kurdish Republic of Lachin"]] during the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. By then the conflict had dispersed what remained of the local Kurdish community. The region passed to the nascent [[Republic of Artsakh|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]], which controlled it until the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War|2020 war]], after which it came under Azerbaijani control. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Kurds in Azerbaijan]] |
*[[Kurds in Azerbaijan]] |
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*[[Kurdish Republic of Lachin]] |
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*[[Kurds in Russia]] |
*[[Kurds in Russia]] |
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*[[List of Kurdish dynasties and countries]] |
*[[List of Kurdish dynasties and countries]] |
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*[[Kurdish alphabets]] |
*[[Kurdish alphabets]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}} |
{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}} |
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[[Category:Nagorno-Karabakh]] |
[[Category:History of Nagorno-Karabakh]] |
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[[Category:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] |
[[Category:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] |
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[[Category:Forced migration in the Soviet Union]] |
[[Category:Forced migration in the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:Former Kurdish states in Azerbaijan]] |
[[Category:Former Kurdish states in Azerbaijan]] |
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[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]] |
[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1929]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:04, 13 November 2024
Kurdistan uezd Red Kurdistan Кӧрдӧйәзд, Kurduyezd Кӧрдьстана Сор, Kurdistana Sor | |
|---|---|
| 1923–1929 | |
 | |
| Capital | Lachin |
| Common languages | Kurdish Azerbaijani[1] Russian |
| Ethnic groups | Kurds Azeris |
| Religion | Islam |
| Government | Soviet administrative unit |
| Historical era | Interwar period |
• Established | 1923 |
• Disestablished | 1929 |
| Currency | Soviet ruble (SUR) |
| Today part of | Azerbaijan |
 |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Kurdistan Uezd,[a] also known colloquially as Red Kurdistan,[b] was a Soviet administrative unit within the Azerbaijan SSR that existed for six years from 1923 to 1929 and included the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Qubadli and part of Jabrayil.[2] It was part of Azerbaijan SSR, with the administrative center being in Lachin. It was briefly succeeded by the Kurdistan Okrug from 30 May to 23 July 1930.
History
[edit]Establishment
[edit]The uezd was established on 7 July 1923, by the order of the government of the Azerbaijani SSR. Sergei Kirov was appointed as its first head.[3] The majority of Kurds in the region were Shia, unlike the Sunni Kurds of the Nakhichevan uezd and other areas of the Middle East.
At the 1926 Soviet Census, the uezd had a total population of 51,426 people, with ethnic Kurds constituting 72.3% or 37,182 people. However, according to the same census, 92.5% of the population of the uezd cited Turkic (later known as Azerbaijani) as their native tongue.[4]
Dissolution and persecution of Kurds
[edit]On 8 April 1929, the Sixth Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets approved a reform of the administrative structure, abolishing all uezds, including the Kurdistan uezd.[2] On 30 May 1930, the short-lived Kurdistan Okrug was founded in its place. The okrug was created by the Soviet authorities in order to attract the sympathies of Kurds in neighboring Iran and Turkey and take advantage of Kurdish nationalist movements in those countries. The Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, not wanting to damage relations with Turkey and Iran, protested strongly, leading to a sharp change in policy regarding Kurdish nationalism. Hence, Kurdistan okrug was disbanded on 23 July 1930.[5]
After the dissolution, Kurds continued to assimilate into the dominant culture of the neighbouring Azeris,[6] but some religious Yazidi tribes mostly stayed the same. Historically, mixed Azeri-Kurdish marriages were commonplace; however the Kurdish language was rarely passed on to the children in such marriages.[7]
In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the Kurdish population of Azerbaijan and Armenia to Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.[8][2] The Kurds of Georgia also became victims of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in 1944.[9] Years later, Kurds immigrated to Kazakhstan from the neighbouring countries, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.[8]
See also
[edit]- Kurds in Azerbaijan
- Kurdish Republic of Lachin
- Yekbûn
- Kurds in Russia
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
- Kurdish alphabets
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^
- Russian: Курдистанский уезд
- Azerbaijani: Kürdüstan qəzası
- Kurdish: Кӧрдӧйәзд, romanized: Kurduyezd
- ^
- Russian: Красный Курдистан
- Azerbaijani: Qızıl Kürdüstan
- Kurdish: Кӧрдьстана Сор, Kurdistana Sor
- ^ "Курдистанский уезд (1926 г.) Родной язык". Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ a b c Yilmaz, Harun (September 3, 2014). "The Rise of Red Kurdistan". Iranian Studies. 47 (5): 799–822. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.934153. ISSN 0021-0862. S2CID 163144462.
- ^ "Красный Курдистан: геополитические аспекты создания и упразднения". www.noravank.am. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ "Курдистанский уезд (1926 г.) Родной язык". Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ^ (in Russian) Партизаны на поводке.
- ^ David McDowall Современная история курдов = A modern history of the Kurds. — 3, illustrated, revised. — I.B.Tauris, 2004. — С. 192. — ISBN 1850434166, 9781850434160
- ^ Н. Г. Волкова, Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв., "Кавказский этнографический сборник", IV, М., 1969.
- ^ a b "Kazakhstan: A paradise for ethnic minorities". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ (in Russian) Russia and the problem of Kurds Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Sources
[edit]
- Müller, Daniel "The Kurds and the Kurdish Language in Soviet Azerbaijan According to the All-Union Census of December 17, 1926". The Journal of Kurdish Studies, vol. 3, pp. 61–84.
- Müller, Daniel. "The Kurds of Soviet Azerbaijan 1920-91". Central Asian Survey, vol. 19 i. 1 (2000), pp. 41–77.
- Yilmaz, Harun. “The Rise of Red Kurdistan.” Iranian Studies, vol. 47 i. 5 (2014), pp. 799–822.