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'''Léon-Étienne Duval''' (9 November 1903 – 30 May 1996) was a [[France|French]] [[prelate]] and [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]. He served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alger|Archbishop of Algiers]] from 1954 to 1988, and was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinalate]] in 1965.
'''Léon-Étienne Duval''' (9 November 1903 – 30 May 1996) was a French [[prelate]] and [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]. He served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alger|Archbishop of Algiers]] from 1954 to 1988, and was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinalate]] in 1965.


==Biography==
==Biography==
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On 3 November 1946 Duval was appointed [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Constantine|Constantine]] by [[Pope Pius XII]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on 11 February 1947 from Bishop [[Auguste Cesbron]], with Bishops [[Raoul Harscouêt]] and [[Léon Terrier]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]]. Duval was later named [[Archbishop of Algiers]] on 3 February 1954.
On 3 November 1946 Duval was appointed [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Constantine|Constantine]] by [[Pope Pius XII]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on 11 February 1947 from Bishop [[Auguste Cesbron]], with Bishops [[Raoul Harscouêt]] and [[Léon Terrier]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]]. Duval was later named [[Archbishop of Algiers]] on 3 February 1954.


Duval championed the [[Decolonization|independence]] of [[Algeria]], and encouraged peace among [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], and [[Jew]]s.<ref name="findarticles.com" /><ref>United States Institute of Peace. [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/smock20/chap3_20.html The St. Egidio Platform for a Peaceful Solution of the Algerian Crisis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618223400/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/smock20/chap3_20.html |date=2007-06-18 }}</ref> In early 1962, he denounced the urban warfare that occurred during the [[Algerian War]] as "an offense against God,"<ref>TIME Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938305,00.html "Offense Against God"] February 9, 1962</ref> to the anger of the ''[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'' of his flock, who subsequently called him "Mohammed Duval." He participated in the [[Second Vatican Council]] from 1962 to 1965. Duval, assisted by Cardinals [[Julius Döpfner]] and [[Raúl Silva Henríquez]], delivered one of the closing messages of the Council on 8 December 1965.<ref>Christus Rex. [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html To Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403055431/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html |date=2007-04-03 }}</ref> He also served as [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[North African Episcopal Conference]] from 1963 to 1988. He was opposed to ''[[Action Française]]'', which supported establishing [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] as the [[state religion]], because he believed that [[Separation of church and state|faith and politics should remain separate]].<ref name="findarticles.com" /> Duval was a schoolmate of the [[Traditionalist Catholic|Traditionalist]] Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]], and in August 1976, Duval urged him to fully submit himself to the authority of the [[pope]].<ref name="findarticles.com" />
Duval championed the [[Decolonization|independence]] of [[Algeria]], and encouraged peace among [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], and [[Jew]]s.<ref name="findarticles.com" /><ref>United States Institute of Peace. [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/smock20/chap3_20.html The St. Egidio Platform for a Peaceful Solution of the Algerian Crisis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618223400/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/smock20/chap3_20.html |date=2007-06-18 }}</ref> In early 1962, he denounced the urban warfare that occurred during the [[Algerian War]] as "an offense against God,"<ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110219064633/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938305,00.html "Offense Against God"] February 9, 1962</ref> to the anger of the ''[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'' of his flock, who subsequently called him "Mohammed Duval." He participated in the [[Second Vatican Council]] from 1962 to 1965. Duval, assisted by Cardinals [[Julius Döpfner]] and [[Raúl Silva Henríquez]], delivered one of the closing messages of the Council on 8 December 1965.<ref>Christus Rex. [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html To Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403055431/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html |date=2007-04-03 }}</ref> He also served as [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[North African Episcopal Conference]] from 1963 to 1988. He was opposed to ''[[Action Française]]'', which supported establishing [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] as the [[state religion]], because he believed that [[Separation of church and state|faith and politics should remain separate]].<ref name="findarticles.com" /> Duval was a schoolmate of the [[Traditionalist Catholic|Traditionalist]] Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]], and in August 1976, Duval urged him to fully submit himself to the authority of the [[pope]].<ref name="findarticles.com" />


[[Pope Paul VI]] created him [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal-priest]] of ''[[Santa Balbina|S. Balbina]]'' in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 22 February 1965. Duval was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclaves, August and October 1978|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] of [[Papal conclave, August 1978|August]] and [[Papal conclave, October 1978|October 1978]], which selected [[Pope John Paul I|Popes John Paul I]] and [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] respectively. He occupied Room 86 at the cardinal electors' residence for the August 1978 conclave, sharing a shower with [[Leo Joseph Suenens|Leo Suenens]], Raúl Silva Henríquez, and [[Juan Landázuri Ricketts|Juan Ricketts]].<ref>Pham, John-Peter. "Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession". Oxford University Press, 2007</ref>
[[Pope Paul VI]] created him [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal-priest]] of ''[[Santa Balbina|S. Balbina]]'' in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 22 February 1965. Duval was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclaves, August and October 1978|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] of [[Papal conclave, August 1978|August]] and [[Papal conclave, October 1978|October 1978]], which selected [[Pope John Paul I|Popes John Paul I]] and [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] respectively. He occupied Room 86 at the cardinal electors' residence for the August 1978 conclave, sharing a shower with [[Leo Joseph Suenens|Leo Suenens]], Raúl Silva Henríquez, and [[Juan Landázuri Ricketts|Juan Ricketts]].<ref>Pham, John-Peter. "Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession". Oxford University Press, 2007</ref>
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Following the public murder of his auxiliary bishop, [[Gaston Marie Jacquier]], in 1976, Duval ordered his priests in the Archdiocese of Algiers not to wear the [[religious habit]] in public or to display the cross conspicuously.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMm7WE4IpPIC&q=Gaston-Marie+Jacquier&pg=PA333|title=The Monks of Tibhirine: Faith, Love, and Terror in Algeria|last=Kiser|first=John|date=2003-02-28|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312302948|pages=47|language=en}}</ref> In the years that followed, the archdiocese's churches stopped ringing their bells to avoid inciting Islamic extremist violence.<ref name=":0" />
Following the public murder of his auxiliary bishop, [[Gaston Marie Jacquier]], in 1976, Duval ordered his priests in the Archdiocese of Algiers not to wear the [[religious habit]] in public or to display the cross conspicuously.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMm7WE4IpPIC&q=Gaston-Marie+Jacquier&pg=PA333|title=The Monks of Tibhirine: Faith, Love, and Terror in Algeria|last=Kiser|first=John|date=2003-02-28|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312302948|pages=47|language=en}}</ref> In the years that followed, the archdiocese's churches stopped ringing their bells to avoid inciting Islamic extremist violence.<ref name=":0" />


Because of his [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] works, the Duval was chosen by the [[The Interim Government of Iran|Revolutionary Council]] as one of four clergymen who would visit the [[Iran hostage crisis|hostages held]] in the [[American diplomatic missions|American embassy]] in [[Tehran]] on Christmas Day 1979.<ref>TIME Magazine. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923862-1,00.html "We Wept Together"] January 7, 1980</ref> On 19 April 1988 he resigned as Algiers' archbishop, after thirty-four years of service.
Because of his [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] works, the Duval was chosen by the [[The Interim Government of Iran|Revolutionary Council]] as one of four clergymen who would visit the [[Iran hostage crisis|hostages held]] in the [[American diplomatic missions|American embassy]] in [[Tehran]] on Christmas Day 1979.<ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055737/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923862-1,00.html "We Wept Together"] January 7, 1980</ref> On 19 April 1988 he resigned as Algiers' archbishop, after thirty-four years of service.


Duval died in Algiers, at age 92. He is buried in the [[Notre-Dame d'Afrique|Basilica de Notre-Dame d’Afrique]] of that same city. Following his death, John Paul II remarked that, "He will remain a light and an encouragement on a long and difficult road at a moment in which the [[Christianity in Algeria|Christian community in Algeria]] is facing testing times".<ref>New York Times. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DB1E39F932A05756C0A960958260 Cardinal Duval, 92, Critic of French Army] May 31, 1996</ref>
Duval died in Algiers, at age 92. He is buried in the [[Notre-Dame d'Afrique|Basilica de Notre-Dame d’Afrique]] of that same city. Following his death, John Paul II remarked that, "He will remain a light and an encouragement on a long and difficult road at a moment in which the [[Christianity in Algeria|Christian community in Algeria]] is facing testing times".<ref>New York Times. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DB1E39F932A05756C0A960958260 Cardinal Duval, 92, Critic of French Army] May 31, 1996</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web|author-link=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=DUVAL, Léon-Étienne (1903-1996)|url=http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1965.htm#Duval |work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |publisher=[[Florida International University]]}}
*{{cite web|author-link=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=DUVAL, Léon-Étienne (1903-1996)|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1965.htm#Duval |work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621}}
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bduval.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bduval.html Catholic-Hierarchy]


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[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century French cardinals]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Algiers]]
[[Category:Algeria–Holy See relations]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Constantine]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops in Algeria]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic bishops in Africa]]
[[Category:Burials in Algeria]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:20th-century French cardinals]]
[[Category:Christian and Islamic interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Christian and Islamic interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Algeria]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic bishops in Africa]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:People of the Algerian War]]
[[Category:People of the Algerian War]]
[[Category:People from Haute-Savoie]]
[[Category:People from Haute-Savoie]]
[[Category:Pontifical French Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical French Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Algeria]]
[[Category:Bishops of Constantine]]

Latest revision as of 13:39, 12 November 2024

His Eminence

Léon-Étienne Duval
Archbishop of Algiers
ChurchCatholic Church
ArchdioceseAlgiers
Appointed3 February 1954
Term ended19 April 1988
PredecessorAuguste-Fernand Leynaud
SuccessorHenri Teissier
Opposed toImperialism, Algerian War
Previous post(s)Bishop of Constantine (1946–1954)
Orders
Ordination18 December 1926
Consecration11 February 1947
by Auguste Cesbron
Created cardinal22 February 1965
by Pope Paul VI
Personal details
Born9 November 1903
Chênex, Haute-Savoie, France
Died30 May 1996(1996-05-30) (aged 92)
Algiers, Algeria
BuriedBasilica of Our Lady of Africa, Algiers, Algeria
Nationality France (before 1965)
 Algeria (after 1965)
Alma materPontifical French Seminary
MottoLatin: In caritate omnia
(In Love of All Things)

Léon-Étienne Duval (9 November 1903 – 30 May 1996) was a French prelate and cardinal. He served as Archbishop of Algiers from 1954 to 1988, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.

Biography

[edit]
Styles of
Léon-Étienne Duval
Reference styleHis Eminence
Spoken styleYour Eminence
Informal styleCardinal
SeeAlgiers (emeritus)

Léon-Étienne Duval was born in Chênex, Haute-Savoie, France, and attended the seminary in Annecy before going to Rome, where he studied alongside Marcel Lefebvre at the Pontifical French Seminary. Ordained to the priesthood on 18 December 1926, he then did pastoral work in Annecy until 1942, whilst teaching at the seminary and serving as Director of Works. During World War II, Duval supported the French Resistance and was wary of the Vichy regime.[1] He was an honorary canon and vicar general of Algiers from 1942 to 1946.

On 3 November 1946 Duval was appointed Bishop of Constantine by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on 11 February 1947 from Bishop Auguste Cesbron, with Bishops Raoul Harscouêt and Léon Terrier serving as co-consecrators. Duval was later named Archbishop of Algiers on 3 February 1954.

Duval championed the independence of Algeria, and encouraged peace among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.[1][2] In early 1962, he denounced the urban warfare that occurred during the Algerian War as "an offense against God,"[3] to the anger of the pieds-noirs of his flock, who subsequently called him "Mohammed Duval." He participated in the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965. Duval, assisted by Cardinals Julius Döpfner and Raúl Silva Henríquez, delivered one of the closing messages of the Council on 8 December 1965.[4] He also served as President of the North African Episcopal Conference from 1963 to 1988. He was opposed to Action Française, which supported establishing Catholicism as the state religion, because he believed that faith and politics should remain separate.[1] Duval was a schoolmate of the Traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, and in August 1976, Duval urged him to fully submit himself to the authority of the pope.[1]

Pope Paul VI created him cardinal-priest of S. Balbina in the consistory of 22 February 1965. Duval was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II respectively. He occupied Room 86 at the cardinal electors' residence for the August 1978 conclave, sharing a shower with Leo Suenens, Raúl Silva Henríquez, and Juan Ricketts.[5]

Following the public murder of his auxiliary bishop, Gaston Marie Jacquier, in 1976, Duval ordered his priests in the Archdiocese of Algiers not to wear the religious habit in public or to display the cross conspicuously.[6] In the years that followed, the archdiocese's churches stopped ringing their bells to avoid inciting Islamic extremist violence.[6]

Because of his humanitarian and anti-imperialist works, the Duval was chosen by the Revolutionary Council as one of four clergymen who would visit the hostages held in the American embassy in Tehran on Christmas Day 1979.[7] On 19 April 1988 he resigned as Algiers' archbishop, after thirty-four years of service.

Duval died in Algiers, at age 92. He is buried in the Basilica de Notre-Dame d’Afrique of that same city. Following his death, John Paul II remarked that, "He will remain a light and an encouragement on a long and difficult road at a moment in which the Christian community in Algeria is facing testing times".[8]

Episcopal lineage

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Commonweal. A Tale of Two Prelates: An Ecumenist and a Schismatic January 31, 1997
  2. ^ United States Institute of Peace. The St. Egidio Platform for a Peaceful Solution of the Algerian Crisis Archived 2007-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ TIME Magazine. "Offense Against God" February 9, 1962
  4. ^ Christus Rex. To Women Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Pham, John-Peter. "Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession". Oxford University Press, 2007
  6. ^ a b Kiser, John (2003-02-28). The Monks of Tibhirine: Faith, Love, and Terror in Algeria. Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 9780312302948.
  7. ^ TIME Magazine. "We Wept Together" January 7, 1980
  8. ^ New York Times. Cardinal Duval, 92, Critic of French Army May 31, 1996
[edit]
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Constantine
1946–1954 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Archbishop of Algiers
1954–1988 		Succeeded by
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