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{{short description|French 20th-century historian}}
{{short description|French 20th-century historian}}
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{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
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{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox academic
| name = François Bédarida
| name = François Bédarida
| native_name =
| native_name =
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| caption =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |mf=yes|1926|3|14}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1926|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Lyons]], [[France]]
| birth_place = [[Lyons]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age |2001|9|16|1926|3|14}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2001|9|16|1926|3|14}}
| death_place = [[Fontaine-le-Port]], France
| death_place = [[Fontaine-le-Port]], France
| death_cause = heart attack
| resting_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}-->
| resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}-->
| other_names =
| other_names =
| residence =
| residence =
|discipline=history
| citizenship = French
| sub_discipline = Victorian England, [[WWII]], [[Vichy France]], [[Antisemitism]]
| nationality = French
| fields = Victorian England, [[WWII]], [[Vichy France]], [[Antisemitism]]
| workplaces = [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]], [[Institut de France]], [[Sorbonne University]], [[University of Oxford]]
| workplaces = [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]], [[Institut de France]], [[Sorbonne University]], [[University of Oxford]]
| patrons =
| patrons =
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| influences =
| influences =
| influenced =
| influenced =
| awards = Prix Mémoire de la Shoah 1992, Officier du Mérite 1999
| awards = Prix Mémoire de la Shoah 1992, [[Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur]], [[Officier de l'ordre national du Mérite]] 1999
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_bot =
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| children = 3
| children = 3
}}
}}
'''François Bédarida''', (14 march 1926 in [[Lyons]] - 16 September 2001 in [[Fontaine-le-Port]]) was a French academic historian. His work centred on [[Victorian England]] and [[France in WWII]]. He was a director of the [[Maison française d'Oxford|Maison française in Oxford]].<ref name = "obit">{{cite journal|author=[[Douglas Johnson (historian)|Johnson, Douglas]]|title=Obituary: François Bédarida|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 September 2001|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/20/guardianobituaries.books|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>
'''François Bédarida''', (14 March 1926 in [[Lyons]] &ndash; 16 September 2001 in [[Fontaine-le-Port]]) was a French academic historian. His work centred on [[Victorian England]] and [[France in WWII]]. He made significant research contributions to the study of [[The Holocaust]]. He was a director of the [[Maison française d'Oxford|Maison française in Oxford]] among other leadership roles.<ref name = "obit">{{cite journal|author=[[Douglas Johnson (historian)|Johnson, Douglas]]|title=Obituary: François Bédarida|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 September 2001|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/20/guardianobituaries.books|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>


== Life ==
== Life ==
François Bédarida was born into a family of Catholic intellectuals. His father, Henri Bédarida, was a a specialist in [[Italian studies]] and professor at the [[Sorbonne]]. François attended the [[Lycée Montaigne (Paris)]] and the [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] where he was a brilliant student.
François Bédarida was born into a family of Catholic intellectuals. His father, Henri Bédarida, was a specialist in [[Italian studies]] and professor at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. François attended the [[Lycée Montaigne (Paris)]], the [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] and the [[Lycée Henri-IV]] where he was deemed a brilliant student.<ref>{{cite web|title=François Bédarida, Administrative role/biographical note|website=www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/pog/consultationPogN3.action?pogId=FRAN_POG_05&nopId=p-457f5p7ot--1qw7yrpie7sga|access-date=8 January 2020|language=fr}}</ref>


=== WWII Resistance ===
=== French Resistance ===
During the [[Occupation of France]], his father gave sanctuary to the Catholic priest, [[Pierre Chaillet]]. The youthful Bédarida was actively involved in the [[French Resistance]] and joined the Christian [[Témoignage chrétien]] movement where he met his future wife, Renée Bédarida.<ref name = "obit"/>
During the [[Occupation of France]], his father gave sanctuary to the Catholic priest, [[Pierre Chaillet]] SJ.<ref>Vincent A. Lapomarda; The Jesuits and the Third Reich; 2nd Edn, Edwin Mellen Press; 2005; p. 328-331</ref><ref name="yadvashem.org">[http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%204805.pdf Jewish Rescue Operations in Belgium and France]; by Lucien Steinberg, published by [[Yad Vashem]]</ref> The youthful Bédarida was actively involved in the [[French Resistance]] and joined the Christian [[Témoignage chrétien]] movement where he met his future wife, Renée Bédarida.<ref name = "obit"/>


=== Academic career ===
=== Academic career ===
[[File:Maison Francais, Oxford.JPG|thumb|left|[[Maison française d'Oxford|Maison Française]], [[Oxford]] where Bédarida was an early director]]
In 1946 he resumed his education and entered the [[École normale supérieure]] [[in Paris]] and in 1949 graduated in History after a brief stint teaching at the Lycée Thiers in [[Marseilles]].<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|website=La-Croix.com|title=François Bédarida, un historien engagé|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2001-09-18/Francois-Bedarida-un-historien-engage-_NP_-2001-09-18-141201|date=2001-09-18|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref> François Bédarida then left for [[London]] to carry out research at the [[French Institute ]] during 1950-1956.
In 1946 he resumed his education and entered the [[École normale supérieure]] in Paris and in 1949 graduated in History after a brief stint teaching at the Lycée Thiers in [[Marseilles]].<ref>{{cite news|language=fr|newspaper=La Croix|title=François Bédarida, un historien engagé|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2001-09-18/Francois-Bedarida-un-historien-engage-_NP_-2001-09-18-141201|date=2001-09-18|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref> His doctoral thesis was on the Catholic population in London at the end of the 19th-century. François Bédarida then left for [[London]] to teach and carry out research at the [[Institut français du Royaume-Uni|French Institute]] during 1950-1956.
In 1956 on his return to France, he became an associate of the [[CNRS]] (1956-1959). Then followed a period of five years as lecturer at the Sorbonne. In 1966 he was appointed head of the Maison Française in Oxford, for which he found its first permanent home and opened in the presence of French Culture Minister, [[André Malraux]].<ref name = "obit"/> Between 1971 and 1978 he was master of conferences at the [[Institut d'etudes politiques de Paris]]. He was a founder and first director of the ''Institut d'histoire du temps présent'', from 1978 to 1990, and between 1990 and 2000 he held the post of General Secretary of the ''Comité international des sciences historiques''.<ref name = "obit"/>
In 1956 on his return to France, he became an associate of the [[CNRS]] (1956-1959). Then followed a period of five years as [[assistant professor]] in modern and contemporary history at the Sorbonne. In 1966 he was appointed head of the Maison Française in Oxford, whose first permanent home he launched and opened in the presence of French Culture Minister, [[André Malraux]].<ref name = "obit"/> Between 1971 and 1978 he was master of conferences at the [[Institut d'etudes politiques de Paris]]. He became Director of research at the CNRS in 1979. He was a founder and first director of the [[Institut d'histoire du temps présent]], from 1978 to 1990, and between 1990 and 2000 he held the post of General Secretary of the [[International Committee of Historical Sciences]] (ICHS/CIHS).<ref name = "obit"/>


== Historian of Victorian England and France under Vichy ==
== Historian of Victorian England and France under Vichy ==
François Bédarida's first studies were into Victorian England. Notable among his work was a study of [[Will Thorne]].<ref name = "obit"/> In the 1970s he changed tack and researched [[Vichy France]] and its antidemocratic political philosophy.<ref name = "obit"/> Beside the work of the American historian, [[Robert O. Paxton|Robert Paxton]] among a few others, he exposed the nature and ideology of the régime of [[Philippe Pétain|Pétain]]. Prior to that, for thirty years the Vichy administration was seen merely as an adjunct of the [[Third Reich]]. He thereby locked into the two responsibilities of the historian in relation to that particular period, to perpetuate the role of the Resistance movement, and to establish scientifically the truth about events in order to avoid the creation of myths about that time.<ref name = "obit"/>
François Bédarida's first studies were into Victorian England. Notable among his work was a study of [[Will Thorne]].<ref name = "obit"/> In the 1970s he changed tack and researched [[Vichy France]] and its antidemocratic political philosophy.<ref name = "obit"/> Beside the work of the American historian, [[Robert O. Paxton|Robert Paxton]] among a few others, he exposed the nature and ideology of the régime of [[Philippe Pétain|Pétain]]. Prior to that, for thirty years the Vichy administration was seen merely as an adjunct of the [[Third Reich]]. He thereby locked into the two responsibilities of the historian in relation to that particular period, to perpetuate the role of the Resistance movement, and to establish scientifically the truth about events in order to avoid the creation of myths about that time. He collaborated with several authors in a number of publications on [[The Holocaust]], notably with [[Jean-Pierre Azéma]] and his own wife, Renée Bédarida.<ref name = "obit"/>


== Works ==
== Selected works ==
in French:
* ''La Grande-Bretagne - L'Angleterre triomphante (1832-1914)'', Hatier, coll. « Histoire Contemporaine », Paris, 1974
* ''La Grande-Bretagne - L'Angleterre triomphante (1832-1914)'', Hatier, coll. « Histoire Contemporaine », Paris, 1974
* {{cite book|title=La stratégie secrète de la "drôle de guerre": le Conseil suprême interallié de 1939- avril 1940 |publisher=[[Presses de Sciences Po|Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques]] / [[CNRS Éditions|Éditions du CNRS]] |location=Paris |date=1979 |pages=573 |isbn=2-7246-0428-8 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k18368j/f214.image}} |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/242250}}
* {{cite book|title=La stratégie secrète de la "drôle de guerre": le Conseil suprême interallié de 1939- avril 1940 |publisher=[[Presses de Sciences Po|Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques]] / [[CNRS Éditions|Éditions du CNRS]] |location=Paris |date=1979 |pages=573 |isbn=2-7246-0428-8 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k18368j/f214.image}}
* ''Syndicats et patrons en Grande-Bretagne'' (with Éric Giuily and Gérard Rameix). Éditions de l'Atelier, 1980
* ''La Politique nazie d'extermination'', Albin Michel, Paris, 1989.
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bédarida |editor-first=François |title=Normandie 44, du débarquement à la libération |language=fr |trans-title=Normandy 44: Landing to the Liberation |location=Paris |publisher=Albin Michel |date=1987}}
* ''La Société anglaise du milieu du 19è siècle à nos jours (1851-1975)'', Seuil, Paris, 1990.
* ''Le Nazisme et le génocide – Histoire et enjeux'', Nathan, Paris, 1991.
* ''La Politique nazie d'extermination'', Albin Michel, Paris, 1989
* ''Le Nazisme et le génocide Histoire et témoignage'', Pocket, Paris, 1992.
* ''La Société anglaise du milieu du 19è siècle à nos jours (1851-1975)'', Seuil, Paris, 1990
* ''La France des années noires'', sous la direction de Jean Pierre Azéma et François Bédarida, Seuil, Paris, 1993.
* ''Le Nazisme et le génocide Histoire et enjeux'', Nathan, Paris, 1991
* ''L'Histoire et le métier d'historien en France 1945-1995'', Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 1995.
* ''Le Nazisme et le génocide Histoire et témoignage'', Pocket, Paris, 1992
* ''Le régime de Vichy et les Français'', 1992 (with [[Jean-Pierre Azéma]])
* ''La France des années noires'', Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (eds.) 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993 [rééd. Seuil, 2000 (Points Histoire)]
* {{cite book |last1=Bédarida|first1= François|last2=Bédarida|first2=Renée|editor-last1=Azéma|editor-first1=Jean-Pierre | editor-last2=Bédarida|editor-first2=François |title=La France des années noires: De l'Occupation à la Libération |publisher=Seuil |date=1993 |pages=149–182 |chapter=La Persécution des Juifs |isbn=9782020183048|oclc=474077715|volume=2|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* ''L'Histoire et le métier d'historien en France 1945-1995'', Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 1995
* ''Churchill'', Fayard, Paris, 1999,
* ''Churchill'', Fayard, Paris, 1999,
* ''Histoire, critique et responsabilité'', IHTP-CNRS/Complexe, coll. « Histoire du temps présent », Paris/Bruxelles, 2003, {{nobr|358 p.}}
* ''Histoire, critique et responsabilité'', IHTP-CNRS/Complexe, coll. « Histoire du temps présent », Paris/Bruxelles, 2003
* Preface to ''Les Témoins de Jéhovah face à Hitler'' by Guy Canonici Éditions Albin Michel S.A. 1998.
* Preface to ''Les Témoins de Jéhovah face à Hitler'' by Guy Canonici Éditions Albin Michel S.A. 1998
*
in English:
* {{cite book|last=Bédarida|first=François|title=A social history of England, 1851–1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315|accessdate=6 October 2010|year=1979|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-416-85920-1}}
* ''A social history of England, 1851–1990'', Routledge, 1991, {{ISBN|0-415-01614-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-01614-8}}
in Spanish:
* Bédarida, François (1998). [https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHCO/article/view/CHCO9898110019A "Definición, método y práctica de la Historia del Tiempo Presente"], Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea 20:19-27.


== Awards ==
== Awards ==
* [[Honorary degree|Honorary MA]] from the [[University of Oxford]] 1966
* Prix Mémoire de la Shoah 1992<ref>http://buchman.fondationjudaisme.org.</ref>*
* Prix Mémoire de la Shoah 1992<ref>http://buchman.fondationjudaisme.org. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708132231/http://buchman.fondationjudaisme.org/ |date=8 July 2022 }}</ref>
* Officier du Mérite (1999)<ref>https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000761719.</ref>
* [[Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur]]
* Officier du Mérite (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000761719.|title = Légifrance}}</ref>
* Prix de la Fondation Pierre-Lafue, 2000
* Prix de la Fondation Pierre-Lafue, 2000


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
* The collected papers of François Bédarida are stored at the [[Archives nationales (France)|Archives nationales]], on the site of [[Pierrefitte-sur-Seine]], under code 673AP
The collected papers of François Bédarida are stored at the [[Archives nationales (France)|Archives nationales]], on the site of [[Pierrefitte-sur-Seine]], under code 673AP

== See also ==
* [[List of contemporary French historians]]
=== Notes and references ===
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===External links===
==External links==
* [https://www.persee.fr/authority/245970 Bédarida's authorship and citations] on the [[Persée (web portal)|Persée portal]] (in French)
* [https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_056260 inventaire du fonds].
* [https://www.cish.org/index.php/en/presentation/archives-history/necrology-francois-bedarida/ tribute to François Bédarida in English]
* [http://www.cish.org/F/Actualites/FBedarida.htm Nécrologie du CISH]
* [https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_056260 inventaire du fonds, archival catalogue]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:20th-century French non-fiction writers]]
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[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
[[Category:French people of World War II]]
[[Category:French male writers]]
[[Category:Anti-German sentiment]]
[[Category:Anti-German sentiment]]
[[Category:Historians of fascism]]
[[Category:Historians of Nazism]]
[[Category:Historians of the British Isles]]
[[Category:Historians of the British Isles]]
[[Category:Historians of England]]
[[Category:Historians of England]]
[[Category:Historians of fascism]]
[[Category:Historians of Nazism]]
[[Category:Historians of Vichy France]]
[[Category:French historians of World War II]]
[[Category:Social historians]]
[[Category:Writers on antisemitism]]
[[Category:Writers on antisemitism]]
[[Category:Scholars of antisemitism]]
[[Category:Scholars of antisemitism]]
[[Category:French social commentators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research]]
[[Category:Social critics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the National Order of Merit (France)]]

Latest revision as of 03:43, 11 November 2024

François Bédarida
Born (1926-03-14) 14 March 1926 (age 98)
Lyons, France
Died16 September 2001(2001-09-16) (aged 75)
Known forHistorian of England and France
SpouseRenėe Bédarida
Children3
AwardsPrix Mémoire de la Shoah 1992, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, Officier de l'ordre national du Mérite 1999
Academic background
Alma materÉcole normale supérieure (Paris)
Academic work
Disciplinehistory
Sub-disciplineVictorian England, WWII, Vichy France, Antisemitism
InstitutionsFrench National Centre for Scientific Research, Institut de France, Sorbonne University, University of Oxford

François Bédarida, (14 March 1926 in Lyons – 16 September 2001 in Fontaine-le-Port) was a French academic historian. His work centred on Victorian England and France in WWII. He made significant research contributions to the study of The Holocaust. He was a director of the Maison française in Oxford among other leadership roles.[1]

Life

[edit]

François Bédarida was born into a family of Catholic intellectuals. His father, Henri Bédarida, was a specialist in Italian studies and professor at the Sorbonne. François attended the Lycée Montaigne (Paris), the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and the Lycée Henri-IV where he was deemed a brilliant student.[2]

French Resistance

[edit]

During the Occupation of France, his father gave sanctuary to the Catholic priest, Pierre Chaillet SJ.[3][4] The youthful Bédarida was actively involved in the French Resistance and joined the Christian Témoignage chrétien movement where he met his future wife, Renée Bédarida.[1]

Academic career

[edit]
Maison Française, Oxford where Bédarida was an early director

In 1946 he resumed his education and entered the École normale supérieure in Paris and in 1949 graduated in History after a brief stint teaching at the Lycée Thiers in Marseilles.[5] His doctoral thesis was on the Catholic population in London at the end of the 19th-century. François Bédarida then left for London to teach and carry out research at the French Institute during 1950-1956. In 1956 on his return to France, he became an associate of the CNRS (1956-1959). Then followed a period of five years as assistant professor in modern and contemporary history at the Sorbonne. In 1966 he was appointed head of the Maison Française in Oxford, whose first permanent home he launched and opened in the presence of French Culture Minister, André Malraux.[1] Between 1971 and 1978 he was master of conferences at the Institut d'etudes politiques de Paris. He became Director of research at the CNRS in 1979. He was a founder and first director of the Institut d'histoire du temps présent, from 1978 to 1990, and between 1990 and 2000 he held the post of General Secretary of the International Committee of Historical Sciences (ICHS/CIHS).[1]

Historian of Victorian England and France under Vichy

[edit]

François Bédarida's first studies were into Victorian England. Notable among his work was a study of Will Thorne.[1] In the 1970s he changed tack and researched Vichy France and its antidemocratic political philosophy.[1] Beside the work of the American historian, Robert Paxton among a few others, he exposed the nature and ideology of the régime of Pétain. Prior to that, for thirty years the Vichy administration was seen merely as an adjunct of the Third Reich. He thereby locked into the two responsibilities of the historian in relation to that particular period, to perpetuate the role of the Resistance movement, and to establish scientifically the truth about events in order to avoid the creation of myths about that time. He collaborated with several authors in a number of publications on The Holocaust, notably with Jean-Pierre Azéma and his own wife, Renée Bédarida.[1]

Selected works

[edit]

in French:

  • La Grande-Bretagne - L'Angleterre triomphante (1832-1914), Hatier, coll. « Histoire Contemporaine », Paris, 1974
  • La stratégie secrète de la "drôle de guerre": le Conseil suprême interallié de 1939- avril 1940. Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques / Éditions du CNRS. 1979. p. 573. ISBN 2-7246-0428-8.
  • Syndicats et patrons en Grande-Bretagne (with Éric Giuily and Gérard Rameix). Éditions de l'Atelier, 1980
  • Bédarida, François, ed. (1987). Normandie 44, du débarquement à la libération [Normandy 44: Landing to the Liberation] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel.
  • La Politique nazie d'extermination, Albin Michel, Paris, 1989
  • La Société anglaise du milieu du 19è siècle à nos jours (1851-1975), Seuil, Paris, 1990
  • Le Nazisme et le génocide – Histoire et enjeux, Nathan, Paris, 1991
  • Le Nazisme et le génocide – Histoire et témoignage, Pocket, Paris, 1992
  • Le régime de Vichy et les Français, 1992 (with Jean-Pierre Azéma)
  • La France des années noires, Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (eds.) 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993 [rééd. Seuil, 2000 (Points Histoire)]
  • Bédarida, François; Bédarida, Renée (1993). "La Persécution des Juifs". In Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Bédarida, François (eds.). La France des années noires: De l'Occupation à la Libération (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Seuil. pp. 149–182. ISBN 9782020183048. OCLC 474077715.
  • L'Histoire et le métier d'historien en France 1945-1995, Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 1995
  • Churchill, Fayard, Paris, 1999,
  • Histoire, critique et responsabilité, IHTP-CNRS/Complexe, coll. « Histoire du temps présent », Paris/Bruxelles, 2003
  • Preface to Les Témoins de Jéhovah face à Hitler by Guy Canonici Éditions Albin Michel S.A. 1998

in English:

in Spanish:

Awards

[edit]

Legacy

[edit]

The collected papers of François Bédarida are stored at the Archives nationales, on the site of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, under code 673AP

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, Douglas (20 September 2001). "Obituary: François Bédarida". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  2. ^ "François Bédarida, Administrative role/biographical note". www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  3. ^ Vincent A. Lapomarda; The Jesuits and the Third Reich; 2nd Edn, Edwin Mellen Press; 2005; p. 328-331
  4. ^ Jewish Rescue Operations in Belgium and France; by Lucien Steinberg, published by Yad Vashem
  5. ^ "François Bédarida, un historien engagé". La Croix (in French). 18 September 2001. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  6. ^ http://buchman.fondationjudaisme.org. Archived 8 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Légifrance".
[edit]