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{{Short description|Canadian inventor of the gas mask (1879–1966)}}
{{For|the Jacobite clan chief|Ewen MacPherson of Cluny}}
{{For|the Jacobite clan chief|Ewen MacPherson of Cluny}}
{{use Canadian English|date=April 2018}}
{{use Canadian English|date=April 2018}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Cluny Macpherson
| name = Cluny Macpherson
| honorific_suffix = MD
| honorific_suffix = Colonel, MD
| image = Dr Cluny Macpherson, Egypt 1915.jpg
| image = Portrait of Cluny Macpherson from Who's Who in Canada 1922.png
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Colonel Dr. Cluny Macpherson in Egypt, September 1915
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1879|03|18}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1879|03|18}}
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| religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| spouse = {{marriage|Eleanora Barbara Thompson (O.B.E., Dame of Order of St. John of Jerusalem)|1902|1964|end=d.}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Eleanora Barbara Thompson|1902|1964|end=her death}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
| children = {{Plainlist|
* Emma Allison (1903–1971)
* Emma Allison (1903–1971)
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| signature_alt =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| signature_size =
|allegiance = {{flagcountry|Newfoundland}}
|branch = [[Royal Newfoundland Regiment]]
|serviceyears =
|rank = [[Colonel (UK)|Colonel]]
|commands = [[Principal Medical Officer]]
|battles = [[First World War]]
|mawards = [[Order of St Michael and St George]]
}}
}}


'''Cluny Macpherson''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CMG|MD|FRCS}} (March 18, 1879 – November 16, 1966) was a [[physician]] and the inventor of an early [[gas mask]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas Mask - Incredible Inventions|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-2004-e.html|work=Cool Canada|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> After World War I he served as the president of the St. John's Clinical Society and the Newfoundland Medical Association.
Colonel '''Cluny Macpherson''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CMG|MD|FRCS}} (March 18, 1879 – November 16, 1966) was a [[physician]] and the inventor of an early [[gas mask]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas Mask - Incredible Inventions|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-2004-e.html|work=Cool Canada|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=June 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitten |first1=Elizabeth |title=The man behind the mask |url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/cluny-macpherson |website=CBC News |access-date=10 November 2024 |date=10 November 2024 |quote=How a Newfoundland doctor invented a life-saving gas mask in WW I}}</ref> After World War I he served as the president of the St. John's Clinical Society and the Newfoundland Medical Association.


==Early life==
==Early life==
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Cluny Macpherson was born in St. John's, Newfoundland to Campbell Macpherson and Emma Duder. He had a brother, Harold.<ref name=CM/>
Cluny Macpherson was born in St. John's, Newfoundland to Campbell Macpherson and Emma Duder. He had a brother, Harold.<ref name=CM/>


Macpherson received his early education at Methodist College and at the [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine]] from 1897–1901 where he earned his degree in Medicine.<ref name=CM/> He also volunteered with the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen, which later became known as the [[Grenfell Mission]]. Macpherson began his medical career at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.<ref name=CM/> In 1902 he returned to Newfoundland joining the Labrador Mission begun by Dr. [[Wilfred Grenfell]] and ran the hospital in [[Battle Harbour]]. Remaining there until 1904. He also served as a special constable and [[justice of the peace]]. Macpheron later became a director of the Newfoundland and the International Grenfell Associations.<ref name="RCS">{{Cite web |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005916b.htm |title=Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966) |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk |access-date=April 22, 2018}}</ref> He later helped develop the Seamen's Institute (later called the King George V Institute), another Grenfell project.<ref name=CM/> Returning to St. John's, Macpherson opened a private practice,<ref name=CM/> and eventually became the leading practitioner in Newfoundland.<ref name="RCS"/>
Macpherson received his early education at Methodist College and at the [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine]] from 1897–1901 where he earned his degree in Medicine.<ref name=CM/> He also volunteered with the [[Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen]], which later became known as the [[Grenfell Mission]]. Macpherson began his medical career at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.<ref name=CM/> In 1902 he returned to Newfoundland joining the Labrador Mission begun by Dr. [[Wilfred Grenfell]] and ran the hospital in [[Battle Harbour]]. Remaining there until 1904. He also served as a special constable and [[justice of the peace]]. Macpheron later became a director of the Newfoundland and the [[International Grenfell Association]]s.<ref name="RCS">{{Cite web |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005916b.htm |title=Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966) |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk |access-date=April 22, 2018}}</ref> He later helped develop the Seamen's Institute (later called the King George V Institute), another Grenfell project.<ref name=CM/> Returning to St. John's, Macpherson opened a private practice,<ref name=CM/> and eventually became the leading practitioner in Newfoundland.<ref name="RCS"/>


Macpherson started the first St. John Ambulance Brigade in Newfoundland after working with the [[St. John Ambulance]] Association.<ref name=CM>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Dr. Cluny Macpherson fonds COLL-002 |journal=Faculty of Medicine Founders' Archive |url=http://www.med.mun.ca/hslarchive/coll002.htm|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> The Brigade had three divisions in St. John's. When World War I broke out, members enlisted in the [[Newfoundland Regiment]]. Macpherson organized the volunteers into an Ambulance Unit, which continued throughout the war.<ref name=CM/>
Macpherson started the first St. John Ambulance Brigade in Newfoundland after working with the [[St. John Ambulance]] Association.<ref name=CM>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title= Dr. Cluny Macpherson fonds COLL-002 |journal=Faculty of Medicine Founders' Archive |url=http://www.med.mun.ca/hslarchive/coll002.htm|access-date=June 12, 2012}}</ref> The Brigade had three divisions in St. John's. When World War I broke out, members enlisted in the [[Newfoundland Regiment]]. Macpherson organized the volunteers into an Ambulance Unit, which continued throughout the war.<ref name=CM/>


==World War I==
==World War I==
[[File:Dr Cluny Macpherson, Egypt 1915.jpg|thumb|right|Macpherson in Egypt, September 1915]]
⚫
At the outset of World War I in August 1914 Macpherson was commissioned as a captain and [[Principal Medical Officer]] of the new 1st Newfoundland Regiment. He served as the principal medical officer for the St. John Ambulance Brigade of the first Newfoundland Regiment during the war. He saw active service in Belgium and France, at [[Macedonian front|Salonika]] and later at [[Gallipoli]], and in Egypt. His work was [[mentioned in dispatches|mentioned in despatches]] twice.<ref name="RCS"/>


⚫
At the outset of World War I in August 1914 Macpherson was commissioned as a captain and [[Principal Medical Officer]] of the newly formed 1st Newfoundland Regiment. He served as the principal medical officer for the St. John Ambulance Brigade of the first Newfoundland Regiment during World War I. He saw on active service in Belgium and France, at [[Macedonian front|Salonika]] and later at [[Gallipoli]], and in Egypt. His work was [[mentioned in dispatches|mentioned in despatches]] twice.<ref name="RCS"/>
[[File:Indian infantry in the trenches, prepared against a gas attack (Photo 24-300).jpg|thumb|Cluny's gas mask, which came to be called the [[British Smoke Hood]] was used between June and September 1915, during which time some 2.5 million were produced]]
[[File:Indian infantry in the trenches, prepared against a gas attack (Photo 24-300).jpg|thumb|Cluny's gas mask, which came to be called the [[British Smoke Hood]] was used between June and September 1915, during which time some 2.5 million were produced]]
The German army used [[chemical weapon|poison gas]] for the first time against Allied troops at the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], Belgium on April 22, 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/second-battle-of-ypres-begins |title=Second Battle of Ypres Begins |website=history.com |access-date=April 22, 2018}}</ref> As an immediate response, cotton wool wrapped in muslin was issued to the troops by 1 May and followed by the [[Black Veil Respirator]], a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.{{sfn|Wetherell|Mathers|2007|p=157}} Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, Macpherson created a mask made of chemical absorbing fabric and which fitted over the entire head.<ref name="Lefebure">{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/riddleofrhineche00lefe | title = The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War | year = 1923 | publisher = The Chemical Foundation Inc. | author = Victor Lefebure | isbn = 0-585-23269-5 | url-access = registration }}</ref> A {{cvt|50.5 x 48|cm|in}} canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent [[mica]] eyepiece.<ref name=rooms>{{cite web |url= http://www.rnr.therooms.ca/part3_a_soldiers_outfit.asp |title= Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222 |publisher=The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL) |access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref>{{refn|[[The Rooms]] provincial museum has the prototype of Macpherson's hood as well as later version gas masks with box respirators worn by soldiers in battle.<ref name=rooms/>}} Macpherson presented his idea to the War Office Anti-Gas Department on May 10, 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after.{{sfn|Mayer-Maguire|Baker|2015}} The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the [[British Smoke Hood]] in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases.<ref name="RCS"/> More elaborate [[sorbent]] compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet ([[PH helmet]]), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as [[phosgene]], [[diphosgene]] and [[chloropicrin]].
The German army used [[chemical weapon|poison gas]] for the first time against Allied troops at the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], Belgium on April 22, 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/second-battle-of-ypres-begins |title=Second Battle of Ypres Begins |website=history.com |access-date=April 22, 2018}}</ref> Cotton wool wrapped in muslin was issued to the troops by 1 May and followed by the [[Black Veil Respirator]], a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.{{sfn|Wetherell|Mathers|2007|p=157}} Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, Macpherson created a mask made of chemical absorbing fabric and which fitted over the head.<ref name="Lefebure">{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/riddleofrhineche00lefe | title = The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War | year = 1923 | publisher = The Chemical Foundation Inc. | author = Victor Lefebure | isbn = 0-585-23269-5 | url-access = registration }}</ref> A {{cvt|50.5 x 48|cm|in}} canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent [[mica]] eyepiece.<ref name=rooms>{{cite web |url= http://www.rnr.therooms.ca/part3_a_soldiers_outfit.asp |title= Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222 |publisher=The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL) |access-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref>{{refn|[[The Rooms]] provincial museum has the prototype of Macpherson's hood as well as later version gas masks with box respirators worn by soldiers in battle.<ref name=rooms/>}} Macpherson presented his idea to the War Office Anti-Gas Department on May 10, 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after.{{sfn|Mayer-Maguire|Baker|2015}} The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the [[British Smoke Hood]] in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases.<ref name="RCS"/> More elaborate [[sorbent]] compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet ([[PH helmet]]), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as [[phosgene]], [[diphosgene]] and [[chloropicrin]].


After suffering a war injury in Egypt, Macpherson returned to Newfoundland in October 1916. He served as the Director of Medical Services for the Militia.<ref name=CM/> For his wartime services, he was made a Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] in 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30721 |date=June 3, 1918 |page=6515 |supp=y}}</ref> He retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.<ref name="RCS"/>
After suffering a war injury in Egypt, Macpherson returned to Newfoundland in October 1916. He served as the Director of Medical Services for the Militia.<ref name=CM/> For his wartime services, he was made a Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] in 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30721 |date=June 3, 1918 |page=6515 |supp=y}}</ref> He retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.<ref name="RCS"/>
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==Family==
==Family==


Macpherson married Eleanora Barbara Macleod Thompson, daughter of William Macleod Thompson,<ref name=CM/> of Northumberland County, Ontario on September 16, 1902.<ref name="RCS"/> They had two children, Emma Allison (1903–1971) and Campbell Leonard (1907–1973).<ref name=CM/> Eleanora was later created [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] and became a [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Dame of the Order of St John]]. She died in 1964.<ref name="RCS"/> Their son, [[Campbell Leonard Macpherson]] (1907 – 1973), became the third Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland in 1957, and in 1965 served as president of the Macpherson family business, Royal Stores, Ltd., after the death of his uncle, Harold Macpherson (1884-1963), a breeder and world authority on [[Newfoundland dog]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Harold |date=1937 |title= The Newfoundland dog. IN: The Book of Newfoundland, Volume 1 |url= http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/compoundobject/collection/cns_tools/id/45755/rec/17 |location= St. John's, NL |publisher= Newfoundland Book Publishers, Ltd |pages=133–140}}</ref> Cluny Macpherson lived in St. John's until his death on November 16, 1966.<ref name=CM/>
Macpherson married Eleanora Barbara Macleod Thompson, daughter of William Macleod Thompson,<ref name=CM/> of Northumberland County, Ontario on September 16, 1902.<ref name="RCS"/> They had two children, Emma Allison (1903–1971) and [[Campbell Leonard Macpherson|Campbell Leonard]] (1907–1973).<ref name=CM/> Eleanora was later created [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] and became a [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Dame of the Order of St John]]. She died in 1964.<ref name="RCS"/> Their son, Campbell Leonard, became the third Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland in 1957, and in 1965 served as president of the Macpherson family business, Royal Stores, Ltd., after the death of his uncle, Harold Macpherson (1884-1963), a breeder and world authority on [[Newfoundland dog]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Harold |date=1937 |title= The Newfoundland dog. IN: The Book of Newfoundland, Volume 1 |url= http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/compoundobject/collection/cns_tools/id/45755/rec/17 |location= St. John's, NL |publisher= Newfoundland Book Publishers, Ltd |pages=133–140}}</ref> Cluny Macpherson lived in St. John's until his death on November 16, 1966.<ref name=CM/>


The family home at 65 Rennie's Mill Road, where he served as secretary, treasurer and registrar for the Newfoundland Medical Society<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lIZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA407&lpg=PA407&dq=65+rennie's+mill+st.+john's+newfoundland&source=bl&ots=T6uikwITt5&sig=VmnGIybsON0AV_ylTbQmoDyysHA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SfyaU9L3F7GxsATMh4Fo&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada |website=books.google.com |access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> now has historic designation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10699 |title=Rennie's Mill Road Historic District National Historic Site of Canada |website=historicplaces.ca |access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref>
The family home at 65 Rennie's Mill Road, where he served as secretary, treasurer and registrar for the Newfoundland Medical Society<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lIZAAAAYAAJ&q=65+rennie's+mill+st.+john's+newfoundland&pg=PA407 |title=Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada |website=books.google.com |year=1955 |access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> now has historic designation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10699 |title=Rennie's Mill Road Historic District National Historic Site of Canada |website=historicplaces.ca |access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|notes = Originally recorded at the Lyon Court, 25 March 1954.
|escutcheon = Per fess Or and Azure a fess wavy per fess wavy Vert and Argent surmounted by a lymphad Or sails furled and masted Proper flagged Gules between two caribou heads couped respectant Or attired Gules in the dexter canton a hand couped fesswise holding a dagger in the sinister canton a cross-crosslet fitché Gules.
|crest = A cat sejant Proper between two caribou antlers Or.
|motto = Ne'Er But A Glove<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/3394 |publisher=Canadian Heraldic Authority |accessdate=7 August 2022 |title=Cluny Macpherson}}</ref>}}


==References==
==References==
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* {{citation |ref=harv |last1=Wetherell |first1=Anthony |last2=Mathers |first2=George |year=2007 |contribution=Respiratory Protection |editor-last=Marrs |editor-first=Timothy |editor2-last=Maynard |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Sidell |editor3-first=Frederick |title=Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment|location=New York |publisher=Wiley |pages=157–174 |isbn=978-0470013595}}
* {{citation |last1=Wetherell |first1=Anthony |last2=Mathers |first2=George |year=2007 |contribution=Respiratory Protection |editor-last=Marrs |editor-first=Timothy |editor2-last=Maynard |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Sidell |editor3-first=Frederick |title=Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment|location=New York |publisher=Wiley |pages=157–174 |isbn=978-0470013595}}
* {{citation |ref=harv |last1=Mayer-Maguire |first1=Thomas |last2=Baker |first2=Brian |year=2015 |title=British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars |publisher=Crowood}}
* {{citation |last1=Mayer-Maguire |first1=Thomas |last2=Baker |first2=Brian |year=2015 |title=British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars |publisher=Crowood}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Crellin |first=John K. |date=2014 |title=What Did Doctors Really Do? The Prescriptions and Therapeutics of Dr. Cluny Macpherson,early 1900s to 1950s |journal=Pharmacy in History |volume=56 |issue=1–2 |pages=21–44 |jstor=10.26506/pharmhist.56.1-2.0021}}
* {{citation |last=Crellin |first=John K. |date=2014 |title=What Did Doctors Really Do? The Prescriptions and Therapeutics of Dr. Cluny Macpherson,early 1900s to 1950s |journal=Pharmacy in History |volume=56 |issue=1–2 |pages=21–44 |doi=10.26506/pharmhist.56.1-2.0021 |jstor=10.26506/pharmhist.56.1-2.0021|pmid=27416658 }}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.med.mun.ca/macpherson/pages/contents.htm Reflections of a Newfoundlander - [[Memorial University of Newfoundland|MUN]] ]
*[http://www.med.mun.ca/macpherson/pages/contents.htm Reflections of a Newfoundlander] - [[Memorial University of Newfoundland|MUN]]
*[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blMacpherson.htm Cluny MacPherson biography from About.com]
*[https://archive.today/20130116050745/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blMacpherson.htm Cluny MacPherson biography from About.com]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Canadian military doctors]]
[[Category:Canadian military doctors]]
[[Category:Canadian inventors]]
[[Category:Canadian inventors]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]
[[Category:McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Physicians from Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:Physicians from Newfoundland and Labrador]]
[[Category:Newfoundland military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Newfoundland military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Newfoundland Regiment officers]]

Latest revision as of 17:03, 10 November 2024

For the Jacobite clan chief, see Ewen MacPherson of Cluny.

Cluny Macpherson
Colonel, MD
Personal details
Born(1879-03-18)March 18, 1879
St. John's, Newfoundland
DiedNovember 16, 1966(1966-11-16) (aged 87)
St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
NationalityNewfoundlander,
Canadian (after confederation)
Spouse
Eleanora Barbara Thompson
​
​
(m. 1902; died 1964)​
Children
RelativesHarold MacPherson (brother)
Education
OccupationPhysician, Officer
Known forInventor of the British Smoke Hood
Military service
Allegiance Newfoundland
Branch/serviceRoyal Newfoundland Regiment
RankColonel
CommandsPrincipal Medical Officer
Battles/warsFirst World War
AwardsOrder of St Michael and St George

Colonel Cluny Macpherson CMG FRCS (March 18, 1879 – November 16, 1966) was a physician and the inventor of an early gas mask.[1][2] After World War I he served as the president of the St. John's Clinical Society and the Newfoundland Medical Association.

Early life

[edit]

Cluny Macpherson was born in St. John's, Newfoundland to Campbell Macpherson and Emma Duder. He had a brother, Harold.[3]

Macpherson received his early education at Methodist College and at the McGill University Faculty of Medicine from 1897–1901 where he earned his degree in Medicine.[3] He also volunteered with the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen, which later became known as the Grenfell Mission. Macpherson began his medical career at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.[3] In 1902 he returned to Newfoundland joining the Labrador Mission begun by Dr. Wilfred Grenfell and ran the hospital in Battle Harbour. Remaining there until 1904. He also served as a special constable and justice of the peace. Macpheron later became a director of the Newfoundland and the International Grenfell Associations.[4] He later helped develop the Seamen's Institute (later called the King George V Institute), another Grenfell project.[3] Returning to St. John's, Macpherson opened a private practice,[3] and eventually became the leading practitioner in Newfoundland.[4]

Macpherson started the first St. John Ambulance Brigade in Newfoundland after working with the St. John Ambulance Association.[3] The Brigade had three divisions in St. John's. When World War I broke out, members enlisted in the Newfoundland Regiment. Macpherson organized the volunteers into an Ambulance Unit, which continued throughout the war.[3]

World War I

[edit]
Macpherson in Egypt, September 1915

At the outset of World War I in August 1914 Macpherson was commissioned as a captain and Principal Medical Officer of the new 1st Newfoundland Regiment. He served as the principal medical officer for the St. John Ambulance Brigade of the first Newfoundland Regiment during the war. He saw active service in Belgium and France, at Salonika and later at Gallipoli, and in Egypt. His work was mentioned in despatches twice.[4]

Cluny's gas mask, which came to be called the British Smoke Hood was used between June and September 1915, during which time some 2.5 million were produced

The German army used poison gas for the first time against Allied troops at the Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium on April 22, 1915.[5] Cotton wool wrapped in muslin was issued to the troops by 1 May and followed by the Black Veil Respirator, a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.[6] Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, Macpherson created a mask made of chemical absorbing fabric and which fitted over the head.[7] A 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent mica eyepiece.[8][9] Macpherson presented his idea to the War Office Anti-Gas Department on May 10, 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after.[10] The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the British Smoke Hood in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases.[4] More elaborate sorbent compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet (PH helmet), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin.

After suffering a war injury in Egypt, Macpherson returned to Newfoundland in October 1916. He served as the Director of Medical Services for the Militia.[3] For his wartime services, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1918.[11] He retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.[4]

Later life

[edit]

Following the war Macpherson had various medical roles including president of the St. John's Clinical Society and the Newfoundland Medical Association. In 1937 he was vice-president of the Newfoundland St. John Ambulance Association in 1937, and later became assistant commissioner of the St. John Ambulance Brigade overseas. Macpherson was also the Registrar of the Newfoundland Medical Board.[3]

During World War II he served in ship convoys in the North Atlantic. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Company, Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps in 1957, and was awarded the Canadian Forces Decoration in 1964.[3]

At various times he was chairman of the Lunacy Commissioners, president of the St John Ambulance Council, and vice-president of the Newfoundland Division of the Canadian Red Cross Society. He was a member of the Medical Council of Canada from 1950 and its president in 1954–55. He was appointed a Knight of the British Order of St John of Jerusalem in 1913 and a Knight of Justice in 1955. He was chairman of the Clan Macpherson Association and president of its Canadian branch.[4]

Family

[edit]

Macpherson married Eleanora Barbara Macleod Thompson, daughter of William Macleod Thompson,[3] of Northumberland County, Ontario on September 16, 1902.[4] They had two children, Emma Allison (1903–1971) and Campbell Leonard (1907–1973).[3] Eleanora was later created OBE and became a Dame of the Order of St John. She died in 1964.[4] Their son, Campbell Leonard, became the third Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland in 1957, and in 1965 served as president of the Macpherson family business, Royal Stores, Ltd., after the death of his uncle, Harold Macpherson (1884-1963), a breeder and world authority on Newfoundland dogs.[12] Cluny Macpherson lived in St. John's until his death on November 16, 1966.[3]

The family home at 65 Rennie's Mill Road, where he served as secretary, treasurer and registrar for the Newfoundland Medical Society[13] now has historic designation.[14]

Arms

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Coat of arms of Cluny Macpherson
Notes
Originally recorded at the Lyon Court, 25 March 1954.
Crest
A cat sejant Proper between two caribou antlers Or.
Escutcheon
Per fess Or and Azure a fess wavy per fess wavy Vert and Argent surmounted by a lymphad Or sails furled and masted Proper flagged Gules between two caribou heads couped respectant Or attired Gules in the dexter canton a hand couped fesswise holding a dagger in the sinister canton a cross-crosslet fitché Gules.
Motto
Ne'Er But A Glove[15]

References

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  1. ^ "Gas Mask - Incredible Inventions". Cool Canada. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  2. ^ Whitten, Elizabeth (November 10, 2024). "The man behind the mask". CBC News. Retrieved November 10, 2024. How a Newfoundland doctor invented a life-saving gas mask in WW I
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Dr. Cluny Macpherson fonds COLL-002". Faculty of Medicine Founders' Archive. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)". livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  5. ^ "Second Battle of Ypres Begins". history.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  6. ^ Wetherell & Mathers 2007, p. 157.
  7. ^ Victor Lefebure (1923). The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War. The Chemical Foundation Inc. ISBN 0-585-23269-5.
  8. ^ a b "Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222". The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL). Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  9. ^ The Rooms provincial museum has the prototype of Macpherson's hood as well as later version gas masks with box respirators worn by soldiers in battle.[8]
  10. ^ Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015.
  11. ^ "No. 30721". The London Gazette (Supplement). June 3, 1918. p. 6515.
  12. ^ Macpherson, Harold (1937). The Newfoundland dog. IN: The Book of Newfoundland, Volume 1. St. John's, NL: Newfoundland Book Publishers, Ltd. pp. 133–140.
  13. ^ "Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada". books.google.com. 1955. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  14. ^ "Rennie's Mill Road Historic District National Historic Site of Canada". historicplaces.ca. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  15. ^ "Cluny Macpherson". Canadian Heraldic Authority. Retrieved August 7, 2022.

Bibliography

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  • Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.), Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174, ISBN 978-0470013595
  • Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015), British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars, Crowood

Further reading

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